食用油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯的控制研究进展

从3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯在各类食用油中的暴露水平及其在食用油加工过程中的控制方法两方面进行分析,旨在为控制食用油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯的产生、提高食用油的安全性提供理论指导。     

食用油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯的研究进展

近些年国际上关于食用油污染物——3-氯-1,2丙二醇酯的话题屡见不鲜。作为一种对于人体具有潜在危害的非营养成分,研究食用油中3-氯-1,2丙二醇脂的形成机理以及危害对食用油的安全性有着重要的意义。本文主要阐述食用油中的污染物——3-氯-1,2丙二醇脂的来源、检测方法、形成机理以及去除方法。     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定精炼植物油中的4种3-氯-1,2-丙二醇双酯

为准确、快速测定油脂中3-氯丙醇双酯,建立了一种基于液相色谱串联质谱技术测定精炼植物油中4种3-氯-1,2-丙二醇双酯[3-氯-1,2-丙二醇棕榈酸二酯(3-MCPD-PP)、3-氯-1,2-丙二醇二油酸酯(3-MCPD-OO)、3-氯-1,2-丙二醇硬脂酸二酯(3-MCPD-SS)、3-氯-1,2-丙二醇-1-棕榈酸-2-亚油酸二酯(3-MCPD-PL)]的方法。待测油样加入氘代同位素内标后经NH₂固相萃取柱、固相分散萃取净化包(PSA 500 mg, C18 500 mg)联合净化后,过0.22μm有机膜,取2μL样品溶液注入液质联用仪中进行测定。经Accucore VDX色谱柱分离,ESI源离子化,SRM模式,并采用同位素内标法对3-氯-1,2-丙二醇双酯进行定性定量分析。结果表明：4种3-氯-1,2-丙二醇双酯在1～1 000μg/L范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,检出限均为0.010 mg/kg,在精炼植物油中的回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3-MCPD-PP 62.3%～94.0%和5.43%～11.67%,3-MCPD-OO 60.1%～91.7%...     

食用油中3-氯丙醇酯的研究进展

氯丙醇酯污染是近年来国际上出现的食品安全热点问题之一,尤其是3-氯丙醇酯污染更为突出,各种食用油或油脂食品中都含有一定量的3-氯丙醇酯。总结了国内外对3-氯丙醇酯的研究现状,介绍了3-氯丙醇酯来源、毒理和安全性、可能的形成机制、检测方法、污染水平、控制措施和精炼过程中形成的影响因素等方面的内容,并提出了目前急需解决的问题。旨在推动我国油脂食品行业的健康发展。     

动植物油脂中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯的研究进展

随着对氯丙醇的深入研究和检测技术的不断更新,在越来越多的食品中检测出高含量的氯丙醇。目前,有许多关于在动植物油脂中检测出3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD)酯的报道,并得出油脂精炼过程是产生3-MCPD酯的主要途径,精炼工艺中的脱臭工序是3-MCPD酯形成的关键工序。假设3-MCPD酯的含量按照100%转化,则转化生成的3-MCPD将远远超过每日最大耐受量(TDI)2μg/kg。因此,本文对3-MCPD酯的来源及影响因素、检测方法和其在动植物油脂中的发展趋势进行了综述。     

食用植物油中脂肪酸氯丙醇酯形成机制的研究进展

脂肪酸氯丙醇酯的污染是近年来国际上新出现的热点食品安全问题之一,尤其是脂肪酸3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯（3-chlorine-1,2-propylene glycol ester,3-MCPD酯）污染问题更为突出。研究表明,食用植物油中3-MCPD酯主要形成于精炼过程,而未精炼的食用植物油几乎不含3-MCPD酯。欧盟国家已对食用植物油中3-MCPD酯的形成机制开展了相关研究。本文主要对食用植物油种类、可能的前体物质、精炼工艺与3-MCPD酯形成的关系加以综述。     

食品中氯丙醇脂肪酸酯风险及应对措施概述

氯丙醇酯作为食品中的一类新型污染物,得到世界各国和地区的广泛关注和研究。氯丙醇酯类物质种类繁多,其反应机制、毒理学和代谢转化研究尚不成系统,目前研究表明氯丙醇酯类物质具有一定的肾脏、生殖毒性及潜在的致癌性。国内外对氯丙醇酯的检测方法、污染水平和暴露评估等研究主要集中在3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯,且主要集中在婴儿配方奶粉、油炸和烘焙食品等脂肪含量较高的食品上。通过研究发现,普通消费者从日常饮食中摄入氯丙醇酯类物质一般是无风险的,但对于一些年轻群体和仅食用配方奶粉的婴幼儿来说风险较高。国内外已相继开展了对氯丙醇酯的研究和监控,以减少食品中氯丙醇酯类物质污染水平。目前只有欧盟制定了3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯在部分食用油和婴幼儿配方食品中的限量要求,仅国际食品法典委员会制定了植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯的控制规范,来降低氯丙醇酯的风险。鉴于此,本文主要对氯丙醇酯形成机制、代谢、毒性、国内外食品中氯丙醇酯的污染水平、风险评估研究进展及其管理控制措施等方面进行了简要概述,以期为食品安全监管提供参考。     

油脂中3-氯丙二醇酯形成的化学反应机制

3-氯丙二醇酯是油脂及油脂食品在热加工过程中生成的副产物,目前被认为是潜在的食品安全危害因子之一.本文介绍了油脂中3-氯丙二醇酯形成的3种化学反应机制,普遍认为是氯离子的亲核进攻导致了3-氯丙二醇酯的形成.其中,第1种机制认为氯离子亲核反应的中间体环酰氧鎓离子是3-氯丙二醇酯的前体;第2种机制认为是亲核的氯离子直接攻击甘油骨架上的酯基或质子化羟基;第3种机制认为缩水甘油酯可能作为氯离子亲核反应的中间体而成为其前体.     

C18色谱柱去除3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯测定中的干扰组分

为了在油脂3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯含量测定中通过预分离过程去除干扰组分,研究对比了固相萃取柱与硅胶柱层析对油样的分离效果。结果表明:油样的乙腈提取液用SunFireTMC18色谱柱(4.6mm×150 mm,5μm)分离,以乙腈-异丙醇(体积比1∶1)为流动相,等度洗脱,柱温30℃,流速1 mL/min的HPLC条件下,可以将不同极性的组分进行分离,从而有效去除3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯测定中的干扰组分。在自制油样中分别添加800、1 000 mg/kg和1 200 mg/kg的3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯标准品进行加标回收试验,1,2-二油酸酰-3-氯丙二醇的加标回收率在86.4%~113.7%,1-硬脂酰-3-氯丙二醇的加标回收率在88.4%~105.6%,相对标准偏差均在15%以内。该法耗用溶剂量少且周期较短,可用于大量样本3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯测定中干扰组分的去除。     

食用油加工过程中对3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的防控

现如今,越来越多的学者关注3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯形成,3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的污染问题备受关注。为全面保证食用者的健康,务必制定有效的防控对策。研究发现,不同食用油加工期间,所产生的3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯含量不尽相同,主要是因为食用油精炼工段时间、添加量存在差异。本文简要介绍了3-氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的形成机理,并重点探究加工过程中的有效防控措施。     

食用油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯检测方法的研究进展

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-MCPD酯)是油脂精炼过程中引入的又一潜在危害因子,它是3-氯丙醇与脂肪酸的酯化产物.目前3-MCPD酯测定方法的研究已成为当今食品安全检测的一大热点.本文综述了近几年来国内外食用油中3-MCPD酯的检测方法,包括酸催化酯交换间接测定法、碱催化酯交换间接测定法以及直接测定法,详细介绍了各种检测方法的研究现状及优缺点,并讨论了未来3-MCPD酯检测技术的研究发展方向,为今后我国建立食用油中3-MCPD酯标准分析方法提供参考和依据.     

Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019

ABSTRACT

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic processing contaminants that are formed during the process of edible oil refining. Because of their toxicological properties, the presence of these compounds in refined oils and foods containing these oils, particularly infant formula, poses a potential food safety concern. For this reason, recent research efforts have focussed on the development of methods for the analysis of MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula in order to estimate levels of exposure. This work presents occurrence data for 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 222 infant formulas purchased in the United States between December 2017 and January 2019. The results of this study show a wide range of contaminant concentrations across four different manufacturers, with average bound 3-MCPD concentrations ranging from 0.035 µg g^?1 to 0.63 µg g^?1 and average bound glycidol concentrations ranging from 0.019 µg g^?1 to 0.22 µg g^?1. The data suggest that manufacturers B and C source palm oil produced with mitigation measures, leading to reduced amounts of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in their infant formulas. Additionally, comparison with a previously published study in our laboratory of the occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula purchased in the U.S. between 2013 and 2016 revealed that, since 2016, contaminant concentrations have decreased in products produced by manufacturers A, B, and C, while contaminant amounts in formulas from manufacturer D have slightly increased.     

Identification of 3-MCPD esters to verify the adulteration of extra virgin olive oil

ABSTRACT

The adulteration of olive oil is an important issue around the world. This paper reports an indirect method by which to identify 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in olive oils. Following sample preparation, the samples were spiked with 1,2-bis-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol standard for analysis using gas chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry. The total recovery ranged from 102.8% to 105.5%, the coefficient of variation ranged from 1.1% to 10.1%, and the limit of quantification was 0.125 mg/kg. The content of 3-MCPD esters in samples of refined olive oil (0.97–20.53 mg/kg) exceeded those of extra virgin olive oil (non-detected to 0.24 mg/kg). These results indicate that the oil refining process increased the content of 3-MCPD esters, which means that they could be used as a target compound for the differentiation of extra virgin olive oil from refined olive oil in order to prevent adulteration.     

Washing bleached palm oil to reduce monochloropropanediols and glycidyl esters

The formation of toxic compounds, potentially carcinogenic, during food processing has been considered an important food safety issue. Among them, particular attention has been given to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE), which can be formed during vegetable oil refining, especially palm oil. These substances may pose a health risk to humans due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of washing bleached palm oil (BPO) with different solvents, and evaluate the reduction of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE as well as assess the quality parameters of the final product. For this purpose, we used two types of washing with different solvents. A single washing was carried out in one step and a double washing in two steps using a solvent gradient. Single washing had a limited reduction in the levels of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in an increased level of GE, whereas double washing slightly reduced 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE and resulted in a significant reduction of GE levels. The reduction achieved in this study was up to 17.1% for 3-MCPDE, 56.4% for 2-MCPDE and 76.9% for GE levels. The reduction of 3-MCPDE and 2-MCPDE might be due to the removal of part of the ethanol-soluble chlorinated precursors from the oil which suggests that highly lipophilic forms of these substances are present in BPO. The substantial reduction on GE levels might be associated with the removal of the precursors present in the oil such as diacylglycerols. Thus, the washing treatment could be used as a supplementary strategy to reduce processing contaminants from palm oil, especially GEs.     

食用油与氯化钠模型反应中氯丙醇酯的消长规律

为研究热加工过程中食用油与NaCl反应产生3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester,3-MCPD酯)和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol ester,2-MCPD酯)的变化规律,分别建立食品和煎炸油2个体系模型,考察食用油种类、NaCl含量、反应温度、反应时间、含水量和pH值等因素对2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯的含量影响。结果表明:2种模型反应中,食用油种类、反应时间、反应温度和NaCl含量对2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯的含量变化有着较大的影响;通过比较发现,在食品模型中,2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯的含量随反应温度的增加(100~190℃)呈现下降趋势,分别下降5%和20%,然而在煎炸油模型中,随反应温度的增加(100~220℃)两者呈现增加趋势,分别增加7倍和8倍。另外,随NaCl含量和反应时间的增加,2个模型反应中的2-MCPD酯和3-MCPD酯的含量变化趋势不完全一致。这说明2-MCPD酯与3-MCPD酯虽然结构近似,但消长规律不同。该研究结果可为有效减少热加工食品中氯丙醇酯的含量提供参考。     

食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯的研究进展

介绍了3-氯丙醇酯的定义、分类、潜在毒性及其在食用植物油加工过程中可能形成的途径,以及其在食用植物油中的含量,旨在促进对食用植物油加工污染物危害的认识和控制.     

Effects of temperature and water content on the formation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in palm oil under conditions simulating deep fat frying

The influence of NaCl addition, water content, heating temperature and heating time on the formation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD esters) in palm oil simulating deep fat frying was examined in this study. The results in our study showed that all those four factors had significant effects on the generation of 3-MCPD esters in palm oil during deep fat frying. There was a significant increase in the content of 3-MCPD esters formed in palm oil when heating time was 2 h. The effect of water content was the most evident in 3-MCPD esters formation. The heating process imparted an accretion of up to 130 % from 1,260 to 2,950 mg/kg with increasing the water dosage from 7 to 10 %. In addition, 3-MCPD esters were decomposed when heated at high temperatures for a long time (longer than 2 h).     

Change of fatty acid esters of MCPD and glycidol during restaurant deep frying of fish nuggets and their correlations with total polar compounds

This study examined the fatty acid esters of 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (2-MCPD), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters (GEs) in frying oils during fish nuggets deep frying. The 3-MCPD esters significantly increased in the first 12 h and then decreased, whereas 2-MCPD esters increased to a maximum at 24 h (0.69–0.81 mg kg⁻¹) and then decreased. The GEs decreased with frying time and degraded to approximately 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ after 36 h in all frying oils. The correlation results showed that the 3-MCPD esters had a positive correlation with 2-MCPD esters (R = 0.910), so 3-MCPD esters could be an indicator of the presence of MCPD esters in frying oils. Strong correlations were found between MCPD esters and the peroxide values and p-anisidine values, indicating that changes in MCPD esters may be related to oil oxidation. These results may improve our understanding of MCPD esters and GEs in frying oils and find ways to control them during frying.     

玉米油精炼过程氯离子含量变化及其对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响

对取自安徽、河北、山东等地玉米油加工厂的玉米油毛油、待脱臭油和成品油中的氯离子、3-氯丙醇（3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol,3-MCPD）酯和缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GEs）含量进行检测,并在实验室明确可控的条件下对玉米毛油进行精炼,检测精炼过程氯离子、3-MCPD酯和GEs含量,与玉米油加工厂实际精炼过程的含量变化情况进行对比分析,研究玉米油精炼过程中氯离子含量变化及其对3-MCPD酯和GEs含量变化的影响。结果表明：所检测的所有玉米油样品中均含有氯离子、3-MCPD酯和GEs,其中毛油中氯离子含量最高,为0.628～2.029 mg/kg,毛油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量分别为0.547～1.083 mg/kg和0.246～0.721 mg/kg;待脱臭玉米油中氯离子含量为0.110～0.374 mg/kg,较毛油中含量明显降低,3-MCPD酯和GEs含量分别为0.933～1.422 mg/kg和0.246～0.432 mg/kg,3-MCPD酯较毛油中含量有所升高,GEs含量变化不明显。脱臭油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量分别为3.523～4.541 mg/kg和1.501～13.584 mg/kg,较待脱臭油中含量大幅升高,其中一个油样中含量分别增加3.5 倍和32.1 倍,同时该油样中氯离子含量的降幅也最大（0.287 mg/kg）。对实验室精炼过程及工厂精炼过程的玉米油样品检测分析显示,无论是实验室精炼还是工厂实际生产,氯离子含量均随精炼过程逐渐减少,其中降幅最大的是水化脱胶和碱炼脱酸工序（降幅为76.1%～81.3%）;3-MCPD酯和GEs在水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸及吸附脱色过程的含量变化不大,经脱臭后含量大幅升高,同时伴随脱臭过程氯离子含量的降低,并且氯离子含量降幅越大3-MCPD酯的升幅越高。研究结果明确了玉米油精炼过程氯离子和3-MCPD酯及GEs含量的变化规律,以及待脱臭玉米油中氯离子含量对脱臭油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量的影响,对玉米油精炼乃至其他植物油生产中3-MCPD酯和GEs的风险防范和控制都具有指导意义。