Further emissions and energy targeting: an application of CO2 emissions pinch analysis to the Irish electricity generation sector

This paper aims to further probe the influence of the emission factors of renewable energy on both the energy resource mix and emissions mix of the Irish electricity generation sector. Furthermore, the effects of external short-term disturbances on the same mixes are studied in relation to the generation of CO₂ emissions. This paper explores the recently developed CO₂ emissions pinch analysis methodology, which can determine the sector’s optimal energy resource mix, and then further extends the basic methodology with two new adaptations (improvements). The adapted methodology is designed to give improved and more realistic energy and emissions targets for renewables. These adaptations are illustrated using the sector’s statistics for the years 2005 and 2006.     

以生物质为碳源的微生物燃料电池研究进展

微生物燃料电池(MFCs)以其燃料来源的可持续性、清洁、环保等特点,被视为可替代化石燃料的新能源之一。在底物、电极、介体、产电微生物等方面,综述了MFCs的最新研究,就其发展方向进行了展望,并提出扩大底物的研究范围、寻找更加高效的产电微生物、优化反应器结构等仍是进一步提高MFCs性能的关键。     

PdAg bimetallic electrocatalyst for highly selective reduction of CO2 with low COOH* formation energy and facile CO desorption

Nano Research - For electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO, the stabilization of intermediate COOH* and the desorption of CO* are two key steps. Pd can easily stabilize COOH*, whereas the strong...     

关于二氧化碳作为低温载冷剂的探讨

大多数传统载冷剂的传热性能较差,低温时压力损失较大,因此系统的制冷性能较低。二氧化碳作为自然工质（ODP=0,GWP=1）,无毒、不易燃,同时,由于具有较好的输运性质,其在管道内的压力损失较小。所以,二氧化碳被选作载冷剂,能很好地改善系统的制冷性能。本文通过分析说明二氧化碳作为载冷剂必将拥有广阔的应用前景。     

Interactions between reducing CO2 emissions, CO2 removal and solar radiation management

We use a simple carbon cycle-climate model to investigate the interactions between a selection of idealized scenarios of mitigated carbon dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM). Two CO(2) emissions trajectories differ by a 15-year delay in the start of mitigation activity. SRM is modelled as a reduction in incoming solar radiation that fully compensates the radiative forcing due to changes in atmospheric CO(2) concentration. Two CDR scenarios remove 300 PgC by afforestation (added to vegetation and soil) or 1000 PgC by bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (removed from system). Our results show that delaying the start of mitigation activity could be very costly in terms of the CDR activity needed later to limit atmospheric CO(2) concentration (and corresponding global warming) to a given level. Avoiding a 15-year delay in the start of mitigation activity is more effective at reducing atmospheric CO(2) concentrations than all but the maximum type of CDR interventions. The effects of applying SRM and CDR together are additive, and this shows most clearly for atmospheric CO(2) concentration. SRM causes a significant reduction in atmospheric CO(2) concentration due to increased carbon storage by the terrestrial biosphere, especially soils. However, SRM has to be maintained for many centuries to avoid rapid increases in temperature and corresponding increases in atmospheric CO(2) concentration due to loss of carbon from the land.     

Angular dependence of energy loss in a low energy internal conversion electron source

The dependence of energy loss on the escape angle relative to the surface is studied for 7.3 keV internal conversion electrons emitted from plane source layers. Monte Carlo simulations predict that the distribution peak width increases at glancing angles for a thin source, while it decreases for a thick source. The shift in peak position is very small. The simulations are compared to measurements on electrodeposited ⁵⁷Co sources and to previous data from Mössbauer measurements. The validity of the simulation method is discussed for electrons escaping at extreme glancing angles relative to the surface.     

利用外备气源实现空分设备的低负荷操作

介绍了因自配空压机均出现故障 ,情急之下用工厂外备气源对KDN - 30 0 0型高纯氮设备进行低负荷操作的实践 ,确保了后续生产的继续供氮 ,避免了全厂的大停产 ;并指出了实际操作中需注意的两个问题。     

Efficient electric-discharge CO2 laser with a prepulse formed by a generator with an inductive energy storage device

Results are presented of experimental investigations of a CO₂ laser pumped by a self-sustained discharge from a generator with an inductive energy storage device and a semiconductor current chopper. It is shown that the energy stored in the inductance of the discharge circuit can form a prepulse capable of depositing most of the energy in the active mixture for nearoptimum values of the parameter E/p. A radiation energy of 3 J was achieved in an electricdischarge laser with a 0.181 liter active volume with a 17% efficiency relative to the energy stored in the capacitive storage device. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 24, 57–61 (February 26, 1998)     

二氧化碳汽车空调系统应用研究进展

综述了二氧化碳汽车空调系统的研究现状,提出CO2作为工质具有优良的环保性能,在汽车空调系统中无论在理论方面,还是在部件实现方面,都完全具备了可能性。     

减排二氧化碳发展低碳经济首先要重视节约使用化石能源

分析了能源消费和经济发展的规律,可再生能源的特点、大量开发利用存在的技术瓶颈和减排二氧化碳的效果,认为我国能源消费总量正处在持续增长期,未来40年内可再生能源不可能成为我国的主要能源,化石能源仍将是我国能源的主体,提出减排二氧化碳、发展低碳经济,要首先重视节约使用化石能源。归纳了我国化石能源开发利用取得的成就和存在的问题,提出了节约使用化石能源的对策,一是确定比较合理的GDP增长速度,建立化石能源消费总量控制指标体系;二是建立化石能源加工利用过程全寿命周期能效及二氧化碳排放的评价方法,通过不断优化提高化石能源利用效率;三是从我国化石能源资源状况出发,研究建立符合国情的低碳现代化生活消费模式;四是充分利用财政税收政策和行政手段鼓励和强制节能;五是加强节约使用化石能源的技术、材料、产品的研究开发和推广应用;六是加大资金投入,实现化石能源的优化利用和节约使用。     

Proportional counters as low energy photon detectors

We have investigated the response of an argon methane proportional counter to monochromatic X-rays in the range 99–277 eV. The apparent nonlinearities in mean pulse height as a function of photon energy and the detailed shape of the pulse height distribution for each energy can be predicted quite precisely using the extensive atomic data available for argon. Based on this understanding, we propose a semiempirical system for using a limited amount of calibration data to predict the full response of counters employing less well characterized gasses.Such accurate models of proportional counter response are required to maximize the spectral information that can be derived from observed pulse height distributions.     

CO2阻塞液氧泵过滤器和装置低负荷启动

叙述了CO2阻塞循环液氟泵过波器迫使装置停车的经过；指出了造成CO2入塔事故的原因是再生蒸汽加热器泄漏，以及CO2在线分析仪故障后未被及时发现；在循环液氟泵流量不足情况下，采用特殊操作方法，建立了装置低负荷下的精馏工况；最后总结了此次CO2入塔影响生产的经验教训。     

低温冷库制冷领域使用CO2作为制冷剂的应用概述

对天然制冷工质CO2(R744)应用于低温大容量制冷工况下的循环形式进行了叙述,在给定工况下进行了循环性能计算,并与传统工质进行了比较.指出CO2跨临界循环与传统制冷剂循环相比有明显优势,适合应用于低温冷库工况.     

A household dishwasher heated by a heat pump system using an energy storage unit with water as the heat source

Electricity usage by a household dishwasher can be reduced by using a heat pump system to heat the dishwasher cabinet, dishware and washing water. The evaporator obtains the energy from an energy storage unit which consists of a container filled with water which freezes to ice. The majority of the heat transfer from the energy storage to the evaporator occurs when ice is created in the energy storage unit. A transient simulation model of a dishwasher with a heat pump system was developed and compared to an experimental setup with good agreement. A simulation study of the compressor cylinder volume and the compressor operating time was performed. The results showed a 24% reduction in total electricity use compared to a dishwasher cycle using a traditional electric element.     

Examining the relationship between climate change-related research output and CO2 emissions

Scientometrics - Climate change has been a pressing global issue in current times, which has seen many initiative programs set out to try and limit the rise in CO2 emissions globally. The main...     

Minimization of life cycle CO2 emissions in steam and power plants

A methodology is presented to minimize life cycle CO₂ emissions through the selection of the operating conditions of a steam and power generation plant. The battery limits of the utility plant are extended to include CO₂ emissions of: (1) extraction and transport of natural gas burned in its boilers, (2) generation of imported electricity by nuclear, hydroelectric and thermoelectric plants and (3) exploration, extraction and transport of natural gas, oil, coal and uranium consumed by thermoelectric and nuclear plants. The operating conditions of the utility plant are selected optimally to minimize the life cycle CO₂ emissions. There are continuous operating conditions such as temperature and pressure of the high, medium and low pressure steam headers and binary operating conditions to represent discrete decisions to select optional pumps drivers between electrical motors and steam turbines or whether some equipment is on or off. A Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming problem is formulated and solved in GAMS. Significant reductions in life cycle CO₂ emissions, natural gas consumption and operating cost are achieved simultaneously in the steam and power generation system of an ethylene plant. This is an important tool to support a decision making process to reduce CO₂ emissions in a key industrial sector. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Modeling of CO2 emissions via optimum insulation thickness of residential buildings

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - The present study aims to determine and model CO2 emissions based on the energy savings through the thermal insulation applied to the external walls of...     

Using the spectral asymmetry of TEA CO2 laser pulses to determine the Doppler-shift sign in coherent lidars with low frequency stability

We develop a method for determinating the relative positions of the lidar transmitter (LT) and the local oscillator (LO) frequencies in Doppler CO(2) lidars. It uses the weak spectral asymmetry of TEA CO(2) laser pulses, defined by a number of secondary peaks at the high-frequency side of the main spectrum peak. Depending on the sign of the beat frequency, these peaks may appear in the demodulated spectrum at either the high- or the low-frequency side. Each laser pulse spectrum is compared with reference spectra with two types of asymmetry, with the cross-correlation coefficients used as criteria. The performance of the method at different values of signal-to-noise ratio is analyzed numerically. The method is also applied to raw data from the lidar reference channel and demonstrates good performance at noise levels lower than the secondary peaks in the pulse spectrum or at a signal-to-noise ratio of >/=20 dB. Application of the pulse spectrum asymmetry for lidar frequency stabilization is analyzed. Lidar operation without frequency stabilization is considered as well. The method offers a simple Doppler lidar hardware for the creation of low-cost coherent lidars, velocimeters-rangefinders, etc.