激光烧蚀金刚石磨粒及其变质层与微裂纹分析

采用声光调Q Nd:YAG脉冲激光烧蚀金刚石磨粒,研究激光参数对磨粒变质层及微裂纹的影响.首先建立传热学数学模型,进行模拟计算,然后通过烧蚀试验和实际检测进行验证,分析其原因,总结出脉冲激光的重复频率是影响变质层和表面微裂纹的主要因素.     

ZrO_2陶瓷生坯表面微织构制备工艺的研究

通过冷等静压技术制备Zr O_2陶瓷生坯,并利用脉冲激光在陶瓷生坯表面制备微织构沟槽。探究激光参数对表面微织构质量的影响,并研究烧蚀区域的热影响区和激光烧蚀表面的微观形态变化。实验结果表明:通过激光加工可以在Zr O_2陶瓷生坯表面加工出深度30-50μm、宽度15-50μm质量较好的微织构沟槽;激光参数对表面加工质量有较大的影响,激光频率低于40Hz、功率低于6W和扫描速度高于200mm/s能够获得较好的表面质量;当激光频率高于60Hz、功率高于10W和扫描速度低于150mm/s时,在激光烧蚀表面容易形成烧蚀层,分析得知烧蚀层是由于在激光高温照射下Zr O_2颗粒的熔化和再凝固形成的。     

激光诱导空化微孔冲裁试验研究

针对微尺度下金属箔模具冲孔存在模具挤压磨损、对中困难,激光打孔存在烧蚀、吸收层无法补偿等问题,提出通过激光诱导空泡对金属箔进行加载来实现冲裁小孔的方法。研究了不同激光焦点位置(H=0~4 mm)、激光能量(E=10.3~50.8 mJ)和铜箔厚度(T=20~70μm)对铜箔冲孔的影响,发现激光焦点位置影响明显,当铜箔变形平均深度达到147.0μm后,铜箔发生剪切断裂,可实现冲裁,并且制备的小孔边缘正表面无烧蚀、毛边、裂纹和卷边等缺陷。同时,利用高速摄影仪对激光诱导空化微孔冲裁过程进行研究,结果表明激光诱导空化微孔冲裁过程是激光等离子体冲击波、空泡溃灭冲击波和微射流共同加载的过程。     

光学玻璃的激光微结构化砂轮精密磨削

为了降低大磨粒金刚石砂轮磨削光学玻璃时的亚表层损伤,利用纳秒脉冲激光对金刚石砂轮进行了表面微结构化加工,并采用该砂轮研究了光学玻璃的精密磨削加工。首先,计算了金刚石磨粒在纳秒脉冲激光辐射下的烧蚀阈值和激光束腰半径;然后,分析了纳秒脉冲激光在金刚石磨粒上加工的微结构形貌以及微结构化过程中的热损伤;最后,采用微结构化大磨粒金刚石砂轮进行光学玻璃的磨削实验,并分析了亚表层的损伤情况。实验结果表明:金刚石磨粒在纳秒脉冲激光辐射下的烧蚀阈值为0.89J/cm,激光束腰半径为17.16μm。在粒度为150μm的大磨粒电镀金刚石砂轮上可以实现结构尺寸为20μm的微结构表面加工。与传统金刚石砂轮相比,微结构化砂轮磨削后的光学玻璃亚表层损伤深度降低了40%,达到了降低光学玻璃磨削亚表层损伤的目的。     

高频微锻造对激光熔覆CoNiCrWC复合涂层开裂行为的影响

选用5kW横流CWCO2激光器,以熔覆CoNiCrWC复合涂层为研究,通过自制的微锻造机构,在激光熔覆的同时进行高频微锻造作用熔覆层。利用金相显微镜观察涂层裂纹形貌,SEM观察微锻造对激光熔凝层表面组织及开裂行为的影响。结果表明:高频微锻造可使激光熔覆表面合金层产生塑性变形,激光熔覆层特有的明显而规则枝状结晶组织被锻碎,激光熔覆层的开裂行为明显好转。     

纳秒激光加工和热处理对纯铝表面润湿性的影响

采用纳秒激光加工技术在纯铝板表面制备微纳米结构,之后进行150℃×2h的热处理,研究激光扫描间距(0.0050.020mm)、扫描速度(1001 700mm·s~(-1))与热处理对激光烧蚀表面润湿性的影响。结果表明:不同工艺参数下激光烧蚀后纯铝板表面均形成了相对规则的微纳米网格结构;激光烧蚀后的纯铝板表面为超亲水表面,再经热处理后变为疏水表面或超疏水表面;随着扫描速度和扫描间距的增大,激光烧蚀和热处理后,纯铝板表面的接触角变化不明显,滑动角增大,表现出不同程度的润湿性;在激光扫描速度为100mm·s~(-1),扫描间距为0.005mm下激光烧蚀与热处理后,纯铝板表面微纳米结构致密,其接触角为155.6°,滑动角为4°,超疏水性最佳。     

基于非线性激光超声的微裂纹检测及定位

金属构件在加工及服役过程中,其表面及内部会产生微裂纹,外载荷作用下,微裂纹会逐渐扩展,成为影响构件安全运行的重大隐患,因而有必要对构件进行无损检测。提出一种基于非线性激光超声的微裂纹检测技术方法,通过提取激光超声波与微裂纹作用后非线性特征参数的改变量进行裂纹检测及定位。利用激光辐照构件激发超声波,根据构件时域动态响应信号重构状态空间,提出一种非线性特征参数提取方法对裂纹影响下状态空间改变量进行评估以识别裂纹,进而利用扫描激光法实现裂纹定位分析。搭建实验系统对铝合金表面不同宽度微裂纹进行检测,结果表明,所提方法能有效检测并定位构件表面微裂纹。     

CVD金刚石涂层工具的水膜辅助脉冲激光加工技术研究

为了揭示水膜层在CVD金刚石涂层磨削工具脉冲激光加工过程中的重铸层抑制作用,基于皮秒脉冲激光加工实验,研究水膜辅助对激光加工重铸层的影响。并在此基础上,采用激光烧蚀实验与理论建模相结合的方法,研究水膜辅助激光功率和扫描速度等加工参数对烧蚀沟槽几何尺寸和形貌特征的影响规律,并验证激光加工理论模型的准确性。结果表明,材料表面形成的水膜层能有效抑制脉冲激光加工重铸层的形成,加工后的材料表面与内部均未发现重铸物质。水膜辅助激光加工实验结果与单纯激光加工理论计算模型吻合度较高,说明水膜层能够有效消除由重铸层引起的激光烧蚀阻碍作用,从而提高激光加工效率。因此,水膜辅助脉冲激光加工技术为新型CVD金刚石涂层磨削工具提供了精密高效的加工方法。     

碳纤维增强复合材料水导激光加工实验研究

为了研究水导激光加工关键工艺参数对碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)沟槽截面形貌与热影响区的影响,利用水导激光加工设备设计单因素实验探究了激光功率、水射流压力、进给速度及激光重复频率四个关键工艺参数对沟槽截面形貌以及热影响区的影响规律,分析了沟槽截面形貌和热影响区形成机理。实验结果表明：激光功率对沟槽烧蚀深度和热影响区的影响最大,水射流压力对沟槽烧蚀宽度的影响最大,进给速度和激光重复频率对沟槽烧蚀深度和宽度的影响不大,对热影响区有较大影响。此外,发现沟槽截面去除区呈V字形,热影响区呈锯齿形状。通过单因素方法分析得到了较好的沟槽截面形貌,其沟槽截面烧蚀深度为772.8μm,烧蚀宽度为897.7μm,铺设方向为90°的碳纤维层热影响区为326.5μm,铺设方向为0°的碳纤维层热影响区为102.4μm。     

飞秒激光正交线扫描诱导表面微纳结构

通过控制激光偏振与扫描方向,利用飞秒脉冲激光正交线扫描的微加工方式,在硅和不锈钢表面诱导出了规则分布的复合表面微纳结构并分析了激光能量密度对微纳表面结构形成的影响。实验显示:当激光的能量密度接近材料烧蚀阈值时,在硅表面诱导出了周期条纹嵌套纳米孔的双层复合二维结构,在不锈钢表面则诱导出了依赖于激光偏振方向的纳米点阵列分布,分析认为纳米点阵列是由周期条纹结构边缘发生断裂而生成的。另外,当激光的能量密度大于材料烧蚀阈值时,在硅和不锈钢表面会烧蚀出规则分布的微米级孔洞结构。实验结果表明:第一次扫描诱导出的表面微纳结构增加了对入射激光的吸收,促进入射激光与表面等离子体波的耦合,加强了后扫描的烧蚀效果,使得后扫描诱导出的微纳结构占主导。文中提出的正交线扫描的加工方式为微纳表面结构的制备提供了新的思路。     

Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy microstructural investigation of high-speed tool steel after Nd:YAG pulsed laser melting

This article presents the microstructure of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser‐melted high‐speed steel, namely HS6‐5‐2. The high chemical homogeneity and fine structure of the melted zone was attributed to high cooling rates due to the short duration of interaction with the Nd:YAG pulsed laser radiation and the relatively small volume of the melted material. The structure obtained in the surface layer after laser melting has a high level of hardness and shows improved wear resistance.     

激光能量密度对CrFeCoNiNb熔覆层组织演变和性能影响的试验研究

采用预置粉末法在42CrMo基体表面制备CrFeCoNiNb高熵合金激光熔覆层,探索激光能量密度对CrFeCoNiNb熔覆层组织和性能的影响规律。对于预置粉末激光熔覆工艺,激光功率、扫描速度、光斑直径作为工艺参数三要素,不是独立影响熔覆层质量与性能,且激光功率对熔覆层质量与性能的影响最大。通过改变激光功率进而改变作用于熔覆层的激光能量密度,研究激光能量密度对CrFeCoNiNb高熵合金熔覆层硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性的影响规律。试验结果表明：熔覆层主相为面心立方结构相(FCC相)和密排六方结构相(Laves相)。随着激光能量密度的增加,其衍射峰面积先减少后增加,熔覆层晶粒先细化后粗化,转折点处的激光能量密度都为116.7 J/mm²。而且,此时熔覆层物相分布更均匀,磨损形貌主要为光滑的犁沟,相应的减摩效果好,磨损率有所降低。主相含量的改变和晶粒尺寸的改变分别是影响熔覆层平均显微硬度和耐腐蚀性的主要因素。Laves硬质相的增加有利于熔覆层硬度的提高,细化的晶粒可以形成致密的钝化膜,有利于提高熔覆层耐腐蚀性。     

Ceramic to metal joining by using 1064 nm pulsed and CW laser energy source

A novel joining method for ceramic and metallic layers is proposed using laser drilling and surface tension driven liquid metal filling. A high intensity laser beam irradiated a 500 μm thick ceramic filter, and the irradiated laser drilled the ceramic layer. The pulsed or CW laser transmitted through the ceramic layer irradiated the bottom metallic layer; the molten metallic layer then filled the drilled ceramic holes by the capillary force between the liquid metal and ceramic layer. As process variables, average laser power, pulse duration, and the number of pulses were used. The scattering optical properties were also studied for both green and red lasers. There was no significant difference between the colors and the estimated extinction coefficients were ?26.94 1/mm and ?28.42 1/mm for the green and red lasers, respectively.     

微体积成形晶界影响区域材料本构方程的构建及有限元模拟

基于微体积成形的成形机理及传统的表面层模型,将分析体分为内部多晶区域、表面层晶粒内部区域和表面层晶粒影响区域.参考Hall-Petch公式并引入尺度参数,对微镦粗试验数据进行回归分析,构建纯铜晶界影响区域材料的本构方程.分区域赋予分析体材料本构关系并进行离散化处理,对纯铜微镦粗过程进行数值模拟,分析结果体现了微成形的基...     

TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢钎焊接头的微观组织与性能

采用含Ag50％~68％、Cu10％~30％、Zn12％~20％、Sn0％~10％的银基钎料,通过激光钎焊,改变钎焊 有效热输入(激光输出功率和钎焊时间),研究了TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢异质钎焊接头的微观组织和性能。结 果表明:AgCuZnSn钎料对TiNi形状记忆合金和不锈钢的润湿性较好,钎焊接头界面平整、致密,与TiNi形状记 忆合金形成的界面反应层较窄,而与不锈钢形成的界面反应层较宽。钎焊有效热输入对TiNi形状记忆合金热影响 区组织和性能影响较大。钎焊有效热输入量过高,将导致TiNi形状记忆合金侧热影响区组织晶粒粗大、硬度降低、 塑性提高。严格控制钎焊工艺参数可以获得具有较高抗拉强度、形状记忆效应和超弹性的TiNi形状记忆合金与不 锈钢钎焊接头。     

Study on methods to optimize laser-sharpening quality,efficiency and topography

This paper aims to improve bond surface smoothness, sharpening quality and efficiency as well as control grain protrusion height. Systematic research was performed on pulsed fiber laser sharpening of a coarse-grained bronze-bonded diamond grinding wheel. The results show that bond surface smoothness is related to the laser spot overlap ratio U_c and the laser scan track overlap ratio U_l. In the range 10–70%, an increase in U_c and U_l improved the sharpened bond surface smoothness. Sharpening quality and efficiency are both related to laser power density I_p. In the range 2.115–6.344 × 10⁷ W cm⁻², an increase in I_p gradually improved sharpening efficiency, but the sharpening quality trend initially improved followed by a subsequent decline. The grain protrusion height is related to the laser scan cycles N. An excessively small N will result in an insufficient chip space such that the grinding wheel is likely blocked. Grains will likely fall off due to an insufficient holding force if N is excessively large. Compared with silicon carbide grinding wheel sharpening, a pulsed laser-sharpened grinding wheel exhibits less surface grain fall-off, better grain height uniformity, more chip space around the grain and superior grinding wheel surface topography.     

Process Characterisation of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Seam Welding

A wide range of pulsed laser welding parameters was identified. These include average peak power density (APPD), peak power, mean laser power, traverse speed, pulse repetition rate, duty cycle, pulse energy, spot size, and pulse duration. The type of laser beam temporal pulse shape studied was a rectangular power pulse. The effects of pulsed laser welding parameters on heat flow, weld dimension, and weldability are investigated. The study shows that weld quality is principally affected by APPD, mean power, and traverse speed, of which APPD is the most critical process parameter. A processing map containing the APPD effects is constructed as a guide for producing good welds.     

The Effects of Material Composition on the Quality of Ceramic-Metal Composite Cladding onto Al-alloys with a Pulsed Nd-YAG Laser

A pulsed Nd-YAG laser was adopted in this research in order to investigate the effects of ceramic–metal composite cladding processes on Al-alloys. The effects of various compositions of substrate Al-alloys and ceramic–metal composite powders on the cladding quality of high-power pulsed Nd-YAG laser cladding on Al-alloys was investigated using a constant energy intensity to isolate the materials as the variable. The cladding of a (SiC + Al-Si) ceramic–metal composite layer onto an A6061 Alalloy always caused serious shrinkage cavities within the substrate material. The cladding of a (WC + Al) ceramic– metal composite layer onto an A6061 Al-alloy significantly reduced the number of shrinkage cavities created within the substrate layer. The penetration depth of (WC + Al) cladding is, however, slightly less than that of (SiC + Al-Si) cladding.     

激光涂层及多冲后的组织结构变化

采用激光熔覆、等离子喷焊、火焰堆焊三种工艺制备抗多冲接触涂层。显微分析表明:激光熔覆层组织致密,晶粒细小,与基体结合牢固,对基体热影响小,稀释率最低;消除裂纹、孔隙、夹杂物等缺陷的覆层成品率最高;激光熔层在其屈服强度20%的多冲载荷下,表层组织混乱,晶粒出现扭曲变形;Co基合金覆层X射线衍射谱相位和峰值强度发生了较大变化;Ni基合金覆层衍射谱没有变化;Fe基合金覆层衍射谱有较小变化。X射线衍射表明,三种涂层下部在多冲前后的衍射谱均无变化。多冲表面有较强的“接触面表面效应”,激光涂层具备良好的表面抗多冲性能。     

脉冲激光逐层钎焊金刚石-镍铬合金工艺研究

基于脉冲激光加工时的低能量输入和较小的热影响优势,将其应用到金刚石磨粒的钎焊过程中,以实现多层金刚石磨粒的逐层钎焊成形。通过单道及单层脉冲激光钎焊试验,研究了工艺参数对钎焊成形及对金刚石损伤的影响规律,并优选出较好的工艺参数进行了多层钎焊试验。研究结果表明：在脉冲激光钎焊成形过程中,工艺参数的变化主要通过改变峰值功率密度和线能量密度来影响钎焊成形和金刚石损伤形态。输入的能量密度不足时,钎焊道及钎焊层易出现熔融球、金刚石聚集、熔合不充分、不连续及不平整等现象;输入的能量密度过大时,易出现金刚石损伤、粉末材料及金刚石流失逃逸等现象。当线能量密度为14～25 J/mm²、峰值功率密度在5×10⁵～1.5×10⁶ W/cm²时,可得到平整性良好和金刚石磨粒形态良好的钎焊形貌,且在此参数范围内优选的参数条件下实现了多层结构的逐层钎焊成形,得到了较好的表面成形形态及较低的金刚石损伤形态。多层钎焊试块弯曲试验结果表明,钎焊层与基体之间具有较好的结合强度,未出现钎焊层剥离现象。