超声振动复合研磨K9光学玻璃工艺研究

目的探究超声振动复合研磨对光学玻璃研磨可行性,通过响应面法寻求超声振动研磨最优的工艺参数组合。方法在传统研磨装置基础上,添加超声振动装置、蠕动泵、旋转工作台构成超声振动复合研磨装置。添加轴向超声高频振动提高研磨效率,添加旋转工作台提高研磨均匀性,添加蠕动泵便于循环和更新研磨液。利用响应面法优化超声振动复合研磨加工中的主轴转速、振动频率、加工间隙三个变量参数,并进行实验研究,可得出两两变量关联度,从而得出研磨中影响最大的因素。结果通过响应面优化后得到超声振动复合研磨最佳工艺参数为主轴转速1000 r/min、加工间隙0.4 mm、振动频率12 kHz,主轴转速和间隙参数对工件表面研磨加工的影响较大。经25 min研磨,无超声振动的传统研磨方法使表面粗糙度值Ra从0.3μm下降到0.1μm;增加超声振动复合研磨使表面粗糙度值Ra从0.3μm下降到0.04μm。结论经超声振动复合研磨后,光学玻璃表面存在的凹坑、凸起均得到了有效去除,表面粗糙度值下降快,表面形貌均匀、平整。     

超声波辅助磁力研磨TC4薄壁细长管内表面研究

针对传统磁力研磨对长径较大的TC4薄壁细长管内表面进行精密抛光时,研磨效率低、材料去除量小且加工后表面质量差的问题,提出了一种超声振动辅助磁力研磨技术。采用超声振动发生装置辅助磁力研磨,通过对辅助磁极添加轴向振动,实现对TC4薄壁细长管内表面的高效精密抛光。对比添加超声振动前后工件的表面质量以及研磨效率的变化,分析了不同振动频率对工件的表面粗糙度值以及材料去除量的影响。结果表明:经过40min的研磨加工,添加了超声振动后工件的表面质量得到明显改善,表面粗糙度值由Ra1.4μm降至Ra0.25μm,材料去除量可达到50mg,高频率的振动有利于提高研磨效率以及改善工件表面的加工质量。     

18CrNiMo7-6钢研抛工艺试验研究

探究研抛工艺参数对工件材料去除率和表面粗糙度的影响。以砂纸和金刚石喷雾抛光剂为研抛介质,通过正交试验研究砂纸细度、研抛压力、研抛速度、研抛时间对18CrNiMo7-6工件材料去除率和表面粗糙度的影响。采用三维形貌仪、千分尺、电子天平和超景深显微镜对18CrNiMo7-6工件的表面粗糙度、厚度、质量和表面形貌进行测量分析,以材料去除率和表面粗糙度为评价指标,得到最佳的研抛工艺参数组合。在最佳工艺参数组合下,砂纸研磨工件的材料去除率为0.86μm/min,表面粗糙度为Ra0.048μm,金刚石抛光剂抛光后工件表面粗糙度为Ra0.024μm。砂纸研磨最佳工艺参数为:砂纸细度800#,研磨压力0.2MPa,研磨速度30rpm,研磨时间30min。抛光最佳工艺参数为:抛光压力0.2MPa,抛光速度30rpm,抛光时间15min。     

利用金刚石线锯切割硅晶体的实验研究

本文综述了脆性材料的塑性转变理论、脆性材料塑性加工研究进展情况,进行了环形金刚石线锯丝切割硅晶体的实验.锯丝单方向连续运动,因而可以提高切割速度,锯丝运动速度为10 m/s和21 m/s两种.工件进给速度分别为8.4 mm/min,12.6 mm/min和20 mm/min等三种.用扫描电镜检测切割表面并与往复式线锯切割表面进行比较.实验结果及理论分析表明:锯丝上单个磨粒切削深度极小,切割表面平整、无崩碎现象,表面粗糙度值达1.4 μm～3 μm,接近粗磨加工后的表面.进给速度增大,表面粗糙度有所增大;切削速度提高,表面粗糙度降低不明显,这与理论分析不一致,其原因是工艺系统振动、冲击所致.锯丝磨损、磨料脱落是降低切割表面质量的另一原因.     

航天用SiC反射镜超声振动辅助磨削工艺研究

针对航天用SiC反射镜的低加工效率、表面质量差等难题,采用超声振动辅助磨削技术对其进行工艺实验研究。首先,通过选用树脂结合剂金刚石杯型砂轮并采取栅线式磨削研究不同工艺参数对磨削效率的影响关系。然后采取螺旋式磨削进行正交实验探究超声振幅、进给速度、砂轮转速、磨削深度对表面粗糙度的影响,并采用极差法分析探究各因素对工件磨削质量影响程度的大小。研究结果表明:当超声振幅5μm,进给速度80mm/min,砂轮转速6000r/min,磨削深度2μm时可获得表面粗糙度Ra97nm的已加工表面。     

超声水雾中电火花线切割精加工特性研究

实验采用的水雾介质为超声水雾,通过大气、乳化液和超声水雾介质中往复走丝电火花线切割精加工对比实验,对超声水雾介质中往复走丝线切割精加工特性进行了研究,针对表面粗糙度、切割速度、直线度、表面形貌和火花率等指标进行了系统的分析,实验结果表明,超声水雾介质中二次切割加工的表面质量介于气中与液中之间,而优于液中加工。提出了在精加工阶段采用气体或水雾介质的电火花线切割多次切割工艺,经实验验证,传统乳化液中三次切割获得的表面粗糙度为2.81μm,而采用乳化液-超声水雾-大气组合的三次切割新工艺方法获得的表面粗糙度为2.42μm,与介质均采用乳化液的传统三次切割工艺相比,该新工艺方法将表面粗糙度值降低了0.39μm,能有效改善加工表面质量。     

超声纵-扭复合铣削钛合金刀具磨损特性研究

目的采用超声纵-扭复合振动加工方法,获得较长的刀具使用寿命。方法采用理论建模与不同铣削振动方式,研究刀具磨损特性。通过超景深电子显微镜和粗糙度测试仪,分别对刀具微观形貌、工件表面粗糙度进行了分析;通过不同铣削方式加工钛合金材料,对刀具磨损特性进行了系统分析。结果与普通铣削和超声纵振铣削相比,超声纵-扭铣削方式下,刀具后刀面磨损减小,工件表面粗糙度降低。经测试,当去除面积为6356mm~2时,超声纵-扭复合加工刀具后刀面磨损量VB为103μm,分别比普通和超声纵振加工时降低了38μm和36μm。当去除面积为4530 mm~2时,Ra为1.2μm,普通铣削和超声纵振铣削的Ra则分别为1.62μm和1.38μm。由于超声纵振加工仅仅是在轴向方向实现了分离,后刀面时刻冲击着已加工表面,当去除面积为6356 mm~2时,刀具后刀面磨损量反有超出普通铣削的趋势。结论超声纵-扭复合加工从旋转方向内实现了刀-屑分离,在铣削过程中,极大地减少了刀具后刀面对已加工表面的冲击,从而使得刀具寿命有所延长,为高效加工、难加工材料提供了一种加工方法。     

旋转超声振动辅助磁力研磨玉石表面试验研究

该试验研究为提高玉石材料表面加工质量和加工效率,去除工件表面微裂纹、褶皱、划痕,提出旋转超声辅助磁力研磨加工技术对玉石表面进行光整加工的方法。对比了普通研磨和旋转超声辅助磁力研磨加工后玉石表面质量,分析了超声波频率、磁性研磨头直径和主轴转速对加工质量的影响效果。试验结果表明:当主轴转速1500r/min、研磨头直径为30mm,采用19 k Hz高频振动频率对玉石表面研磨30min时,玉石表面研磨的表面粗糙度及表面形貌效果最好,玉石表面粗糙度从0.89μm降至0.13μm,有效的提高了玉石表面质量。     

航空铝合金高效精密电解铣磨加工试验

基于电化学溶解与机械磨削的复合作用对工件材料大余量去除的技术上,提出了针对航空铝合金的电解铣磨加工方法。试验研究表明:与电解铣削加工相比,电解铣磨加工可获得更高的加工速度,材料去除率从160.64 mm~3/min提升至192.58 mm~3/min,侧面平整度从434.1μm减至274.1μm,底面平整度从1154.1μm降至610.5μm。此外,在电解铣磨精密加工阶段后,侧面平整度的数值从274.1μm进一步降至77.4μm,表面粗糙度从Ra1.373μm减至Ra0.539μm。     

超声辅助磁性磨料光整加工工艺对钛合金表面完整性的影响

为了研究超声辅助磁性磨料光整加工工艺对钛合金表面完整性的影响,采用对比试验和建立切削力和材料去除模型理论分析相结合的方法,分析加工后的表面形貌、粗糙度、显微硬度、残余应力和亚表面组织,并讨论了加工中超声的作用机理。结果表明：在超声频率为21.91 kHz、振幅10 μm,主轴转速1000 r/min,加工间隙1.5 mm,磁性磨料粒径300 μm条件下,经过40 min加工后,表面粗糙度Ra降低到0.075 μm,与普通磁性磨料光整加工相比降低近60%。超声的引入,增大了切削力和材料去除率,由于加工的尖点效应,使超声辅助磁性磨料光整加工的表面粗糙度快速降低;同时超声振动的碰撞作用使加工后的表面更加均匀光滑,在亚表面可形成一层近20 μm的组织细化层,表面显微硬度可达到450.6 HV_0.2,与普通磁性磨料光整加工相比提高了15%,表面残余应力由普通磁性磨料光整加工的+68 MPa的拉应力变为-34.1 MPa的压应力,可有效改善工件表面完整性,提高加工表面的综合性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。