复杂大气条件对微波传播衰减的影响研究

为了进一步提高大气对微波传播衰减影响的描述精度,为微波链路遥感反演大气新应用提供理论基础,该文系统性研究了大气主要吸收气体和各种大气粒子对微波传播的衰减情况。利用ITU-R模型计算大气主要气体成分对微波的吸收衰减,然后在降水粒子、云雾粒子和沙尘粒子的介电模型、形状、相态和谱分布的基础上,计算得到群粒子对微波的衰减特性,系统讨论降水强度、相态、含水量、谱分布、气压和温度等因素对微波传播衰减的影响。数值模拟结果表明,大气主要气体成分在60 GHz, 180 GHz和320 GHz附近存在强烈的吸收带,其衰减系数与水蒸气含量和气压呈正相关,与温度呈负相关;降水强度、谱分布、相态以及冰水比例对降水的微波衰减存在不同程度的影响,云雾的含水量和相态,沙尘的数密度、谱分布和含水量是影响微波衰减的主要因素,而温度的影响较小;大气各因素的衰减系数从大到小依次为爆炸沙尘、降水、气体吸收、水雾、冰雾和自然沙尘。     

Effect of non-spherical atmospheric charged particles and atmospheric visibility on performance of satellite-ground quantum link and parameters simulation

In order to study the relationship between the non-spherical atmospheric charged particles and satellite-ground quantum links attenuation. The relationship among the particle concentration, equivalent radius, charge density of the charged particle, the attenuation coefficient and entanglement of the satellite-ground quantum link can be established first according to the extinction cross section and spectral distribution function of the non-spherical atmospheric charged particles. The quantitative relationship between atmospheric visibility and communication fidelity of satellite-ground quantum link were analyzed then. Simulation results show that the ellipsoid, Chebyshev atmospheric charged particle influences on attenuation of the satellite-ground quantum link increase progressively. When the equivalent particle radius is 0.2 μm and the particle concentration is 50 μg/m³, the attenuation coefficient and entanglement of the satellite-ground quantum link is 9.21 dB/km, 11.46 dB/km and 0.453, 0.421 respectively; When the atmospheric visibility reduces from 8 km to 2 km, the communication fidelity of satellite-ground quantum link decreases from 0.52 to 0.08. It is shown that the non-spherical atmospheric charged particles and atmospheric visibility influence greatly on the performance of the satellite-ground quantum link communication system. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the parameters of the quantum-satellite communication system according to the visibility values of the atmosphere and the shapes of the charged particles in the atmosphere to improve reliability of the satellite-ground quantum link.     

The Study of MMW and MW Attenuation Considering Multiple Scattering Effect in Sand and Dust Storms at Slant Paths

The influence of sand and dust storms on modern MMW and satellite communication systems reliability have been paid more attention to. The attenuations induced by sand and dust storms are estimated by means of Mie-theory and Rayleigh approximation, in the case of the tenuous distribution of particles. With the particle density increasing, however, these method become inadequate, the multiple scattering effects then become dominant for attenuation estimation. The attenuations considering multiple scattering effects are estimated by Monte-Carlo and four fluxes method at horizontal paths. At slant paths, based on multi-layer media model, the attenuations considering multiple scattering effects are calculated by layered Monte-Carlo method at 100, 37, 24, and 14GHz. It is shown that the multiple scattering effects should be considered at the attenuation prediction in the sand and dust storm, which the visibility is about 0.5km and smaller than 0.5km and frequency is about 20GHz. Above 30GHz, the multiple scattering effects due to sand and dust particles should be considered, as visibility is about 1km and smaller than 1km at slant paths.     

激光在沙尘暴中的衰减特性研究

复杂环境中激光传输和散射特性是目标与环境光散射特性研究的基础。主要讨论了激光信号在沙尘中的传输衰减特性。根据Mie理论研究了具有一定粒径分布沙尘粒子对于激光信号的单次散射衰减特性，给出了不同分层沙尘粒子的平均散射截面、粒子平均反照率、平均不对称因子和平均相函数。利用四通量法和蒙特卡罗法研究了激光在分层沙尘大气中的多重散射和斜程传输衰减特性，并给出它们与能见度及高度的变化关系。最后，在考虑多重散射时，分别用以上两种方法数值计算了1．06μm激光在斜程沙尘大气中的衰减率，并与单次散射结果进行了比较。结果表明，能见度较低时，不考虑多重散射效应会带来较大的误差；在斜程沙尘大气激光传输时，随分层数增加，数值结果就越精确。     

1次沙尘暴天气的消光特性研究

沙尘暴是一种特殊的自然现象.为了分析沙尘暴对可见光和红外辐射传输产生的影响,利用米散射理论,对北京地区1次沙尘暴天气下沙尘粒子在可见和红外波段的消光进行了计算,并与沙尘暴来临前的测量结果进行了对比分析,得到了沙尘粒子在这些波段的消光特性,并根据激光雷达测量的数据,对沙尘粒子在红外波段的垂直消光廓线进行了反演.这对认识沙尘暴有很大的参考价值.     

Influence of thunderstorm cloud on the performance of satellite-to-ground quantum link and parameters simulation

In order to investigate the effect of thunderstorm cloud on the performance of satellite-to-ground quantum link,according to the extinction cross section and the number concentration distribution function of the charged particle in the thunderstorm cloud,the relationships among the particle concentration,charge density and link attenuation of charged particles in atmosphere were established.The relationship between the atmospheric concentration of charged particles,the charge density on the average channel capacity,channel fidelity,channel survival function and bit error rate of quantum key distribution system were put out.The simulation results show that the thunderstorm cloud has a significant effect on the performance of the satellite-to-ground quantum link.So in order to improve the reliability of satellite-ground quantum communication,the system parameters should be adjusted according to the forecast of the thunderstorm cloud.     

太赫兹波在沙尘中衰减特性

为了研究太赫兹波在沙尘大气中的衰减特性,根据Mie散射理论计算了单次散射情况下沙尘粒子不同尺寸参数下的散射效率因子和不同散射角下的散射相函数值。并得到了具有一定尺寸分布的沙尘粒子的单位距离衰减和能见度的关系曲线。还利用Monte Carlo方法对太赫兹波在沙尘中的多次散射特性进行了模拟计算,分析了不同能见度和不同沙尘类型对太赫兹波传输过程中能量损耗的影响。结果表明:单次散射条件下沙尘粒子的散射主要受尺寸参数影响;沙尘能见度较低时必须要考虑多次散射的影响。研究结果对太赫兹技术在大气环境监测和烟尘和风沙的探测等方面的应用具有参考价值。     

Effects of drop size and temperature on forward and backward scattering of microwaves by raindrops

An explanation is given for the peak sensitivity around 9?11 GHz to drop-size distribution and temperature of microwave attenuation due to a rain-filled medium. The sensitivity of radar reflectivity, differential radar reflectivity and differential radar cross-section to drop-size and temperature are also given. It is shown that at frequencies in excess of about 25 GHz the vertical radar cross-section of water drops can be greater than the horizontal.     

沙尘暴对地空路径上Ka频段电波传播的影响

通过分析陆地上毫米波在沙尘暴中传播时的衰减和交叉极化分辨率，给出了一定高度毫米波传播的衰减和交叉极化分辨率的计算公式，并提出了一种计算地空路径沙尘暴衰减和交叉极化分辨率的等效模型。在不同的地球站点、不同的能见度、不同的沙尘粒子含水量、不同的粒径分布下进行了数值计算，并对结果进行了分析。     

非球形冰晶在94/220 GHz毫米波的散射特性模拟计算

针对94/220 GHz双频雷达的数据处理,分析了不同形状冰晶对这两个波段的单散射特性及衰减特性,探讨了单形状冰云及具体冰云模型的回波特性,结果表明:1)当冰晶较大时,冰晶的后向散射及衰减对冰晶形状较敏感,相同最大尺度下,六角形冰晶后向散射及衰减最大、子弹花次之、雪花最小;2)单形状冰晶云的雷达反射率因子对冰晶形状、冰水含量、滴谱的中值尺度较敏感,同样滴谱条件下,220 GHz的衰减系数约是94 GHz的5~25倍;3)具体冰云模型的雷达反射率因子随粒子浓度、冰水含量、中值尺度增加而增加,对粒子谱的形状参数敏感性较低.     

沙尘天气的气溶胶特性研究

沙尘天气是一种特殊的天气现象,为了研究沙尘天气下气溶胶的特性,利用激光雷达和粒子计数器的实际测量结果,对浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴三种天气下沙尘气溶胶谱分布特性进行了分析,并分析了风的扬沙作用。最后利用激光雷达测量结果对扬沙天气的形成发展和消退过程进行了分析。     

Millimeter wave propagation in arid land-a field study in Riyadh

A field study on wave propagation has been actively running for four years in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study involves the operation and monitoring of two links at a frequency of 40 GHz, and an infrared link at 0.88-μm wavelength. A meteorological station is also operated and monitored. The effect of sand storms on propagation is studied by measuring storm parameters, namely, visibility, particle size and size distribution, and induced attenuation. The results are compared with long-term visibility data for Riyadh, and a complete statistical analysis is given. The effect of rain is studied by measuring both rain rate and rain attenuation. Long-term rain data are utilized to derive long-term rain statistics. It is shown that the measured attenuation due to sand storms is about four times larger than the calculated attenuation at 40 GHz. The measured rain attenuation at infrared is found to be smaller by a factor of 0.3 than theoretically predicted attenuation     

A two-year measurement of rainfall attenuation of CW microwaves inSingapore

The authors present two-year statistics on the rainfall attenuation of 21.225 GHz vertically polarized CW microwave signals in Singapore. The CCIR recommendation is found to underestimate the microwave specific attenuation (dB/km) per path average rain rate (mm/h) as well as the accumulated time of attenuation exceeding preset levels. A negative exponential raindrop size distribution based on spherical droplets is constructed from the measured data     

沙尘引起的毫米波衰减

本文根据在腾格里沙漠完成的毫米波传播实验的部分结果，较为祥地讨论了扬沙天气中沙尘的有关物理特及其在９３ＧＨｚ频段上的沙尘衰减。，     

The Effect of Attenuation Induced by Sand and Dust Storms on Ka-Band Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Along Earth-Space Paths

Attenuation of millimeter waves induced by sand and dust storms along horizontal paths is analyzed and its expressions applied to earth-space paths is presented. Graphs of the specific attenuation and attenuation versus height and visibility are gotten for two kinds of particle size distribution, namely exponential, lognormal. Results obtained are briefly discussed.     

Measurement of Equivalent Dielectric Parameters of Sandstorms from the Microwave Attenuation

The theory is presented for one method of determining the equivalent dielectric parameters of sand storms from microwave propagation measurement over a line of sight link. The method required the transmission of linear polarized or circle-polarized signal and attenuation measurement. The equivalent dielectric parameters of sandstorms determined at frequencies of 33.5 GHz and 93 GHz over a terrestrial link.     

Mathematical simulation of weather conditions and parameters of the atmosphere and hydrometeors for estimation of the attenuation of the microwave radiation propagating in the atmosphere

A method for simulating the weather conditions and parameters of the atmosphere and hydrometeors in order to estimate the attenuation of the microwave radiation propagating in the atmosphere is proposed. The statistical data required to perform the calculations are analyzed and generalized. The calculated statistics of the distribution of the attenuation coefficient are presented.     

行波管支撑杆型衰减器匹配性能的微波检测方法

本文介绍一种简便、快速、直观的检验支撑杆型衰减器匹配性能的方法。它的基本原理是在微波频率上测绘被测衰减器的相对衰减量分布曲线,再用相移法测量反映衰减器渐变段匹配程度的电压驻波比S,对比分析所得曲线和S值,确定对曲线的形状及其起始段斜率的要求。此要求确定后,在检验衰减器时,只需测绘它的微波相对衰减量分布曲线看是否符合要求即可。采用这种方法大大提高了测试速度。实践证明,这种方法不仅在研制行波管中起了一定作用,还可以作为小批量生产工艺流程中检验衰减器的有用手段。     

Statistical rainstorm models: Their theoretical and physical foundations

Precipitation has become a serious source of attenuation as higher frequencies are being employed for microwave communications. System performance is strongly influenced by the quantity and character of precipitation that occurs over the links of the system. Rain appears to be the precipitation form that accounts for most of the serious attenuation occurrences. It is also for rain that the Scattering theory is most complete. Rain attenuation can be accurately predicted if the drop-size distribution along the propagation path is known. The drop spectrum determines as well the rainfall rate, radar reflectivity, and microwave emission of rain. Consequently, it is possible to make estimates of rain attenuation through indirect measurements by raingauge, radar, and radiometer. Recent experiments have confirmed that these estimates are sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. From propagation experiments and studies of the fine-scale structure of rain, data are becoming available on the horizontal extent of heavy rain areas and the way this structure influences system performance. These data have been used to formulate statistical raincell models that permit prediction of the performance of single-path and path-diversity systems. The current status of raincell models is reviewed and suggestions for future research are offered.     

Effect of velocity mismatch and microwave attenuation ontime-domain response of traveling-wave electrooptic modulators

The dynamic response of a traveling-wave (TW) electrooptic phase modulator is treated using a Fourier transform technique. An integral expression for the induced phase shift which takes into account the optical-microwave velocity mismatch and the microwave attenuation is derived. In the case of a Gaussian modulating pulse and negligible microwave attenuation, the temporal dependence of the modulated pulse amplitude can be expressed in terms of error functions. Calculated pulse shapes showing the transition from a Gaussian to a flat top output pulse with increasing phase mismatch in the absence of microwave attenuation are presented. The effect of microwave attenuation on pulse shape, amplitude, and width is also explored. The method used to obtain these results is generally applicable to the time-domain analysis of TW modulators