强脉冲离子束在金属中引起的应力波效应

金属在强脉冲离子束辐照及其后的快速冷却过程中所经历的应力过程是强脉冲离子束金属材料改性的最重要的机制之一。对应于这种过程 ,金属材料的微观结构和微硬度发生了改变。本文以 4 5 #钢和纯铝为样品将实验中测量到的不同强度的强脉冲辐照后样品微硬度和微观结构的变化与热力学计算所描述的热力学过程相对照 ,解释了出现微硬度双峰是由于应力波的形成和传播使然 ,并预言了由于应力波的在样品背面的反射 ,在较强能通量的强脉冲离子束辐照下 ,样品背表面一定深度处也会出现微硬度增加的现象 ,该现象已被实验所证实。     

强脉冲离子注入中的脉冲能量效应研究

在脉冲离子束流密度为15120A/cm2、脉宽为50150ns、加速电压为150260kV范围内,在11014cm-2的低注量水平上, 研究了高功率Cn++H+混合离子束注入45号钢样品的强脉冲能量效应。摩擦磨损和微观硬度测量以及SEM和X射线衍射分析表明,上述低注量强脉冲离子束注入可以改变材料 表面的微观结构和力学特性,而且强烈依赖于单个脉冲离子束的功率密度和能量密度。在相同离子注量条件下,普通C++H+离子注入对45号钢样品表面微硬度和摩擦系数未 见明显影响。直接证明了强脉冲能量效应在离子注入中是相对独立于注入元素掺杂效应的又一可利用的重要效应。基于一维导热模型,讨论了强脉冲能量效应以及脉冲离 子束功率密度对离子束材料表面改性的作用。     

强脉冲离子束材料表面改性研究进展

强脉冲离子束材料表面改性技术是正在发展中的新的材料表面改性技术。近四、五年来 ,我们围绕发展强脉冲离子束材料表面改性技术对其主要机制 (强脉冲能量效应 )、离子辐照诱发的热力学过程、表面熔坑现象及大面积均匀离子束技术开展了比较全面的基础性研究。研究表明 ,强脉冲离子束改性除了离子注入的元素掺杂效应外 ,其更可利用强脉冲能量沉积诱发的热力学效应 ,有望突破离子射程对改性层厚度的限制 ,并高效利用离子剂量和能量 ,成为新一代低成本、高效率、高生产率、实用化的离子束材料改性与合成工艺。本文对于上述研究的主要进展和相关问题进行了总结和评论     

强流脉冲离子束辐照对钛合金显微组织的影响

为研究强流辐照过程中钛合金微观组织结构和化学成分的变化,利用束流成分70%H+和30%C+的混合强脉冲离子束对钛合金进行了表面轰击,对离子束诱发的显微组织形貌和化学成分在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)上进行分析。结果表明,钛合金内部组织由α和β两相构成,为α+β型两相钛合金。试样不同区域组织类型存在明显差异,大部分区域组织类型一致,局部区域属于典型的魏氏组织。强流辐照钛合金表层组织和微观结构发生一定的变化,边缘β相结构遭到一定程度的破坏。显微组织结构的变化是由于表层温度梯度引起的热应力及其在靶材体内的传播造成的。     

强脉冲离子束材料表面改性研究进展

强脉冲离子束材料表面改性技术是正在发展中的新的材料表面改性技术。近四、五年来,我们围绕发展强脉冲离子束材料表面改性技术对其主要机制(强脉冲能量效应)、离子辐照诱发的热力学过程、表面熔坑现象及大面积均匀离子束技术开展了比较全面的基础性研究。研究表明,强脉冲离子束改性除了离子注入的元素掺杂效应外,其更可利用强脉冲能量沉积诱发的热力学效应,有望突破离子射程对改性层厚度的限制,并高效利用离子剂量和能量,成为新一代低成本、高效率、高生产率、实用化的离子束材料改性与合成工艺。本文对于上述研究的主要进展和相关问题进行了总结和评论。     

强流脉冲离子束辐照对钛合金表面相结构的影响

利用X射线衍射(XRD)和能量色散的特征X射线谱(XEDS)扫描,对强脉冲离子束辐照钛合金的表面结构特征和成分分布进行了测试与分析。结果表明,试样钛合金为(α+β)型两相钛合金。当以低能流密度离子束辐照时,材料表面粗糙度的增加导致结构发生明显变化;随着离子束能流密度的增加,材料表面层出现微小非晶相;表面元素呈明显的层状均匀分布;多次脉冲离子束辐照下,表面形成Al2O3等氧化物,从而利于被辐照表面抗氧化性的提高。进一步提高离子束能流密度,多次脉冲辐照,材料表面形成了新相Al6MoTi和AlMoTi2。     

强流辐照对钛合金表面形貌及成分的影响

用强流脉冲离子束技术对钛合金进行了表面轰击,利用原子力显微镜(AFM)在微观尺度上对离子束诱发的表面形貌进行了分析.结果表明,在单脉冲能量密度为～1.44 J/cm2,1次辐照表面开始熔化,5次辐照,轰击表面形成密度较大的块状熔坑,高度差较原始表面增长了约200 nm.用能量色散的特征X射线谱(XEDS)分析了辐照表面...     

强脉冲离子束辐照混合陶瓷/NiCoCrAlY热障涂层研究

为提高高温合金的工作温度,一般在其表面涂覆由粘结过渡层和陶瓷隔热层构成的热障层.热障层的热稳定性决定了高温合金部件的寿命.为延长由部分稳定的ZrO2/NiCoCrAIY合金构成的热障层的服役寿命,采用强脉冲离子束对它们的界面进行辐照处理.本工作研究了不同参数的强脉冲离子束(IPIB)对不同厚度结构的靶的辐照混合效应,通过一系列分析测试研究,发现合适参数的IPIB辐照能够有效地在界面形成混合层,从而改善热障层在高温氧化环境中的高温耐久性.其中采用峰值能量300 keV,脉冲宽度65 ns,峰值流强密度250 A/cm2的IPIB单脉冲辐照后的样品获得最好效果.对其原因做了分析,认为在界面处形成特定元素分布的混合层在高温氧化条件下既能形成完整的保护层,又改善了层间晶格和热胀系数失配,减小了失配热应力,从而提高了热障层在高温氧化条件下的稳定性.     

纳秒级强脉冲电子束与Ar^＋离子束辐照作物种子后自由…

应用多极板放电室产生的纳秒级强脉冲电子束与Ａｒ＾＋离子束辐照蕃茄、黄瓜、辣椒和小麦的种子，分别测定辐照种子中的自由基产额，统计胚根根尖细胞中的染色体畸变频率和咱子的萌发能力，以及种子的萌发能力密切相关。辐照处理时间长，自由基产额高，染色全变率高，萌发生长能力低。四种作物种子的重复实验证明，电子脉冲的辐射效应明显强于Ａｒ＾＋离子脉冲。     

动态测量强脉冲离子束辐照产生的冲击波

当强脉冲离子束(Intense pulsedion beam,IPIB)辐照材料表面时,在靶材料表面引发快速升温、熔融、气化、烧蚀以及随后的快速固化,并产生热应力与冲击波.本文通过构建并改进以聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyvinylidenefluoride,PVDF)膜为核心的测量系统,成功地对强脉冲离子束辐照所产生的冲击波进行了动态的探测,实验测量与我们自行开发的理论模拟计算相比较,获得较好的吻合.     

Dynamic energy spectrum and energy deposition in solid target by intense pulsed ion beams

A method for analyzing the dynamic energy spectrum of intense pulsed ion beam (IPIB) was proposed.Its influence on beam energy deposition in metal target was studied with IPIB produced by two types of magnetically insulated diodes (MID).The emission of IPIB was described with space charge limitation model,and the dynamic energy spectrum was further analyzed with time-of-flight method.IPIBs generated by pulsed accelerators of BIPPAB-450 (active MID) and TEMP-4M (passive MID) were studied.The dynamic energy spectrum was used to deduce the power density distribution of IPIB in the target with Monte Carlo simulation and infrared imaging diagnostics.The effect on the distribution and evolution of thermal field induced by the characteristics of IPIB dynamic energy spectrum was discussed.     

40CrNi2MoV钢应力松弛特性研究

为获得４０ＣｒＮｉ２ＭｏＶ钢的高温松弛性能,对该材料进行了松弛试验研究。试验数据经回归和高通量得到了所有用于表征材料抗松弛性能的材料常数,并得到与试验结果吻合良好,可反映松弛全过程的松弛曲线表达式。试验结果表明,该材料具有良好的抗松弛性能。还对工程应用中的不同初应力,松弛应变速率和试验结果外推等问题进行了讨论,认为当材料的松弛极限较高时,在强度允许的条件下,有可能通过加大初应力来延长服役周期或减小     

Radiation damage in beryllium at 70–440°C and neutron fluence (0.3–18)·1022 cm−2 (E n > 0.1 MeV)

The results of investigations of the damage to samples of five brands of beryllium (TV-56, TV-400, TV-30, TIP, and DIP), prepared using the hot-pressing and extrusion technology and also hot isostatic pressing, are presented. The beryllium samples were irradiated in the channels of the core of an SM reactor and as part of the photoneutron source of the BOR-60 fast reactor at 70–440°C and neutron fluence (0.3–18)·10²² cm⁻² (En > 0.1 MeV). The experimental program included mechanical tests for stretching and compression, measurements of the microhardness, swelling and specific thermal conductivity, as well as a study of the microstructure. The experimental results are used to construct the dose dependences of the change of the physicomechanical characteristics of beryllium at different irradiation temperatures and the trends in these dependences are analyzed. __________ Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 101, No. 4, pp. 289–296, October, 2006.     

Increasing of Hardness of Titanium Using Energetic Nitrogen Ions from Sahand as a Filippov Type Plasma Focus Facility

In this paper a 90 kJ plasma focus facility was used to the bombardment of the titanium substrate using nitrogen ion beams. From x-ray diffraction patterns, we investigated the structure properties of titanium nitride layer has been successfully deposited on the titanium substrate such as grain size microstrain and dislocation density. In this work we observed the growth of in grain size with increasing a number of deposition shots. Decrease in dislocation density and microstrain at higher deposition is the another results we observed in this work. The topography and morphology of TiN samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy images. From SEM micrograph, damage of surface and creation of pits and cracks was reported. The goniometric test indicate increasing in contact angle of water drop for irradiated samples in respect to the unirradiated samples. The Knoop microhardness of the samples is increased about 500%. With increasing of nitrogen ion flux, the microhardness increases.     

Thermal stability of hydrostatically extruded EUROFER 97 steel

EUROFER 97 steel is a candidate structural material for the future fusion power reactors, as well as for the European Test Blanket Modules (TBMs) to be tested in ITER. In the reported study, the microstructure of EUROFER 97 was modified by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) which reduced the grain size from 400 to 86 nm and that of the carbide particles from 111 to 75 nm. The changes in the microstructure significantly improved the strength of the extruded samples. However, it is important that the enhanced properties of nanostructured materials are stable over the required range of intended service temperature. The thermal stability of the nanostructured EUROFER steel was evaluated by subjecting the hydrostatically extruded samples to annealing at temperatures ranging from 473 to 1073 K (200–800 °C) for 1 h. Tensile tests and microhardness measurements with a 200 g load were carried out on the annealed samples to determine the effect of the heat treatment. The results show that the highest microhardness (403 HV_0.2) was achieved for samples annealed at 673 K. However, the tensile and yield strength decreased at the higher temperature of 873 K and the total elongation increased to 15%, compared to only 3% for as-extruded samples. The changes in the mechanical properties were rationalized by the examination of the microstructural changes. During heating the initial grain size remains virtually unchanged below a temperature of 873 K. However, above 873 K the grain size increased and it is very likely that growth will be very rapid at higher temperatures.     

反应堆压力容器密封面材料非正常工况下的腐蚀性能研究

针对压力容器密封面材料在核工程应用中发生的腐蚀问题,研究了反应堆压力容器密封面材料非正常工况下的腐蚀性能.利用静态高压釜研究308L不锈钢在不同Clˉ浓度条件下的腐蚀行为,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜( SEM)对样品进行观察和分析.结果表明,在270℃、5.5 MPa条件下,Clˉ浓度低于1 mg/L时308L不锈钢没有发生点腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀和应力腐蚀;随着Clˉ浓度提高,308L不锈钢对点腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀和应力腐蚀的敏感性显著增加.     

Explosive welding method for manufacturing ITER-grade 316L(N)/CuCrZr hollow structural member

In this study, a new explosive welding method provided an effective way for manufacturing ITER-grade 316L(N)/CuCrZr hollow structural member. The welding parameters (stand-off distance and explosion rate) were calculated respectively using equivalent frontal collision wave model and effective energy model. The welded samples were subject to two step heat treatment cycles (solution annealing and aging). Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to analyze the microstructure of bonding interface. The mechanical properties of the welded samples were evaluated through microhardness test and tensile test. Moreover, the sealing property of the welded specimens was measured through helium leak test.Microstructural analysis showed that the welded sample using effective energy model had an ideal wavy interface. The results of microhardness test revealed an increase in hardness for both sides near to the bonding interface. And the hardening phenomenon of interface region disappeared after the solution annealing. SEM observation indicated that the samples with the post heat treatments exhibited a ductile fracture with dimple features after tensile test. After the specimens undergo aging strengthening, there was an obvious increase in the strength for all specimens. The helium leak test results have proven that the welded specimens are soundness.