淮河上中游流域日照时数时空分布特征

为揭示淮河上中游流域日照时数时空变化特征及突变情况,基于1960-2014年日照时数资料,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall趋势与突变检验、滑动t检验、克里金插值等方法,对流域日照时数的时空变化特征进行剖析。结果表明,淮河上中游流域近55年来日照时数以20世纪80年代为界由多变寡,其中年日照时数大约每10a减少102.2h,四季日照时数的气候倾向率排序为夏[-48.8h/(10a)]、冬[-29.3h/(10a)]、秋[-19.7h/(10a)]、春[-5.4h/(10a)]。流域日照时数的减小趋势除春季不显著外,年与夏、秋、冬三季的日照时数均呈现出显著的减少趋势。空间上,流域北部的中间地带(商丘站附近)与西北部(宝丰、郑州站附近)的日照时数减小趋势较明显(Z-2),减少幅度较大,而东部(盱眙站除外)减少幅度则偏小。年与夏季日照时数的极显著突变年份为1980年,年日照时数的弱显著突变年为1984年。秋季、冬季的突变年份分别为1999年、1983年,春季的突变年份在20世纪70年代内。研究成果可为淮河上中游流域的气候研究、农业生产等提供科学的依据。     

Analysis of Climate Change Characteristics of Shanxi Province in Recent 54 Years

提 要：利用陕西省1960-2013年的气温和降水资料,分析了气温和降水时空变化特征。结果表明：(1)在时间尺度上,陕西省的年平均气温的上升速率约为0.23 ℃/10a,90年代后期以来,气温显著升高。四季气温也呈上升趋势,其中春、冬季上升速率较大。年降水量以8.78 mm/10a的速率下降,80年代后期以来,降水量明显减少。春、秋季降水量呈下降趋势,夏、冬季呈上升趋势。年平均气温在1996年发生突变,1996年以来为高温期,年降水量在1970年和1975发生突变,1970年以来为相对少雨期,陕西省气候趋于暖干化。(2)在空间尺度上,年平均气温由南向北递减,呈现出明显的纬度地带性特征。年降水量整体由南向北递减,部分山地形成地形雨。     

纵向岭谷区大围山国家级自然保护区气候变化特点及预测

利用大围山国家级保护区1960—2014年气温和降水量数据,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验、小波分析等方法分析了该保护区55 a来气温和降水量变化特征及影响因素,并对未来变化趋势做出预测。结果显示:55 a来该保护区年、春、夏、秋、冬季平均气温均呈显著的上升趋势,年、夏季降水量呈不显著的减少趋势、秋季降水量呈显著的减少趋势,春、冬季降水量呈不显著的增加趋势。小波分析和R/S分析表明年和各季气温未来一段时间内将呈上升趋势,而年、夏、秋季降水量将呈减少趋势,春、冬季降水量将呈增加趋势。     

1951-2006年北京气候变化特征分析

利用北京国家级野外气象观测站历年气温和降水实测资料(1951—2006年),用回归分析、趋势线等方法分析北京近56年来气温和降水的年际、季节变化特征。分析结果表明:(1)近56年来,北京平均气温总体呈上升趋势,年均气温线性倾向率为0.41℃/10a,56年中温度增加约为2.3℃。气温季节变化趋势与年际变化一致,都呈上升趋势。四季中,冬季升温趋势最明显,平均0.057℃/a;春季和秋季次之,分别为0.047℃/a和0.036℃/a;夏季最弱,平均为0.028℃/a;(2)近56年来,北京年降水量呈减少趋势,年降水量线性倾向率为-4.96 mm/10a,56年减少约为27.78 mm,气候变干趋势明显。降水量季节变化存在差异,除春季呈现微弱的增加趋势外,夏季、秋季与冬季的变化趋势与年际变化趋势一致,呈减少趋势。夏季降水量减少趋势最明显,平均为15 mm/a;秋季和冬季次之,平均为1.5 mm/a和0.2 mm/a。     

淮河上中游流域日照时数时空分布特征分析

为揭示淮河上中游流域日照时数时空变化特征及突变情况,基于1960～2014年日照时数资料,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall趋势与突变检验、滑动t检验、克里金插值等方法,对流域日照时数的时空变化特征进行剖析。结果表明,淮河上中游流域近55年来日照时数以20世纪80年代为界由多变少,其中年日照时数大约每10 a减少102.2 h,四季日照时数的气候倾向率排序为夏（-48.8 h/10a）、冬（-29.3 h/10a）、秋（-19.7 h/10a）、春（-5.4 h/10a）。流域日照时数的减小趋势除春季不显著外,年与夏、秋、冬三季的日照时数均呈现出显著的减少趋势。空间上,流域北部的中间地带（商丘站附近）与西北部（宝丰、郑州站附近）的日照时数减小趋势较明显（Z＜-2）,减少幅度较大,而东部（盱眙站除外）减少幅度则偏小。年与夏季日照时数的极显著突变年份为1980年,年日照时数的弱显著突变年为1984年。秋季、冬季的突变年份分别为1999年、1983年,春季的突变年份在20世纪70年代内。研究成果可为淮河上中游流域的气候研究、农业生产等提供科学研究依据。     

黑龙江省八五三农场近50a降水特征分析

为揭示黑龙江省八五三农场降雨量的变化规律,利用农场近50a(1959-2010年)的月降水量,通过线性趋势分析法、滑动平均法、累积距平法、年际极值比、Mann-Kendall(M-K)突变检验法,分析了农场年降水量和季节降水量的变化趋势及其突变点。研究结果表明:(1)八五三农场的年降水量在研究时段内,总体上呈减少的趋势,且年际变化较显著;对于各季节降水量,夏季下降趋势比较明显,冬季上升趋势显著,春季和秋季基本无趋势变化;(2)M-K突变分析显示,年降水量突变趋势明显,存在1986年和1999年2个突变点;而该区域四季降水突变点较多,其中春季和冬季上升趋势明显,夏季和秋季的下降趋势较明显。     

人民胜利渠灌区气象因素及干旱特征演变分析

近年来灌区水资源短缺现象频发,为定量分析人民胜利渠灌区气候变化特征,利用数理统计、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、气候倾向率和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)等方法,分析了1951—2017年灌区气象因素及干旱特征年、季的演变规律。结果表明:灌区年平均相对湿度、降水量和水面蒸发量均呈现下降趋势,年最低气温、最高气温和平均气温均呈现升高趋势,且在不同年份发生明显突变;冬季平均相对湿度气候倾向率最大为-1.14%/(10 a),最低气温、最高气温和平均气温的气候倾向率均在春季最大(分别为0.52、0.18、0.40℃/(10 a)),年降水量的气候倾向率最大(-12.49 mm/(10 a)),夏季蒸发量的气候倾向率最大(-6.91 mm/(10 a));灌区多年平均干旱发生频率为33.43%,约每3 a就会发生一次干旱,春季、夏季和秋季干旱发生频率分别为56.72%、56.72%和26.87%,而冬季无干旱情况发生。     

黄河源区气候变化特性分析

全球气候变化改变了水资源现状,黄河源区因其径流量偏枯的状态使得气候变化因素研究尤为重要。为研究黄河源区气候变化特性,选取12个国家气象站点1960-2016年近60年气温与降水量资料,综合分析黄河源区年内与年际气候变化特性。运用有序聚类分析法、Mann-Kendall检验法、滑动t检验法、线性趋势法、Spearman秩次相关检验法和Morlet小波分析法,得到最终结论:黄河源区四季均温增长态势均显著,冬季增长幅度最大;降水量在春、冬季呈显著增长态势,而夏秋季无明显下降趋势。年均气温序列突变点为1997年;降水量无明显的突变点。年均气温呈显著的递增趋势;而降水量序列无明显的递增趋势。年均气温存在着10、5与23a的年际变化周期情况;降水量存在着28、11与8a的年际变化周期情况。     

近60年来伊宁市气候变化特征分析

为较好的认识研究区的气候特征及其变化趋势,更好应对与气候变化相关方面的工作,利用伊宁站1952-2011年逐月平均气温与降水资料,采用线性趋势分析法和差积曲线法分析了伊宁市气候的年际、年代际变化特性及突变特性。结果表明:伊宁站平均气温表现为波动升高的趋势,并以春季和冬季气温升高最为明显,年平均气温的线性倾向率为每10年增加0.43℃;多年平均年降水量表现为波动增多的趋势,其中以秋季和冬季增加较明显,年平均降水量的线性倾向率为每10年增加13.0 mm;气温以20世纪70年代以后升高幅度较大,降水各年代际间总体表现为先减少后增加的波动变化趋势,其中50-70年代降水量呈减少趋势,80年代-21世纪降水量呈增加趋势,并以21世纪增加较明显;基于差积曲线法研究区气候特征表现为由过去的暖干向现在的暖湿过渡,这一趋势以1997年后较明显。     

河龙区间气候变化及其对水资源的影响

通过对黄河中游河龙区间的气候变化分析,发现:进入20世纪90年代后,河龙区间年平均气温和四季气温均呈上升趋势,年降水量呈减少趋势,且年际间波动趋于平缓,春、冬季降水量呈微弱增加趋势,夏、秋季降水量呈明显减少趋势。同时分析了河口镇站和龙门站年径流量变化特征以及气候变化对河龙区间水资源的影响,结果表明:气候变化对河龙区间水资源有重要影响,20世纪90年代以后,气候变化对水资源的影响幅度为21%。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.