壳聚糖与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的制备及其性能研究

采用接枝共聚法,以K2S2O8-NaHSO3氧化还原引发体系为引发剂,使壳聚糖与丙烯酰胺进行自由基接枝共聚反应合成了壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物。研究了K2S2O8的浓度、NaHSO3的浓度、壳聚糖与丙烯酰胺的质量比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对接枝率和接枝效率的影响。最适宜的反应条件是:c(K2S2O8)=3.0mmol/L,c(NaHSO3)=2.0mmol/L,m(壳聚糖)∶m(丙烯酰胺)=1∶5,反应温度50℃,反应时间3.5h。用FTIR表征壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的结构,同时试验了该接枝共聚物的絮凝性能。结果表明,该接枝共聚物的絮凝效果优于壳聚糖。     

S-DMDAAC-AM阳离子型高分子絮凝剂的合成及性能研究

以淀粉(S)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)、丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,采用氧化还原引发体系,合成r接枝共聚物S-DMDAAC-AM.考察了反应温度、反应时间、引发剂浓度、单体配比等因素对接枝共聚体系的接枝率、接枝效率和絮凝效果等因素的影响.试验结果表明,最优条件为淀粉(S):单体总量=3.5 g∶10.5 g,反...     

微波辐射下壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝物的合成及其絮凝性能研究

以硝酸铈铵作为引发剂、丙烯酰胺为单体,用微波辐射法合成了壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物。通过正交试验考察反应条件对接枝率和接枝效率的影响,得出最佳工艺条件为:反应时间12 min,引发剂浓度5 mmol/L,丙烯酰胺和壳聚糖质量比5:1,反应温度40℃。最佳条件下接枝率和接枝效率分别达到148.6%和44.0%。壳聚糖接枝物与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝对比试验表明:在酸性条件下接枝物与PAM的絮凝效果相近;在中性和碱性条件下接枝物的絮凝性能优于PAM。     

壳聚糖-聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能研究

在氮气保护下,以硝酸铈铵为引发剂,壳聚糖(CS)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,接枝制得壳聚糖-聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物P(CS-AM).以正交试验法得到CS接枝AM的最佳反应条件为:m(CS)∶m (AM)为1∶4,反应pH值为3,引发剂溶质占溶液质量分数为0.1％,水浴温度为55℃.分别采用红外光谱(FT-IR),扫描电镜(SEM),热重分析(TG)对产物进行表征.以处理高岭土模拟水样来评价其絮凝性能,考察了接枝率、絮凝剂投加量和体系pH对絮凝性能的影响,在此基础上,对比了CS、P(AM-CS)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和聚合硫酸铝铁(PAFS)这4种絮凝剂的絮凝性能.结果 表明,P(CS-AM)处理高岭土模拟水样的上清液浊度为8NTU,絮凝性能明显优于CS、PAM和PAFS.     

壳聚糖-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵接枝共聚物的制备与絮凝性能研究

以壳聚糖和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为原料,硝酸铈铵为引发剂,Span-20为乳化剂,通过反相乳液聚合技术,合成了壳聚糖-DMC接枝共聚物。通过正交试验考察了反应条件对接枝度的影响,得出的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间5 h、引发剂浓度16 mmol/L、壳聚糖与DMC质量比1:6、油水体积比1:1。最佳条件下平均接枝度达到110 %。将得到的壳聚糖接枝共聚物用作絮凝剂处理高岭土悬浮液,结果表明其絮凝性能优于壳聚糖和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),且在pH值6.0、投加量为2.0 mg/L时絮凝效果最佳。     

淀粉-丙烯酰胺-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵接枝共聚研究

采用氧化还原引发体系,在水溶液中接枝聚合制备了淀粉、丙烯酰胺(AM)与甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)接枝共聚物。考察了反应温度、反应时间、引发剂浓度、单体质量比对接枝率、接枝效率及阳离子度的影响,确定了最佳反应条件:淀粉7.5g,AM15g,引发剂浓度0.4mmol/L,反应温度45℃,反应时间5h,m(DMC):m(AM)为1:3,所得接枝共聚物的接枝率为136.18%,接枝效率为79.8%,阳离子度为19.2%。     

壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的制备及其絮凝性能

采用水浴加热,硝酸铈铵为引发剂,氮气保护体系,引发壳聚糖(CS)与丙烯酰胺(AM)接枝共聚反应,制得接枝共聚物P(CS-AM).探索了接枝共聚反应的合成条件对产物特性黏度的影响,确定了最佳反应条件为m(CS):m(AM)=1:4、w(CS+AM)=20％、w(硝酸铈铵)=0.09％、反应温度45℃、体系pH=3.采用红...     

响应面法优化壳聚糖接枝工艺

利用响应面分析法优化壳聚糖接枝产物P的合成工艺,在以引发剂用量、原料质量比、反应温度为影响因素,以P(CTS/AM)接枝率为指标的单因素试验基础上,设计了三因素三水平的试验分析法,得到P最佳合成工艺条件:引发剂用量0.04g、m(CTS):m(AM)为 1∶2.8、反应温度为60℃.此条件下,P的接枝率为137.76％...     

降解淀粉/DMDAAC-AM接枝共聚物复鞣剂的合成及应用

酶降解淀粉与二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)在引发剂(NH4)2S2O8(APS)作用下进行了接枝共聚合反应,制得阳离子型淀粉复鞣剂。第一步酶降解条件为m(蒸馏水)∶m(淀粉)∶m(α 淀粉酶)=180∶20∶0 2,在60℃降解1h。第二步接枝聚合反应条件为m(DMDAAC)∶m(AM)∶m(APS)=40∶20∶1 5,在75℃保温反应2h。接枝共聚物的接枝率及接枝效率分别为150%和78%,单体转化率及阳离子度分别为98 5%和37%,复鞣革对于染料及加脂剂的吸收率分别为97 3%和96 2%,用红外光谱(FTIR)对复鞣剂的结构进行了表征。     

接枝改性耐温抗盐CMC的合成及其性能研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、对苯乙烯磺酸钠(STS)为原料与羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)进行接枝共聚,采用硝酸铈铵为引发剂,合成了一种水溶性接枝共聚物CMC-g-p(AM-co-STS)。获得较优的聚合条件为:温度为40℃、反应时间为2 h、体系pH值为5、引发剂为3%,n(AM)∶n(STS)=9.0∶1.0,m(AM+STS)∶m(CMC)=3∶1,接枝率为65.4%。红外和核磁确定AM和STS成功接枝到CMC链上。性能研究表明,该接枝共聚物表现出优良的增粘、溶解、耐温及抗剪切性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。