On the Dissolution Behavior of Sulfur in Ternary Silicate Slags

Sulfur dissolution behavior, in terms of sulfide capacity (C _S), in ternary silicate slags (molten oxide slags composed of MO – NO – SiO₂, where M and N are Ca, Mn, Fe, and Mg), is discussed based on available experimental data. Composition dependence of the sulfur dissolution, at least in the dilute region of sulfur, may be explained by taking into account the cation–anion first-nearest-neighbor (FNN) interaction (stability of sulfide) and the cation–cation second-nearest-neighbor (SNN) interaction over O anion (oxygen proportions in silicate slags). When the Gibbs energy of a reciprocal reaction MO + NS = MS + NO is positive, the sulfide capacity of slags with virtually no SiO₂ or low SiO₂ concentration decreases as the concentration of MO increases. However, in some slags, as SiO₂ concentration increases, replacing NO by MO at a constant SiO₂ concentration may increase sulfide capacity when the basicity of NO is less than that of MO. This phenomenon is observed as rotation of iso-C _S lines in ternary silicate slags, and it is explained by simultaneous consideration of the stability of sulfide and oxygen proportions in the silicate slags. It is suggested that a solution model for the prediction of sulfide capacity should be based on the actual dissolution mechanism of sulfur rather than on the simple empirical correlation.     

铝灰在铝电解质中溶解行为的研究

对熔铸过程产生的铝灰进行了X射线荧光和X射线衍射分析,并专门分析了铝灰中氧和氮含量的分析。结果表明铝灰中主要含有AlN和α-Al2O3。在此基础上,采用透明石英槽对氮化铝在铝电解质中的溶解性能进行了研究,并观测了铝灰在电解质中的溶解行为。     

Dissolution Behavior and Phase Evolution During Aluminum Oxide Dissolution in BOF Slag

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag is a byproduct in the steel making process and is produced in considerable amounts. Thus, its valorization is important....     

Dissolution Behavior of Rhodium in the Na2O-SiO2 and CaO-SiO2 Slags

To understand the behavior of rhodium during its recovery process, the dissolution behaviors of rhodium in Na₂O-SiO₂ and in CaO-SiO₂ slags at temperatures ranging from 1423 K to 1623 K (from 1150 °C to 1350 °C) and from 1773 K to 1873 K (from 1500 °C to 1600 °C), respectively, in an oxidizing atmosphere were investigated. The solubility of rhodium in the slags was found to increase with increasing oxygen partial pressure, temperature, and the basic oxide content. The correlation between the solubility of rhodium and the oxygen partial pressure suggested that rhodium dissolved into the slags as RhO_1.5. The dissolution of rhodium was slightly endothermic: the enthalpy change of the dissolution of solid rhodium was determined to be 50 ± 10 kJ/mol for the 50(mass pct)Na₂O-50SiO₂; and 188 ± 94 kJ/mol for the 56(mass pct)CaO-44SiO₂ slag systems. The increase in the solubility of rhodium with the basic oxide content indicated that rhodium exhibits acidic behavior in slags. The correlation between the solubility of rhodium and the sulfide capacity of the slags suggested that the ionic species of rhodium in slags is the rhodate ion, RhO ₂ ^? . The rhodate capacity of the slags was defined, and its application to estimate the possible rhodium content in various slag systems was proposed.     

90t BOF-LF-VD工艺冶炼GCr15轴承钢的氧化物夹杂变化行为

GCr15钢的生产流程为90 t转炉-LF-VD-250 mm×280 mm方坯连铸-轧制。转炉出钢加铝脱氧,LF由高碱度渣[/%:55~58CaO,3~10MgO,12~16SiO_2,16~24Al_2O_3,≤1(MnO+FeO)]精炼,LF喂Al后T[O]为14×10~(-6),LF终点T[O]10×10~(-6)。采用SEM(扫描电镜)+EDS(能谱仪)的方法,研究了线材中超标DS类夹杂物的成分分布,发现夹杂物中心以复合氧化物CaO-MgO-Al_2O_3为主,外围包裹少量CaS;这些氧化物中,Al_2O_3含量约占65%,分布最为均匀;CaO含量约占20%,MgO含量约占15%。统计分析结果表明,VD真空处理后每平方毫米13μm以上大颗粒夹杂物数量增至7,软吹后降至2.1,线材中1/3大颗粒夹杂物来源于钢包渣带入。     

Kinetics and Mechanisms of Dolime Dissolution in Steelmaking Slag

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - The kinetics of dolime dissolution containing 20 and 50 pct of magnesium oxide in steelmaking slags has been studied in a high-temperature...     

铝熔体中的气体及夹杂

本文对铝熔体中气体及夹杂的来源、形成机理、影响因素做了系统的分析，对其危害做了说明，最后提出了对铝熔体中气及夹杂的预防措施及去除方法。     

Evaluation of Secondary Steelmaking Slags and Their Relation with Steel Cleanliness

Based on data provided from an industrial plant and FactSage commercial software use, a study of secondary refining slags and inclusion cleanliness was performed. Six heats of two slag series, namely, A and B, with average chemical composition (wt pct) of 43.00CaO-25.90SiO₂-12.96Al₂O₃-18.13MgO for series A and 49.98CaO-23.88SiO₂-10.11Al₂O₃-11.99MgO-4.03CaF₂ for series B, were used for the study. Both series used DIN 38MnS6 modified steel. The effective viscosity, solid fraction, composition of the liquid fraction, and slag saturation degree in MgO (calculated through thermodynamic software) were related to the experimental results obtained for the inclusion cleanliness. The B slags showed lower effective viscosity than the A slags, due to their high liquid fraction. Regarding the capacity of slags in the inclusion removal, slag B5 resulted in the lowest inclusion density and was considered as the best choice among the slags studied. The inclusion species formed using B slags are constituted especially of CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ and MgO-Al₂O₃ and are Al₂O₃ rich. The presence of sulfide-type inclusions (AlMnS and CaS) were more pronounced among A slags.     

The Reaction Behavior of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) in Steelmaking Slags: Effect of DRI Carbon and Preheating Temperature

An experimental study was conducted to quantify the rate of direct reduced iron (DRI) decarburization in a steelmaking slag using the constant volume pressure increase technique. Experiments were conducted by dropping DRI pellets into molten slag at temperatures from 1773 K to 1873 K (1500 °C to 1600 °C). Subsequent experiments were carried out in which the DRI pellets were preheated while the slag temperature remained constant. The effect of the initial carbon content and the preheating temperature of the DRI on the reaction rate was investigated. The decarburization of DRI seems to comprise two stages, a reaction between the FeO and DRI followed by decarburization through the iron oxide of slag. Carbon has a significant effect on the kinetics of both stages, whereas the preheating temperature mainly influences the rate of decarburization between FeO and carbon inside the pellet.     

EAF-LF炼钢流程中磷行为的研究

理论分析了EAF-LF炼钢过程钢水中磷的质量分数随熔池温度、炉渣碱度和炉渣氧化性变化而变化的情况,并通过实验确定了整个EAF-LF冶炼过程钢水中磷的质量分数的变化趋势,以此判断该流程中磷的行为,提出抑制钢水回磷的相应措施。     

A Dynamic Flux Dissolution Model for Oxygen Steelmaking

A modified model for prediction of flux dissolution in oxygen steelmaking process is presented in this study. The aim of this paper is to introduce a procedure for simulating the amount of dissolved lime with respect to the saturation concentration of CaO by coupling the existing thermodynamic and kinetic models simultaneously. The procedure is developed to calculate the saturation concentrations/solubility of CaO in slag using thermodynamic models namely FactSage?, Cell Model, and Thermo-Calc?. Total amount of dissolved lime is evaluated by integrating solubility values in the rate equation of lime dissolution over time taking into account the effects of physical properties and temperature of slag and particle size of flux additions and validated against industrial data available in literature. Comparison between measured and calculated undissolved lime shows a good agreement between them using any thermodynamic models even though there are some differences in the predictions of saturation concentration of CaO in slag. It has been shown that two distinct control mechanisms for lime dissolution in BOF slags exist and consideration of the free lime-controlled mechanism is essential for accurate prediction of dissolution rate of lime in slag.     

Evaluation and Control of Iron and Steelmaking Slags through Electrochemical FeO Sensor

One of the greatest obstacles to the application of physical chemistry principles to the elucidation of slag‐metal reactions is a lack of knowledge of activities of the reacting species. To a large extent, oxygen potential of the slag phase governs iron and steelmaking practice. Without oxygen control by means of appropriate sensors, the behaviour of the other elements cannot be managed. In this paper, measurements of the FeO activity with various types of electrochemical FeO sensors will be described together with examples of their applications for improved strategies toward better practice for ladle metallurgy and sulphur and manganese distributions between slag and metal phases during steelmaking. Measurements of FeO activity have also been made in order to improve dephosphorization reactions. This type of work has led to significant reduction in volume of slag generated within the steelmaking vessel, which in turn, has important implications for refractory wear, metal yield, alloy recovery and improved productivity. Finally an on‐line sensor is described which permits the oxygen potential to be determined for both the metal phase and the slag phase during steelmaking in the BOF.     

New Methods for In‐Situ Determination of Iron Oxide in Steelmaking Slags

Although iron oxide is the most important component of steelmaking slags, no reliable technique for its in‐situ determination has been established yet. This paper however, presents data on the effect of iron oxide on the electrical conductivity of CaO‐SiO₂‐FeO‐Fe₂O₃ melts, and on limiting current and impedance in direct current or alternating current charge transfer at iron electrodes. The strong influence of iron oxide content can be utilized for in‐situ determination of total iron oxide content and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio. The possible probe designs are presented and the principles and procedures of the measurement are explained.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In Situ</Emphasis> Observation of Calcium Aluminate Inclusions Dissolution into Steelmaking Slag

The dissolution rate of calcium aluminate inclusions in CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ slags has been studied using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) at elevated temperatures: 1773 K, 1823 K, and 1873 K (1500 °C, 1550 °C, and 1600 °C). The inclusion particles used in this experimental work were produced in our laboratory and their production technique is explained in detail. Even though the particles had irregular shapes, there was no rotation observed. Further, the total dissolution time decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing SiO₂ content in the slag. The rate limiting steps are discussed in terms of shrinking core models and diffusion into a stagnant fluid model. It is shown that the rate limiting step for dissolution is mass transfer in the slag at 1823 K and 1873 K (1550 °C and 1600 °C). Further investigations are required to determine the dissolution mechanism at 1773 K (1500 °C). The calculated diffusion coefficients were inversely proportional to the slag viscosity and the obtained values for the systems studied ranged between 5.64 × 10^?12 and 5.8 × 10^?10 m²/s.     

Application of Recycling Products of Aluminum Slags in Investment Casting Technology

Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals - Based on studies of fractional, chemical, and phase compositions of Al-containing slags of different origin, it is established that they are multicomponent...     

Removal of Inclusions from Aluminum Through Filtration

Filtration experiments were carried out using both an AlF₃ slurry-coated and an uncoated Al₂O₃ ceramic foam filter to study the removal of nonmetallic inclusions and impurity elements. The results showed that the 30-ppi ceramic foam filter removed up to 85 pct inclusions from aluminum. Several pictures of two- and three-dimensional morphologies of both nonmetallic and intermetallics inclusions also have been presented. The following contributing mechanisms for the removal of nonmetallic inclusions in the deep-bed filtration mode are proposed: (1) collision with walls and interception effect and (2) the formation of both intermetallic and nonmetallic inclusion bridges during filtration. Fluid dynamics modeling of inclusion attachment to the filter walls showed that most inclusions, especially those with larger sizes, are entrapped at the upper part of the filter, whereas smaller inclusions are dispersed well throughout the filter. The calculated inclusions removal fractions for the 30-ppi filter showed that almost all inclusions >125 μm are removed, and inclusions ~5 μm in size are removed up to 85 pct. The interfacial energy between two collided same-size inclusions was calculated, indicating that a strong clustering of inclusions may result within the filter window. Magnesium impurities were removed up to 86 pct by the AlF₃ slurry-coated filter. The filter acted in active filtration mode in addition to the contribution of the air oxidation of dissolved [Mg], which was calculated to be 13 pct. The total mass transfer coefficient of dissolved [Mg] to the reaction interface was calculated to be 1.15 × 10⁻⁶ m/s.     

钛稳定化不锈钢中夹杂物的形成和变化

研究了钛稳定化不锈钢冶炼过程中夹杂物的形成和变化,分析了钢中Al、Ca、Ti和二次氧化对夹杂物的影响。结果表明,321不锈钢中主要存在CaO·TiO2MgO·Al2O3双相夹杂物和TiN夹杂物。喂钛线前钢中主要有CaOSiO2Al2O3、CaOSiO2等夹杂物,喂钛线后与钛转变为CaO·TiO2MgO·Al2O3。不加Al和CaSi脱氧,或者用CaSi脱氧后,通过喂钛线前的吹氩弱搅拌,尽可能排除钢中含CaO的夹杂物,可显著降低喂钛线后CaO·TiO2MgO·Al2O3夹杂物的数量。控制钢液二次氧化可避免形成新的CaO·TiO2MgO·Al2O3夹杂物。降低铝的质量分数,可减少形成含MgO·Al2O3芯的TiN数量。浇铸过程存在二次氧化时,部分TiN会氧化成TiOx。