难免离子对中低品位钙镁质磷矿石反浮选的影响

采用浮选试验,结合溶液化学计算、方差分析、扫描电镜和X射线荧光光谱分析等手段研究难免离子对中低品位钙镁质磷矿石反浮选的影响. 研究结果表明:矿浆中Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺会降低浮选磷精矿中P₂O₅含量而提高MgO含量,原因是Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺会沉淀捕收剂解离的RCOO^-,降低其有效浓度;SO₄^2-会降低磷精矿中P2O5回收率,其作用机理是由于SO₄²-能与Ca²⁺作用生成硫酸钙沉淀并覆盖在氟磷灰石和白云石表面,增强氟磷灰石的可浮性,导致氟磷灰石随白云石一起浮出;PO₄^3-对浮选影响较小;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-和PO₄^3-对磷精矿中SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃含量影响较小. 由于Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-分别对磷精矿P₂O₅品位和P₂O₅回收率影响显著,因此在回水利用过程中需控制矿浆中Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-浓度,降低其对浮选的影响.     

离子色谱法测定医疗废水中F-、Cl-等6种可溶性阴离子

建立一种对医疗废水中F^-、Cl^-、NO^-₂、Br^-、NO^-₃、SO₄^2-的微波消解离子色谱分析方法.样品经过SH-G-1保护柱和SH-AC-3阴离子型色谱柱分离,通过固相萃取对样品净化处理,以碳酸氢钠(1.0 mmol/L)和碳酸钠(2.4 mmol/L)作为淋洗液,在流量为1.0 mL/min的离子色谱中检测,对色谱柱的选择、微波消解、有机溶剂、柱温、流速对离子色谱的影响进行研究.结果表明：6种阴离子具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 5～0.999 9,检出限为0.000 4～0.009 6 mg/L,加标回收率为90.7%～101.8%;整日精密度<1.5%,隔日精密度均<4.0%.该方法快速、精准、稳定,具有实际应用价值.     

无机陶瓷膜在含油废水处理中的应用

综述了在油水分离中减缓膜污染、提高过滤效率的途径,即可以通过优化膜的孔径、膜表面亲水改性、构筑三维网孔结构的新型分离膜以及使用膜清洗等方法提高膜的抗污染性能。研究表明:控制膜孔径略小于油滴直径时能获得较理想的分离效率与较大的渗透通量;SiC陶瓷膜及表面负载Al₂O₃、TiO₂、ZrO₂等物质的其他分离膜具有亲水疏油性并且能够提高膜的抗污染性能,可使油滴截留率提高到98%以上,减缓膜污染;利用化学气相沉积技术构筑的CNTs三维网孔状结构膜可使油截留率达到100%;最后,采用化学清洗结合反冲洗可有效恢复陶瓷膜的膜通量。     

杭州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征研究

为全面了解杭州市PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及其来源,于2014年10月—2015年9月在杭州市2个采样点采集了PM_2.5样品,运用离子色谱法对PM_2.5中的水溶性离子进行了分析.结果表明:PM_2.5中9种水溶性离子的年均质量浓度为46.63μg/m³,占PM_2.5质量浓度的54.97%.主要离子Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO4^2-,NH₄⁺质量浓度季节变化明显,表现为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季.SOR值和NOR值说明杭州市大气中二次颗粒明显存在,并且SO₂的二次转化率大于NO₂的二次转化率.因子分析表明:二次气溶胶、道路扬尘、建筑扬尘和工业排放是采样期间杭州市PM_2.5的主要来源.     

亚硫酸镁对NO2的液相吸收及产物离子分布

以亚硫酸镁模拟氧化镁湿法脱硫浆液对NO₂进行吸收,考察不同操作条件下的NO₂吸收效率及吸收液中主要离子的分布情况. 结果表明,O₂对吸收过程的影响很大,NO₂主要通过与SO₃^2?之间发生的链式反应在液相中产生SO₄^2?和NO₂^?,O₂会与NO₂发生竞争作用,极大地消耗了SO₃^2?,导致脱硝效率迅速下降. 抗氧化剂邻苯二酚的添加可以抑制SO₃^2?的氧化,且添加的浓度越高,抑制效果越好. 溶液的pH值主要通过影响S（IV）的存在形态来影响吸收反应,当pH值较低时,吸收反应的速率降低,且在酸性条件下,NO₂^?易发生歧化反应转化为NO₃^?. NO₂^?的累积将会在一定程度上降低NO₂的吸收,其他阴离子NO₃^?、SO₄^2?及Cl^?对NO₂的吸收无明显影响. 金属阳离子例如Mn²⁺及Co²⁺会加速SO₃^2?的氧化,在一定程度上影响NO₂的吸收.     

济南城区大气PM2.5、PM1.0的污染特征及大气传输

为研究华北平原PM_2.5、PM_1.0的污染特征,于2014年10月至2016年6月在济南城区使用中流量采样器对大气颗粒物样品进行采集,利用离子色谱、碳气溶胶分析仪测定了颗粒物中的水溶性无机离子成分和碳组分。结果表明:济南城区冬季大气细颗粒污染较重,二次离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺是PM_2.5、PM_1.0最主要的水溶性无机离子,且更易富集在PM_1.0中。有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度表现为春夏低,秋冬高;二次有机碳的质量浓度在冬季明显升高,且大多分布在粒径>1 μm的颗粒物中。72 h后向气流轨迹表明,来自河北、内蒙古的长距离传输与山东地区的局地传输对济南大气中PM_2.5和PM_1.0的离子质量浓度有重要影响。济南冬季的消光系数高达789.13 Mm^-1, PM_2.5中的二次粒子NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-与消光系数的相关性较高,是使大气能见度降低的主要因素。     

豆腐废水中大豆蛋白的超滤浓缩

本文用几种不同材料和截留分子量的超滤膜对豆腐废水中大豆蛋白进行浓缩分离,其中PAN(聚丙烯腈)、CXA—1(醋酸纤维素)等超滤膜性能优良,截留率可达90—95％,通量达40—801/m~2·h。考察了膜两侧压力差,料液pH值及膜面流动状况等因素对截留率和通量的影响,传质过程特性能很好符合凝胶极化模型。     

次氯酸钠对磺胺二甲氧嗪的降解与风险评价

自来水原水中新兴污染物的存在对饮用水水质安全提出新的挑战。采用氯消毒对典型磺胺类抗生素磺胺二甲氧嗪(Sulfadimethoxine,SDM)进行降解研究,考察余氯初始浓度、pH值、氨氮(NH₄-N)等因素对降解的影响,探究SDM氯氧化降解机理,评估其生态风险。结果表明：在SDM初始浓度为15μmol/L、余氯初始浓度为60μmol/L的条件下,120 s内SDM去除率达到95.9%,降解过程符合准二级反应动力学。反应速率常数随着余氯初始浓度增大而增大,随着NH₄⁺-N浓度增大而减小,背景阴离子Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-对反应影响甚微,HCO₃^-、CO₃^2-对反应有抑制作用,中性条件下有利于SDM氯氧化反应。基于高分辨质谱HRMS Orbitrap解析出9种降解中间产物,降解过程中发生氯代反应、脱甲基反应和羟基加成反应等。在...     

减压膜蒸馏技术浓缩染整废水的研究

实验以染整废水为研究对象,通过减压膜蒸馏,浓缩废液,回收纯净水。考虑到染整废水理化性质的不确定性,实验采用配置的模拟溶液。主要研究了单因素对减压膜蒸馏实验结果的影响。结果表明:料液温度、进料流速的增大都会提高膜通量,料液浓度的增大会使得膜通量减小。真空度为0.02 MPa,热侧进水循环流量为450mL/min,热侧进水温度为80℃时,最大膜通量为6kg/(m~2·h),纯净水电导率最低为16μs/cm,符合饮用水标准。实验条件下PVDF纳米纤维膜表现出较强的疏水性,NaOH的截留率在99.9%以上,模拟染整废水杂质截留率在99.9%以上。获得了纯净水,提高了染整废水的处理效率。     

探讨草酸钠对离子色谱法测定无机阴离子的影响

离子色谱法测定水中Cl^-、NO^-₃、SO₄^2-时,在有些体系中,3种阴离子的线性关系很难达到0.999,测定结果的准确度也不理想。文章探讨在碳酸盐淋洗液中加入少量草酸钠对3种阴离子测定结果的影响,在同等条件下,样品分别通过含有草酸钠的淋洗液体系1和不含草酸钠的淋洗液体系2进行测定。结果显示,在含有草酸钠的淋洗液体系1中,3种阴离子的线性方程更优、线性相关系数均达到0.999以上,测定结果的准确度更高,硫酸根的保留时间更短。     

掺硼金刚石薄膜电极电化学氧化对铜绿微囊藻的生长抑制

阳极材料采用掺硼金刚石薄膜板状电极,研究了电化学氧化中电流密度、电解时间、pH、氯离子浓度、硫酸根离子浓度对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制的影响,以及电解前后藻细胞形态的变化。结果表明,4个影响因素对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制效果显著。抑藻效果随电流密度、电解时间的增加而增加,电流密度为17 mA/cm²时藻细胞出现破裂、细胞内物质流出的现象,抑藻效果较好;当电解时间为20 min时,可完全抑制藻细胞生长;再增大电解时间,对抑藻效果无明显促进作用,初始pH在中性及酸性条件下可完全抑制藻细胞生长。抑藻效果与溶液中氯离子、硫酸根离子浓度成正相关,当溶液中氯离子浓度为6 mg/L时,可完全抑制藻细胞生长;无氯离子时,藻细胞在4 d后出现继续增长现象。     

冷却水中SO42-对凝汽器不锈钢管的缓蚀作用

用电化学方法进行了大量试验,认为Ｃｌ＾－对不锈钢管是侵蚀性离子,ＳＯ＾２－４对不锈钢管是缓蚀性离子,在选用不锈钢管材时要综合考虑冷却水中Ｃｌ＾－和ＳＯ＾２－４对不锈钢管的缓蚀作用。     

Effect of corrosive solutions on C-S-H microstructure in portland cement paste with fly ash

By means of ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) combined with deconvolution technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as energy dispersive X-ray system(EDX), the effect of 5 wt% corrosive solutions (viz. 5 wt% Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, Na2SO4+NaCl and Na₂SO₄+NaCl+Na₂CO₃) on C-S-H microstructure in Portland cement containing 30 wt% fly ash was investigated.The results show that, in MgSO₄ solution, Mg²⁺ promotes the decalcification of C-S-H by SO ₄ ^2- ,increasing silicate tetrahedra polymerization and mean chain length (MCL) of C-S-H. However, the substituting degree of Al³⁺ for Si⁴⁺ (Al[4]/Si) in the paste does not change evidently. Effect of Na²SO⁴ solution on C-S-H is not significantly influenced by NaCl solution, while the MCL and Al[4]/Si of C-S-H in fly ashcement paste slightly change. However, the decalcification of C-S-H by SO ₄ ^2- and CO ₃ ^2- attack, as well as the activation of fly ash by SO ₄ ^2- attack will increase the MCL and Al[4]/Si, which are both higher than that under Na₂SO₄ corrosion, MgSO₄ or Na₂SO₄ +NaCl coordination corrosion.     

Selective leaching of vanadium from V-Ti magnetite concentrates by pellet calcification roasting-H_2SO_4 leaching process

A novel method of pellet calcification roasting-H_2 SO_4 leaching was proposed to efficiently separate and extract vanadium(V) from vanadium-titanium(V-Ti) magnetite concentrates.The leaching rate of V is as high as 88.98%,while the leaching rate of impurity iron is only 1.79%.Moreover,the leached pellets can be used as raw materials for blast furnace ironmaking after secondary roasting.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEMEDS) analyses showed that V~(3+) was oxidized to V~(5+) after roasting at 1200℃,and V~(5+) was then leached by H_2 SO_4.X-ray diffraction(XRD) analyses and single factor experiment revealed a minimal amount of dissolved Fe_2 O_3 during H_2 SO_4 leaching.Therefore,a high separation degree of V and iron(Fe) from V-Ti magnetite concentrate was achieved through H_2 SO_4 leaching.Compared with the traditional roastingleaching process,this process can achieve a high selectivity of V and Fe,and has excellent prospects for industrial production.     

Diffusion characteristic of sulfate anion in surface region of cement mortar at early stage

The SO_4~(2-)concentration distributions in surface region of cement mortar immersed in sulfate solution at early stage were measured by layered sampling method combined with chemical analysis, and the diffusion coefficients of SO_4~(2-)anions in surface region of mortar into internal area were calculated by means of instantaneous plane diffusion theory. The experimental results showed that the SO_4~(2-)concentration gradually reduced when the diffusion depth increased in the surface region of mortar. Diffusion coefficient(D) was relevant with the concentration and kind of environmental sulfate solution, which reduced with immersion time at the beginning, and then rose slowly after a period of time. The calculation of initial diffusion coefficient(D_0) and starting time of deterioration(t_∞) caused by sulfate attack was further attempted based on the data of diffusion coefficient, and it was found that D_0 and t∞ were all relevant with concentrations of sulfate and different kind of sulfate as well.     

Effects of CFB Ash on the Adsorption Mechanism of Polycarboxylate Superplasticiser

The effects of circulating fluid bed(CFB) ash on the adsorption performance of polycarboxylate superplasticiser and the mechanism of this influence on the dispersive property of the polycarboxylate superplasticiser were investigated by determing the cement paste fluidity, total organic carbon adsorption, infrared spectroscopic analyses and ζ potential test. The experimental results show that the addition of an inorganic salt into the mixture to change the content of SO_4~(2-)and Fe_2 O_3 can improve the adaptability between the CFB ash and polycarboxylate superplasticiser. Adsorption may occur between the polycarboxylate superplasiciser and Fe_2 O_3, SO_4~(2-)or other components in CFB ash, leading to a significant reduction in paste fluidity. As the content of Na_2 SO_4 in CFB ash reaches 3% or Fe_2 O_3 reaches 9%, the paste loses its liquidity. The organic carbon content in the liquor decreases with an increase in Na2_ SO_4 or Fe_2 O_3 content. Adding some Ba(NO_3)_2 and Na_2 S to the liquor can recover the organic carbon content to a certain extent, and the absolute value of ζ potential will increase. The addition of Ba(-NO_3)_2 or Na_2 S reduces the adsorption property of Na_2 SO_4 or Fe_2 O_3 in CFB ash on the polycarboxylate superplasticiser.     

Recovery of copper sulfate after treating As-containing wastewater by precipitation method

The solid sodium hydroxide neutralized acidic As-containing wastewater till pH value was 6. Green copper arsenite was prepared after copper sulfate was added into the neutralized wastewater when the molar ratio of Cu to As was 2:1 and pH value of the neutralized wastewater was adjusted to 8.0 by sodium hydroxide. The arsenious acid solution and red residue were produced after copper arsenite mixed with water according to the ratio of liquid to solid of 4:1 and copper arsenite was reduced by SO₂ at 60 °C for 1 h. The white powder was gained after the arsenious acid solution was evaporated and cooled. Copper sulfate solution was obtained after the red residue was leached by H₂SO₄ solution under the action of air. The results show that red residue is Cu₃(SO₃)₂·2H₂O and the white powder is As₂O₃. The leaching rate of Cu reaches 99.00% when the leaching time is 1.5 h, molar ratio of H₂SO₄ to Cu is 1.70, H₂SO₄ concentration is 24% and the leaching temperature is 80 °C. The direct recovery rate of copper sulfate is 79.11% and the content of CuSO₄·5H₂O is up to 98.33% in the product after evaporating and cooling the copper sulfate solution.     

Localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study on the corrosion behavior of Fe-Cr alloy in the solution with Cl− and SO4 2−

The corrosion behaviors of Fe-Cr alloy under three different pH values solutions with Cl- and SO42- were investigated by localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS) measurements and the corrosion products were analyzed by laser Raman spectrometry. The results show that the high corrosion resistance of Fe-Cr Alloy is attributed to a passive film which is formed more easily when the alloy contains a large quantity of Cr element. However, its corrosion resistance varies in the solutions with different pH values, especially in the initial corrosion. The average impedance values in neutral and alkaline solution are much higher than that in acidic solution because the passive film is more likely to dissolve in the acidic condition. Moreover, the destructive effect of Cl- and SO42+ ions on the passive film is also demonstrated in corrosion process through the change of the impedance value with the steeping time.     

APEC期间河北省大气污染及PM_(2.5)来源变化特征

研究包括京津冀地区在内的13个城市APEC会议前、中、后三时段的大气污染特征,并通过PM_(2.5)采集和成分分析,对不同时段PM_(2.5)的来源进行解析。结果显示:与APEC会议前相比,APEC期间北京、石家庄、承德、廊坊、邢台、张家口、邯郸、唐山、天津、衡水、沧州、秦皇岛和保定的PM_(2.5)分别下降了58.7%、52.9%、50.1%、47.3%、43.5%、36.7%、34.9%、33.4%、29.6%、26.9%、20.2%、19.9%和12.8%,平均降低了35.9%,高于SO2、NO_2和CO的浓度降低比例(分别为17.5%、21.3%和22.0%);与APEC会议前相比,APEC期间邯郸市的NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+分别降低了32.0%、32.9%和39.1%;APEC会议前和APEC期间PM_(2.5)的来源变化不大,会议后,燃煤/生物质燃烧源、冶金、燃油源上升至21.7%、14.0%和20.8%,而扬尘源、工业源、二次源降至12.6%、11.8%和19.2%。     

废水处理中异化硝酸盐还原为铵的研究进展

废水处理过程中涉及多种氮转化途径,其中,异化硝酸盐还原为铵(Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium,DNRA)能够将NO3-/NO2-转化为NH4+,是氮素转化的重要一环.概述了DNRA过程的两步反应机理以及涉及的微生物,着重讨论了废水处理中影响DNRA过程的潜在因素,包...