Power boosting factor determination in impulse postfix‐OFDM‐based positioning system

Based on recently introduced novel impulse postfix‐OFDM scheme, we proposed a joint time‐of‐arrival/angle‐of‐arrival positioning scheme, in which both channel estimation and positioning information can be realized by analyzing the channel impulse response estimated on an access point equipped with a uniform linear antenna array. However, the power boosting factor (PBF) determination of impulse postfix (IP) should be taken as an important issue, because a small PBF will result in imprecise channel estimation and deteriorate the communication quality, as well as positioning accuracy; in contrast, the huge power assignment on IP will lead to insufficient power allocated on date portion, when transmitted power is restricted, which also increases the system BER. In this paper, to obtain the optimal performance of both BER and positioning accuracy, we mathematically analyze the BER and positioning performance with increasing PBFs in the term of signal‐to‐noise ratio and confirm our assumption in the cases of quadrature phase‐shift keying and 16‐quadrature amplitude modulation, with computer simulation. The result applies that, as the PBF is increasing, the system BER is enhanced until PBF reaches 15 and starts deteriorating thereafter. According to the result, the decision criteria for determining PBF of IP should depend on practical preference of BER or positioning. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Actualizing real‐time indoor positioning systems using plane models

Compared with other indoor positioning methods, pattern matching offers greater accuracy. However, its construction requires additional time and manpower cost, and larger positioning environments result in correspondingly greater construction costs and computing complexity. To reduce the cost and computing complexity of pattern construction, plane models featuring radio signals were adopted in conjunction with quick response codes to facilitate the simple and rapid construction of indoor environments in this study. The advantages of using plane equations instead of pattern matching radio maps for positioning computations include the following: (1) reducing the complexity of positioning computations; (2) eliminating the influences of positioning area size; and (3) providing reliable and accurate positioning with an average error of approximately 2.8 m. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New TDOA‐Based Three‐Dimensional Positioning Method for 3GPP LTE System

Recently, mobile positioning enhancement has attracted much attention in the 3rd generation partnership project long‐term evolution system. In particular, for urban canyon environments, the need for three‐dimensional (3D) positioning has increased to enable the altitude of users to be measured. For several decades, several time difference of arrival (TDOA‐) based 3D positioning methods have been studied; however, they are only available when at least four evolved Node Bs (eNBs) exist nearby or when all eNBs have the same height. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new 3D positioning method that estimates the 3D coordinates of a user using three types of two‐dimensional (2D) TDOAs. However, the give inaccurate results owing to the undefined axis of the 2D coordinate plane. Therefore, we propose a novel derivation of the hyperbola equation, which includes the undefined axis coordinate in the 2D hyperbola equation. Then, we propose an interaction algorithm that mutually supplies the undefined axis coordinate of users among 2D TDOAs. By performing extensive simulations, we verify that the proposed method is the only solution applicable by using three eNBs with different heights.     

Peer‐to‐peer cooperation for GPS positioning

This paper presents a peer‐to‐peer cooperative positioning technique together with its performance assessment. The cooperation between the two GPS receivers is realized by means of a wireless LAN connection and is significantly influenced by the accurateness of the synchronization between the two terminals. Both the outdoor‐to‐indoor and outdoor‐to‐outdoor scenarios are considered. For each scenario, we assess the satellite signal acquisition and its computational load and the performance in terms of position accuracy and time‐to‐first‐fix of the positioning procedure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi‐system‐multi‐operator localization in PLMN using neural networks

Providing the localization algorithm for context‐aware services is the focus of many studies. This paper explores the properties of positioning models based on received signal strength (RSS) in PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) networks. The effects of using the RSS at a mobile terminal from various systems, such as GSM and UMTS, as well as from multiple operators, have been investigated and discussed. Twenty‐two models, based on artificial neural networks, have been developed and verified using the data from an immense measurement campaign. The obtained results show that augmenting the model with additional RSS data, even from systems with poor radio‐visibility, may improve the positioning accuracy to as much as a 35thinspacem median distance error in a light urban environment. The degradation of accuracy in indoor environments and the complexity and latency of the models were also scrutinized. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of Geometric Modeling for KOMPSAT‐1 EOC Imagery Using Ephemeris Data

Using stereo images with ephemeris data from the Korea Multi‐Purpose Satellite‐1 electro‐optical camera (KOMPSAT‐1 EOC), we performed geometric modeling for three‐dimensional (3‐D) positioning and evaluated its accuracy. In the geometric modeling procedures, we used ephemeris data included in the image header file to calculate the orbital parameters, sensor attitudes, and satellite position. An inconsistency between the time information of the ephemeris data and that of the center of the image frame was found, which caused a significant offset in satellite position. This time inconsistency was successfully adjusted. We modeled the actual satellite positions of the left and right images using only two ground control points and then achieved 3‐D positioning using the KOMPSAT‐1 EOC stereo images. The results show that the positioning accuracy was about 12‐17 m root mean square error (RMSE) when 6.6 m resolution EOC stereo images were used along with the ephemeris data and only two ground control points (GCPs). If more accurate ephemeris data are provided in the near future, then a more accurate 3‐D positioning will also be realized using only the EOC stereo images with ephemeris data and without the need for any GCPs.     

Landmark‐based device calibration and region‐based modeling for RSS‐based localization

During the past decades, many fingerprint‐based indoor positioning systems have been proposed and have achieved great success. However, uncontrolled effects of device diversity, signal noise, and dynamic obstacles could recognizably degrade the performance of modern fingerprint‐based indoor localization systems. In this paper, to amend the variations in radio signal strengths (RSSs) caused by device diversity, we proposed an automatic device calibration process. Because of device diversity, the sensed RSS would deviate from the trained radio map and thus leads to poor positioning. An RSS transform function could be adopted to calibrate the RSS variation between different devices and overcome the device diversity problem. However, to train the transform function, a data collection process is required. Unlike conventional calibration methods requiring manual data collection, we proposed a landmark‐based automatic collection process. Based on the detection of Wi‐Fi landmarks, our system could automatically collect pair‐wise RSS samples between devices and train the RSS transform function without extra human power. In addition, to well represent the effects of signal noise and dynamic obstacles, a region‐based RSS modeling method was also proposed. The proposed modeling method allows our system to perform region‐based target localization and utilize more robust region information for localization. Experiments in various environments demonstrate that our system could give a better positioning performance by properly handling the RSS variation caused by signal noise, dynamic environment, and device diversity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tunnel lane‐positioning system for autonomous driving cars using LED chromaticity and fuzzy logic system

Currently, studies on autonomous driving are being actively conducted. Vehicle positioning techniques are very important in the autonomous driving area. Currently, the global positioning system (GPS) is the most widely used technology for vehicle positioning. Although technologies such as the inertial navigation system and vision are used in combination with GPS to enhance precision, there is a limitation in measuring the lane and position in shaded areas of GPS, like tunnels. To solve such problems, this paper presents the use of LED lighting for position estimation in GPS shadow areas. This paper presents simulations in the environment of three‐lane tunnels with LEDs of different color temperatures, and the results show that position estimation is possible by the analyzing chromaticity of LED lights. To improve the precision of positioning, a fuzzy logic system is added to the location function in the literature [1]. The experimental results showed that the average error was 0.0619 cm, and verify that the performance of developed position estimation system is viable compared with previous works.     

Rational Assembly of Optoplasmonic Hetero‐nanoparticle Arrays with Tunable Photonic–Plasmonic Resonances

Metallic and dielectric nanoparticles (NPs) have synergistic electromagnetic properties but their positioning into morphologically defined hybrid arrays with novel optical properties still poses significant challenges. A template‐guided self‐assembly strategy is introduced for the positioning of metallic and dielectric NPs at pre‐defined lattice sites. The chemical assembly approach facilitates the fabrication of clusters of metallic NPs with interparticle separations of only a few nanometers in a landscape of dielectric NPs positioned hundreds of nanometers apart. This approach is used to generate two‐dimensional interdigitated arrays of 250 nm diameter TiO₂ NPs and clusters of electromagnetically strongly coupled 60 nm Au NPs. The morphology‐dependent near‐ and far‐field responses of the resulting multiscale optoplasmonic arrays are analyzed in detail. Elastic and inelastic scattering spectroscopy in combination with electromagnetic simulations reveal that optoplasmonic arrays sustain delocalized photonic–plasmonic modes that achieve a cascaded E‐field enhancement in the gap junctions of the Au NP clusters and simultaneously increase the E‐field intensity throughout the entire array.     

北斗局域差分定位技术

针对北斗双星定位系统的有源定位方式,提出了北斗三星无源定位技术,但是北斗三星无源定位的精度不高,难以满足某些用户的要求。为此,借鉴GPS差分定位,介绍了一种可提高北斗无源定位精度的北斗局域差分技术,包括工作原理、被采用的原因和使用条件等。最后详细阐述了研制北斗无源局域差分定位设备的作用和意义。     

基于OTDOA的NB-IoT定位功能研究及实现

3GPP于2017年6月冻结了NB-IoT R14版本的核心规范,针对本次的技术演进,定位功能成为R14版本的新特性之一。基于OTDOA定位技术的理论和实践研究,通过OTDOA定位系统的搭建,利用终端测量的定位参考信号的时间差,最终获取采用OTDOA定位方式的测量结果并对定位精度进行分析,最后给出NB-IoT定位的应用参考建议。     

一种有源RFID局域定位系统设计

提出了一种基于PIC16F877A微控制器和CC2500射频收发器芯片的低功耗、低成本RFID（Radio Frequency Identification,无线射频识别）局域定位系统设计方法,介绍了系统的定位工作原理、主要硬件电路模块及定位算法的设计和实现。采用基于序列号对时隙数运算的排序算法有效解决了多标签识别碰撞的问题,基于射频辐射强度（Received Signal Strength Indication,RSSI）和圆周定位算法实现了基于RFID多标签系统的平面定位。实验测试表明,这种射频定位方法能够实现一定精度下的无线局域定位的功能。     

改进阈值分割的光斑中心定位方法

光斑定位精度是激光通信瞄准、捕获、跟踪(APT)系统的重要指标,而传统的光斑定位算法,面临定位精度低,抗干扰能力差,实时性差等问题。为了满足激光通信APT系统光斑高精度定位的需求,提出一种改进的激光光斑中心定位方法。该方法通过改进阈值分割,降低了噪声干扰,提高了光斑定位精度。结果表明,与传统的阈值分割方法相比,光斑中心计算精度提高了25%以上,是一种可行的光斑中心定位方法。     

基于NAVDAT授时定位的可行性研究

评估了基于NAVDAT系统实现授时定位系统的可行性.首先,分析海事安保系统应用中,广播授时定位系统合并的重要意义;其次,回顾无线电授时定位原理,提出NAVDAT授时定位的方案;最后,论证利用NAVDAT实现授时定位的可行性,并进行初步的试验验证.     

移动通信网络的移动台定位技术及应用

对移动通信网络中移动台的定位方法及应用情况、定位误差及定位算法、定位系统分类等进行描述，并给出定位技术选择时应考虑的因素，最后给出定位技术及业务发展展望。     

安全定位协议的UC模型

研究了基于位置密码学中安全定位协议的可证明安全问题。在通用可组合安全框架下,提出了安全定位的可证安全模型。根据安全定位协议的需求,设计了安全定位的理想函数。同时,作为基于位置密码学的一种前提假设,设计了BRM模型的理想函数。此外,以1-维空间的安全定位协议为例,证明了该协议在BRM模型下能够实现安全定位的理想函数。     

倾斜状态下数字天顶仪快速定位方法分析

针对数字天顶仪在精确调平状态下进行天文定位时存在耗费时间长,定位速度慢的缺点,从数字天顶仪的定位原理出发,采用方向余弦矩阵转换原理建立了倾斜角的修正模型,分析和推导了经过倾斜角修正之后的定位方法,改进了倾斜状态下数字天顶仪的切平面和球面三角形两种定位算法。实现定位时设备不经精调平,加快定位速度的目的。通过实验比较了在倾斜状态下经过改进后两种类型定位算法的定位精度。实验表明:球面三角形法的定位精度相对较高,经纬度计算精度能够达到0.5以内。     

成像型可见光定位系统优化研究

现有室内成像型可见光定位系统多注重定位精度的提高,而忽略了系统的解码识别成功率和定位算法的适用性。表现在：(1)接收端捕获带有模糊效应的图像会导致解码识别率变低;(2)定位系统移动状态下采用单一算法定位,且双灯(dual-LED)算法的旋转角存在非确定性,导致定位精度大幅度变化,甚至定位系统失效。该文首先提出基于条纹宽度比的解码算法,消除人为设定硬阈值的缺陷;然后,提出基于旋转角优化的联合定位算法,利用方向传感器辅助确认旋转角并联合定位;此外,还设计了简易导航功能。实验结果表明,该算法使得解码识别率在1.5 m内可达99%,系统平均定位误差为3.998 cm。     

四站混合定位系统的平面测量误差

基于最小二乘和误差估计理论,应用数值计算的方法具体分析了一个按形布站、且将时差和径向距离测量信息相融合的四站定位系统,通过与仅基于时差测量技术的定位系统相比较证明,多站混合定位测量系统具有测量误差低、无空间观测盲区等优点。所给出的结果不仅能应用于对非合作目标探测的有源/无源综合定位系统,而且还能应用于对可合作目标定位的多站定位系统的设计。     

宽带码分多址定位技术研究

文章以宽带码分多址标准为基础，介绍了第3代移动通信的3种定位方法：基于小区标识定位法、观察到达时间差-下行空闲周期定位法和网络辅助全球定位系统定位法，并对3种定位方法的优缺点进行了比较和分析。