CO Adsorbed Infrared Spectroscopy Study of Ni/Al2O3 Catalyst for CO2 Reforming of Methane

CO adsorbed infrared spectroscopy study was conducted in this work in order to better understand the significantly improved anti-coke performance of Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst obtained via argon glow discharge plasma treatment. The present study revealed a significant decrease of linear to bridge (L/B) adsorbed CO for glow discharge plasma treated Ni/Al₂O₃, compared to that for untreated Ni/Al₂O₃, indicating an enhancement of close packed plane concentration. This structure change leads to lower methane turnover frequency (TOF) and better balance of carbon formation-gasification, resulting in better anti-coke property of Ni/Al₂O₃ for CO₂ reforming of methane.     

用于甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的Ni基催化剂的研究进展

对用于甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的Ni基催化剂的研究进展进行了概述,详细分析了Ni金属结构形态、载体、助剂及制备方法等方面对Ni基催化剂活性、稳定性及抗积碳性能的影响。     

Investigation of CH4 Reforming with CO2 on Meso-Porous Al2O3-Supported Ni Catalyst

Meso-porous Al₂O₃-supported Ni catalysts exhibited the highest activity, stability and excellent coke-resistance ability for CH₄ reforming with CO₂ among several oxide-supported Ni catalysts (meso-porous Al₂O₃ (Yas1-2, Yas3-8), -Al₂O₃, -Al₂O₃, SiO₂, MgO, La₂O₃, CeO₂ and ZrO₂). The properties of deposited carbons depended on the properties of the supports, and on the meso-porous Al₂O₃-supported Ni catalyst, only the intermediate carbon of the reforming reaction formed. XRD and H₂-TPR analysis found that mainly spinel NiAl₂O₄ formed in meso-porous Al₂O₃ and -Al₂O₃-supported catalysts, while only NiO was detected in -Al₂O₃, SiO₂, CeO₂, La₂O₃ and ZrO₂ supports. The strong interaction between Ni and meso-porous Al₂O₃ improved the dispersion of Ni, retarded its sintering and improved the activated adsorption of CO₂. The coking reaction via CH₄ temperature-programed decomposition indicated that meso-porous Al₂O₃-supported Ni catalysts were less active for carbon formation by CH₄ decomposition than Ni/-Al₂O₃ and Ni/-Al₂O₃.     

Dry Reforming of Methane with a Ni/Al2O3‐YSZ Catalyst: The Role of the Catalyst Preparation Protocol

Many studies of Ni based ceramic supporting reforming catalysts are found in the literature. A synthesis of the reported results shows that their efficiency and durability are significantly affected by their fabrication protocol. This research has been aimed at evaluating how the conditions of 1) the ceramic support preparation and 2) the Ni deposition, through an impregnation‐drying‐calcination‐reduction protocol, affect the catalytic activity and the catalyst deactivation over time during methane dry reforming. The catalyst support used in this study was obtained by the mixing and pressing of alumina and YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) powders, then calcining the mixtures at high temperature to form pellets of limited porosity (specific surface of 1.5‐10 m²/g), without inducing change to the crystalline phases. The results show that the surface density of the nickel particles, the catalyst activity, and its life span are highly dependent upon the catalyst preparation protocol. The initial nitrate solution concentration, the duration of the impregnation and the specific surface of the ceramic support have, all of them, a considerable influence on the size range of the deposited nickel particles. The surface density, the amount and the size of the latter highly affect the catalytic activity. It has been also shown that an increase in the ratio CH₄/CO₂ is detrimental to the catalytic activity of the tested formulations; a small excess of methane is enough to initiate the deactivation process of the catalyst very quickly for all of the composition tested in this study. A phenomenological deactivation kinetics model has been built and optimized. Although there are differences in deactivation rates among the different formulations tested, the model shows that the deactivation rate is highly dependent upon the reaction rate constant and that zero‐ and first‐order kinetics give statistically the same prediction error; the latter is always lower or equal to the experimental error.     

Small Amounts of Rh-Promoted Ni Catalysts for Methane Reforming with CO2

Small amounts of Rh-promoted Ni/-Al₂O₃ catalysts possessed higher activity than pure Ni/-Al₂O₃, Rh-Al₂O₃ catalysts and exhibited excellent coke resistance ability in methane reforming with CO₂. XRD, H₂-TPR, CO₂-TPD and coking reaction (via CH₄ temperature-programmed decomposition) indicated that Rh improved the dispersion of Ni, retarded the sintering of Ni and increased the activation of CO₂ and CH₄ on the surface of catalyst.     

等离子体制备稀土金属掺杂甲烷干气重整Ni/Mg/Al催化剂研究

采用冷等离子体炬技术制备了以水滑石为前驱体的Ni/Mg/Al催化剂,考察了La和Ce助剂的添加对催化剂结构及其对CH4和CO2重整催化性能的影响。利用XRD、BET、XPS及TG对催化剂进行了表征和性能测试。结果表明：冷等离子体炬能快速分解Ni/Mg/Al水滑石前驱体,生成具有介孔特性的水镁石相Mg(Ni,Al)O固溶体,并生成Ni0晶粒。在温度700℃,空速30000mL/(h·gcat), V（CH4）：V（CO2）=4：6的条件下,CH4和CO2的转化率分别为76%和61.8%。助剂Ce的添加增加了晶格氧,促进催化剂表面碳物种的消除,CH4和CO2的转化率分别提高了5%和7%。La的加入,抑制了Ni晶粒的团聚,增加了Ni的分散度,与未添加La的催化剂相比非活性碳的生成量减少70%,表现出良好的抗积炭性能。     

甲烷重整制合成气用催化剂的研究进展

甲烷重整是制取合成气的重要方法之一,催化剂是重整工艺中的重要组成部分。综合国内外的研究现状,详细论述了甲烷重整反应的几种不同的途径,并针对不同的途径介绍了其反应机理以及催化剂的组成。     

镍基甲烷转化催化剂的升温还原总结

介绍了甲烷转化催化剂的装填、升温还原应具备的条件及升温还原步骤方法。     

Kinetic Study of CO2 Reforming of Propane over Ru/Al2O3

The rate of reaction of propane over a Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst was determined as a function of the partial pressures of the reactants, C₃H₈ and CO₂ at 600 and 650°C. The order of the reaction was found to be fractional with respect to carbon dioxide, indicating its involvement in the rate-determining step of the reaction. The order of the reaction was zero in propane indicating the fast reaction of propane over the catalyst. The apparent activation energies for propane and the formation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide were investigated. Values for the formation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide indicated a decrease in the CO:H₂ ratio with an increase in temperature. Modelling of the kinetic data was inconclusive in the selection of a possible mechanism as good fits were observed for a Langmuir–Hinshelwood and a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism.     

压力对CH4/CO2重整制取合成气反应性能的影响

以Ni／CeO2-Al2O3为催化剂,考察了压力对CH4／CO2重整反应的影响。实验结果表明,提高反应压力不仅使甲烷和二氧化碳的转化率降低,并由于积炭的加剧致使催化剂的失活速度加快。提高原料气中CO2与CH4摩尔比,气体空速,反应温度可以提高催化剂稳定性,减缓催化剂的失活速度。向反应体系中加入消碳能力强的O2同样可以提高催化剂稳定性。     

CO/FTIR Spectroscopic Characterization of Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalysts for Methanol Steam Reforming

An as-synthesized 8.8wt% Pd/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst was either pretreated under O₂ at 773 K followed by H₂ at 293 K or under H₂ at 773 K to obtain, respectively, a supported metallic Pd° catalyst (Pd°/ZnO/Al₂O₃) or a supported PdZn alloy catalyst (PdZn/ZnO/Al₂O₃). Both catalysts were studied by CO adsorption using FTIR spectroscopy. For the supported PdZn alloy catalyst (PdZn/ZnO/Al₂O₃), exposure to a mixture of methanol and steam, simulating methanol steam reforming reaction conditions, does not change the catalyst surface composition. This implies that the active sites are PdZn alloy like structures. The exposure of the catalyst to an oxidizing environment (O₂ at 623 K) results in the break up of PdZn alloy, forming a readily reducible PdO with its metallic form being known as much less active and selective for methanol steam reforming. However, for the metallic Pd°/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst, FTIR results indicate that metallic Pd° can transform to PdZn alloy under methanol steam reforming conditions. These results suggest that PdZn alloy, even after an accidental exposure to oxygen, can self repair to form the active PdZn alloy phase under methanol steam reforming conditions. Catalytic behavior of the PdZn/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst also correlates well with the surface composition characterizations by FTIR/CO spectroscopy.     

镍盐前驱体对Ni/SBA-15催化剂上甲烷干重整反应性能的影响

研究了不同镍盐前驱体(硝酸镍、乙酸镍和氯化镍)制备的Ni/SBA-15催化剂对甲烷干重整反应催化性能的影响。与硝酸镍和氯化镍相比,以乙酸镍为前驱体制备的催化剂在不同反应温度下具有优异的催化活性,在700℃下,经过20 h连续的稳定性测试,催化剂仍表现出良好的稳定性和选择性。利用N_2吸附-脱附、XRD、XPS、H_2-TPR和TG对催化剂结构、表面物种和还原性等进行分析。结果表明,乙酸镍制备的Ni/SBA-15催化剂具有较低的NiO结晶度以及良好的分散度、优越的氧化还原性能和抗积碳性能。此外,活性组分Ni与载体SBA-15之间的相互作用有利于其良好的催化活性。     

Methane Steam Reforming Kinetics on a Ni/Mg/K/Al2O3 Catalyst

The kinetics of methane steam reforming were studied on a Ni/Mg/K/Al₂O₃ catalyst that was developed for conditioning of biomass-derived syngas. Reactions were conducted in a packed-bed reactor while the concentrations of reactants (methane and steam) and products (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide) were varied at atmospheric pressure, with the effects of temperature (525–700 °C) and residence time also being investigated. A power law rate model was developed using nonlinear regression to provide a predictive capability for the rate of methane conversion over this catalyst, to be used for reactor design and technoeconomic analysis of process designs. In order to provide some mechanistic insight, and to compare this catalyst to other non-promoted Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts reported in the literature, a reaction mechanism consisting of five elementary steps, using a Langmuir–Hinshelwood type approach, was also considered. These five steps included: (i) CH₄ adsorption, (ii) H₂O adsorption, (iii) surface reaction of adsorbed CH₄ and H₂O to form CO and H₂, (iv) CO desorption, and (v) H₂ desorption. Nonlinear regression was then used to fit each of the rate laws to the experimental data. From these results, the model that assumed CH₄ adsorption to be the rate determining step provided the best fit of the experimental data. This finding is consistent with literature studies on non-promoted Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts, in which methane adsorption has been proposed to be the rate determining step during catalytic methane steam reforming. Both the power rate laws and the rate law assuming CH₄ adsorption to be the rate determining step can be used as predictive tools for determining methane conversion for a given set of process conditions. Additionally, a rate expression that assumed the rate was only a function of methane partial pressure was considered, namely, $rate = k*P_{{CH_{4} }}$ rate = k ? P CH 4 , where $k = k_{0} *e^{{^{{ - {\text{Ea}}/{\text{RT}}}} }}$ k = k 0 ? e ? Ea / RT , with P_CH4 in units of Torr. This first-order-methane rate expression fit the data well, yielding an apparent activation energy over this catalyst of E_a = 93 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential rate constant of k₀ = 7.67 × 10⁵ mol/(g-cat s Torr CH₄).     

甲烷二氧化碳重整用Ni/AC催化剂的阈值效应研究

为研究活性炭负载Ni(Ni/AC)基催化剂在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应中的阈值效应,采用N2吸附(BET)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试技术对活性炭负载Ni(Ni/AC)基催化剂进行分析,分别探讨了浸渍溶剂和负载量对催化剂表面结构、Ni分散状态和分散阈值的影响。结果表明,采用丙酮作为溶剂制备的催化剂比纯水在活性炭载体表面更有利镍的分散,提高了活性组分有效面积,并具有更高的分散阈值。对比密置单层排列模型计算值认为Ni在AC表面呈非密置单层或亚单层分散。Ni/AC催化重整甲烷二氧化碳实验结果显示,丙酮作为浸渍溶剂比纯水制备的催化剂表现出更好的催化活性,负载型Ni/AC催化剂在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应中存在显著的阈值效应。     

Ni/ZrO2/Al2O3催化剂在CO2重整CH4反应中催化性能研究

Ni/ZrO2/Al2O3催化剂在二氧化碳重整甲烷反应中,其催化活性和稳定性均优于Ni/ZrO2和Ni/Al2O3催化剂.XRD、TPD、TPR结果表明,在Ni/ZrO2/Al2O3催化剂上能形成较稳定的活性中心,负载型纳米ZrO2/Al2O3复合载体中,ZrO2以四方相形式出现,粒径为5 nm,微波和超声波的作用能诱导ZrO2和Al2O3产生新的碱性中心,有利于二氧化碳的吸附和提高活性组分的分散度.TG-DSC结果表明Ni/ZrO2/Al2O3催化剂上表面炭主要是活性较高的α炭,而Ni/ZrO2和Ni/Al2O3催化剂表面炭主要是活性较低的β炭和γ炭.     

Ni/Al2O3工业催化剂在CO2/CH4重整反应中的研究

通过浸渍法与溶胶一凝胶法制备了Ni/Al2O3催化剂,其中浸渍一定形状的载体解决了催化剂的成型难点.在微反和工业化示范装置中对其粉体和成型催化剂进行了分别评价,工业催化剂的活性高,稳定性较好.通过XRD、TC-DTA、BET、TEM等表征手段对催化剂进行了表征并对浸渍法工业催化剂反应前后的变化原因进行了分析.     

Steam and Dry Reforming Processes Coupled with Partial Oxidation of Methane for CO2 Emission Reduction

CO₂ is thought to contribute to global climate change. A novel integrated process of steam methane reforming (SMR) and dry methane reforming (DMR) coupled to partial oxidation of methane (POX) has been developed that utilizes the compensating heat effects of DMR and POX and recycles a large amount of CO₂ to the DMR+POX section. Both SMR and the integrated process were simulated using Aspen Plus and were optimized to operate under their respective optimum operating conditions. Modified mitigation cost (MMC) was implemented as the evaluation method. The results demonstrate that the combined process is more efficient than the SMR process due to its reutilization of CO₂ and lower requirement of raw materials.     

Self-stabilization of Ni/Al2O3 Catalyst with a NiAl2O4 Isolation Layer in Dry Reforming of Methane

Catalysis Letters - Alumina oxide supported nickel (Ni/Al2O3) catalysts generally suffer from fast deactivation caused by coking and formation of nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) in dry reforming of...     

Pt的加入提高了PdO/Al2O3催化剂反应活性

采用共沉淀法同时制备了PdO/M-Al2O3(M=Ce、Zr、Ce-Zr)和PtO-PdO/M-AlO3催化剂.考察了Pt的加入对PdO/M-Al2O3催化剂的影响,助剂Ce、Zr改性的PtO-PdO/Al2O3催化剂的甲烷催化燃烧反应性能以及催化剂预处理对催化反应性能的影响.结果表明,PtO-PdO/Ce-Al2O3...     

CH4-CO2重整反应过程中积炭的研究方法综述

介绍了热分析（TG—DTA）、气相色谱（GC）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透视电镜（TEM）、X光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线衍射（XRD）和喇曼光谱（RS）等方法在研究积炭方面的应用,并且指出了各种方法在研究积炭过程中的作用。