Influence of alumina particles on the mechanics of machining metal matrix composites

A plane-strain thermo-elasto-plastic finite element model has been developed and used to simulate orthogonal machining of alumina/aluminium 6061 metal matrix composite using a tungsten carbide tool. Simulations were carried out employing temperature-dependent material physical properties. The interface failure mode between the aluminium matrix and alumina particles was incorporated in this model. The model is used to investigate the effective and shear stresses on the alumina particles. Detailed results of the cutting forces generated during the machining process are presented and a comparison has been made with the experimental results for a range of feeds. Of particular interest are the contact stress distributions and alumina particle's interface failure. Normal and shear stresses and cutting temperatures were investigated.     

改善颗粒增强金属基复合材料塑性和韧性的途径与机制

评述了影响颗粒增强金属基复合材料塑性和韧性的各种因素,在此基础上深入研究了颗粒形状对ＳｉＣｐ／ＬＤ２复合材料塑性和断裂韧性的影响规律。采用有限单元法分析不同形状的ＳｉＣ颗粒增强的ＬＤ２复合材料的微区力学环境和整体力学行为,结果表明颗粒的尖锐化导致基体内应变集中和颗粒尖端断裂的可能性加剧,因而降低材料的塑性;而在外加载荷的作用下,由于复合材料基体整体均处于较高的加工硬化状态,因此颗粒形状对材料断裂韧     

Effects of particle size on residual stresses of metal matrix composites

A finite element analysis was carried out on the development of residual stresses during the cooling process from the fabrication temperature in the SiCp reinforced AI matrix composites. In the simulation, the two-dimensional and random distribution multi-particle unit cell model and plane strain conditions were used. By incorporating the Taylor-based nonlocal plasticity theory, the effect of particle size on the nature, magnitude and distribution of residual stresses of the composites was studied. The magnitude thermal-stress-induced plastic deformation during cooling was also calculated. The results show similarities in the patterns of thermal residual stress and strain distributions for all ranges of particle size. However, they show differences in magnitude of thermal residual stress as a result of strain gradient effect. The average thermal residual stress increases with decreasing particle size, and the residual plastic strain decreases with decreasing particle size.     

Effect of particle characteristics on deformation of particle reinforced metal matrix composites

The particle characteristics of 15% SiC particles reinforced metal matrix composites (MMC) made by powder metallurgy route were studied by using a statistical method. In the analysis, the approach for estimation of the characteristics of particles was presented. The study was carried out by using the mathematic software MATLAB to calculate the area and perimeter of each particle, in which the image processing technique was employed. Based on the calculations, the sizes and shape factors of each particle were investigated respectively. Additionally, the finite element model (FEM) was established on the basis of the actual microstructure. The contour plots of von Mises effective stress and strain in matrix and particles were presented in calculations for considering the influence of microstructure on the deformation behavior of MMC. Moreover, the contour maps of the maximum stress of particles and the maximum plastic strain of matrix in the vicinity of particles were introduced respectively.     

Characterization and modelling of the grinding process of metal matrix composites

In this paper, some relationships for modelling force components, cutting energy and workpiece surface roughness in grinding of metal matrix composites, are proposed. To this end, experimental data obtained from tests carried out on a horizontal surface grinder are employed. Grinding wheels based upon alumina abrasive were used and aluminium alloy samples reinforced with silicon carbide were ground. The empirical models obtained could be utilised to predict how the cutting parameters affect the grinding process and the machining quality of these non-traditional materials. The influence of shape, orientation and content of the reinforcement on material grindability is taken into consideration.     

Effect of deformation temperature on the hot compressive behavior of metal matrix composites with misaligned whiskers

A multi-inclusion cell model is used to investigate the effect of deformation temperature and whisker rotation on the hot compressive behavior of metal matrix composites with misaligned whiskers. Numerical results show that deformation temperature influences the work-hardening behavior of the matrix and the rotation behavior of the whiskers. With increasing temperature, the work hardening rate of the matrix decreases, but the whisker rotation angle increases. Both whisker rotation and the increase of deformation temperature can induce reductions in the load supported by whisker and the load transferred from matrix to whisker. Additionally, it is found that during large strain deformation at higher temperatures, the enhancing of deformation temperature can reduce the effect of whisker rotation. Meanwhile, the stress-strain behavior of the composite is rather sensitive to deformation temperature. At a relatively lower temperature （150℃）, the composite exhibits work hardening due to the matrix work hardening, but at relatively higher temperatures （300℃ and above）, the composite shows strain softening due to whisker rotation. It is also found that during hot compression at higher temperatures, the softening rate of the composite decreases with increasing temperature. The predicted stress-strain behavior of the composite is approximately in agreement with the experimental results.     

颗粒对铝基复合材料热残余应力的影响

采用有限元方法对SiCp/Al复合材料制备冷却后的热残余应力进行了数值模拟,建立平面应力单颗粒及多颗粒复合材料几何模型,研究了颗粒形貌及体积分数对复合材料热残余应力的影响。结果表明,复合材料中颗粒和基体的界面附近存在较大的热残余应力,球形颗粒模型热残余应力比方形颗粒模型热残余应力小,多颗粒模型中应力分布较复杂,复合材料热残余应力随颗粒体积分数增加而增大。     

A mechanistic approach to extract the mechanical properties of individual constituents in plasma-sprayed metal matrix composite coatings

A mechanistic approach to determine the in-situ properties of individual constituents in a plasma sprayed metal matrix composite (MMC) coating was proposed. The approach was based on micro-indentation and inverse analysis techniques. Utilising the indentation data obtained from the micro-indentation experiments, elastic moduli of each constituent were calculated using a well-established method whereas yield strength and hardening exponent were extracted using the inverse procedure based on finite element analysis. Finite element results gave a satisfactory agreement between the numerically simulated and the measured indentation load-depth curves. Further studies using three dimensional finite element analyses of Vickers indentation on the MMC coating based on its actual microstructure also showed that the indentation behaviour of the MMC coatings is strongly dependent on its morphology, volume fraction, size and distribution of the reinforcing phase.     

Revisiting the fundamentals of metal cutting by means of finite elements and ductile fracture mechanics

This paper investigates Atkins’ idea that the modelling of metal cutting must include the significant work involved in the formation of new surfaces as well as the traditional components of plastic flow and friction. New finite element and algebraic calculations are presented together with specially designed orthogonal metal cutting experiments performed on lead specimens under laboratory-controlled conditions. Independent determinations of the mechanical properties of lead were made and comparisons are given between theoretical predictions and experimental results. Calculations cover a wide range of topics such as material flow, chip-compression factor, primary shear plane angle, cutting force and specific cutting pressure. It is shown that the choice of lead as workpiece material reveals important facts that would be obscured were the usual sort of workpiece metals to be cut.The paper demonstrates quantitatively that while material flow, chip formation and the distribution of the major field variables can be modelled successfully by traditional ‘plasticity and friction only’ analyses, the contribution of ductile fracture mechanics is essential for obtaining good estimates of cutting forces and of the specific cutting pressure.     

电冶熔铸WC/钢复合材料中WC的溶解行为

用电冶熔铸工艺制备不同WC含量的WC/钢复合材料,研究了WC颗粒在复合材料钢基体中的溶解行为和影响因素.结果表明:随着WC含量的增加,碳化物从钢基体晶界处分布逐渐转向晶内分布;随着WC颗粒尺寸的增大,在WC颗粒与钢基体界面处形成一层反应物,它阻止了WC颗粒在钢基体中的进一步溶解,同时也提高了两相界面的结合强度.通过调整电冶熔铸工艺参数和WC颗粒的尺寸及含量,可以控制WC颗粒在复合材料中的溶解行为.     

粉末冶金法SiC颗粒增强镁基复合材料的阻尼性能研究

采用粉末冶金法制备了两种不同成分的基体合金及S iC颗粒增强镁基复合材料。采用LMA-1型低频力学弛豫谱仪对基体合金及复合材料的阻尼性能随频率、振幅及温度的变化关系进行了研究。结果表明,Mg-1.01%Zn-0.86%Zr合金的阻尼性能优于Mg-2.51%Zn-0.63%Zr合金的;S iC颗粒的加入使S iCp/Mg-1.01%Zn-0.86%Zr基复合材料的阻尼性能有所提高;基体合金及复合材料的内耗值均随频率的增加先急剧降低,随后趋于平缓;低应变振幅下阻尼性能受应变振幅影响较小,但在较高应变振幅下阻尼随应变振幅的增加而急剧增大;在200℃~250℃及350℃~400℃的温度范围内均出现内耗峰。     

Thermal residual stresses and stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings of short fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＤｕｅｔｏｌａｒｇｅｒｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｃｏ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｆｉｂｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｍａｔｒｉｘａｎｄｓｐｅｃｉａｌｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｉｃａｌｓｈａｐｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｂｅｒ ,ｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍａｌｒｅｓｉｄｕａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｓ (ＴＲＳ) ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｈｉｇｈ(ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ)ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｔｏｒｏｏｍｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｈａｖｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ…     

Effect of particle cracking on the strength and ductility of Al-SiCp powder metallurgy metal matrix composites

The effects of particle cracking on the strength and ductility of Al-SiCp metal matrix composite material (MMC) was investigated. The composite was manufactured using a simple powder metallurgy (PM) technique of hot pressing followed by hot extrusion. Also, the effects of reinforcement weight fraction and strain rate variations on the strength and ductility of the same composite were examined. It was found that particle cracking plays a significant role in controlling the mechanical properties of the composite. It was shown that particle cracking is possible in an MMC material made with a low strength matrix (commercially pure aluminum), and increases with the increase of reinforcement weight fraction, applied strain rate, and amount of plastic deformation. The yield strength increases as a function of reinforcement weight fraction and to a lesser extent as the strain rate increases. The tensile strength increases at low SiCp weight fractions, then remains constant or decreases as more particles are added to the matrix.     

Simulation of shear banding in heterophase co-deformation: Example of plane strain compressed Cu–Ag and Cu–Nb metal matrix composites

The co-deformation and shear localization in heterophase alloys is studied using two-dimensional crystal plasticity finite element simulations on plane strain compressed Cu–Ag and Cu–Nb metal matrix composites. The aim is to study the fundamentals of micromechanics, co-deformation and shear banding in materials with heterophase interfaces. It is observed that, depending on the initial orientations of the crystals, co-deformation of the constituent heterophases often proceeds via collective mechanisms, i.e. by pronounced shear banding triggered by stress concentration at the interfaces. This phenomenon leads to highly localized strains within the bands, exceeding the average strain in part by two orders of magnitude. Shear band development is related to the inherent mechanical properties of each crystal and also to the properties of the abutting crystals. The predicted topology and nature of the cross-phase shear bands, i.e. the extreme local strains, significant bending of the interface regions, and sharp strain localization that propagates across the interfaces, agree well with experimental observations in cold-rolled composites. The simulations reveal that cross-phase shear banding leads to large and highly localized values of stress and strain at heterophase interfaces. Such information is essential for a better understanding of the micromechanical boundary conditions inside co-deformed composites and the associated shear-induced chemical mixing.     

Effects of particle arrangement and particle damage on the mechanical response of metal matrix nanocomposites: A numerical analysis

The spatial distribution of reinforcement particles has a significant effect on the mechanical response and damage evolution of metal matrix composites (MMCs). It is observed that particle clustering leads to higher flow stress, earlier particle damage, as well as lower overall failure strain. In recent years, experimental studies have shown that reducing the size of particles to the nanoscale dramatically increases the mechanical strength of MMCs even at low particle volume fractions. However, the effects of particle distribution and particle damage on the mechanical response of these metal matrix nanocomposites, which may be different from that observed in normal MMCs, has not been widely explored. In this paper, these effects are investigated numerically using plane strain discrete dislocation simulations. The results show that non-clustered random and highly clustered particle arrangements result in the highest and lowest flow stress, respectively. The effect of particle fracture on the overall response of the nanocomposite is also more significant for non-clustered random and mildly clustered particle arrangements, in which particle damage begins earlier and the fraction of damaged particles is higher, compared to regular rectangular and highly clustered arrangements.     

Fatigue crack growth resistance of SiC<Subscript>p</Subscript> reinforced Al alloys: Effects of particle size,particle volume fraction,and matrix strength

The main aim of this work was to study the effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, and matrix strength on the long fatigue crack growth resistance of two different grades of Al alloys (Al2124-T1 and Al6061-T1) reinforced with SiC particles. Basically, it was found that an increase in particle volume fraction and particle size increases the fatigue crack growth resistance at near threshold and Paris regimen, with matrix strength having a smaller effect. Near final failure, the stronger and more brittle composites are affected more by static modes of failure as the applied maximum stress intensity factor (K _max) approaches mode I plane strain fracture toughness (K _IC).     

Tensile and fracture toughness properties of SiC<Subscript>p</Subscript> reinforced Al alloys: Effects of particle size,particle volume fraction,and matrix strength

The goal of this work was to evaluate the effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, and matrix strength on the monotonic fracture properties of two different Al alloys, namely T1-Al2124 and T1-Al6061, reinforced with silicon carbide particles (SiC_p). From the tensile tests, an increase in particle volume fraction and/or matrix strength increased strength and decreased ductility. On the other hand, an increase in particle size reduced strength and increased the composite ductility. In fracture toughness tests, an increase in particle volume fraction reduced the toughness of the composites. An increase in matrix strength reduced both K _crit and δ_crit values. However, in terms of K _Q (5%) values, the Al6061 composite showed a value similar to the corresponding Al2124 composite. This was mainly attributed to premature yielding caused by the high ductility/low strength of the Al6061 matrix and the testpiece dimensions. The effect of particle size on the fracture toughness depends on the type of matrix and toughness parameter used. In general, an increase in particle size decreased the K _Q (5%) value, but simultaneously increased the amount of plastic strain that the matrix is capable of accommodating, increasing both δ_crit and K _crit values.     

Analysis of the non-steady state vertical–horizontal rolling process in roughing trains by the three-dimensional finite element method

The vertical–horizontal rolling process is often used to accomplish width reduction so as to provide a synchronising operation between the continuous slab casting and hot rolling processes. Numerical simulation of the non-steady state deformation behaviour around the head and tail ends during this process is made by the full three-dimensional rigid–plastic finite element method. An explanation is provided in the theory for the ‘thin element technique’ at the inlet surface of velocity discontinuity. To deal with the interpolation of friction within a surface of an element contacting partly with the roll, a new term, so-called ‘pseudo shape function’, is presented and a related new equation formula is deduced. The calculated shape of the slab edge, the separating force and the rolling torque are consistent with those measured experimental ones for the model material lead.     

Effect of surface finish on the fracture behavior of Sn–Ag–Cu solder joints during high-strain rate loading

This study assesses the reliability of eutectic Sn–Pb, Sn–1.0Ag–0.5Cu, Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu and Sn–4.0Ag–0.5Cu solder bumps on three different pad surface finishes (ENIG, electrolytic Ni/Au and Cu-OSP) with and without an aging treatment at 150 °C for 100 h. This study focused primarily on how the pad surface finish and solder alloy composition affects the reliability of solder joints using a high-speed ball pull test method. The fracture forces and failure mechanisms were also examined. The results showed that the electrolytic Ni/Au surface finish had the highest fracture forces for all four different solder alloys with and without the aging process.