中小河流治理工程中边坡稳定性计算方法的应用研究

本文引入有限元强度折减系数法对辽宁某中小河流整治工程均质土体边坡进行稳定性计算,并采用双因素试验方差分析内摩擦角以及粘聚力两个参数对边坡稳定性的影响程度。研究结果表明:有限元强度折减系数可解决均质土坡的危险滑动面稳定性计算问题,计算的稳定性系数合理安全;内摩擦角对均质边坡稳定性的影响度为0.072,高于粘聚力对边坡稳定性影响度。     

强度折减法改进及在边坡稳定性评价中的应用

传统有限元强度折减法在对岩土体强度参数进行折减时并未考虑其对变形参数(弹性模量和泊松比)的影响,会使得分析计算结果不准确,为此改进了传统强度折减法并将其应用于边坡稳定性分析中。基于Mohr-Coulomb强度准则和Duncan-Chang双曲线弹性本构模型,并深入分析土体应力状态、强度与变形的联系,分别建立弹性模量、泊松比与强度折减系数的关系表达式。据此在强度参数折减的同时,对弹性模量和泊松比同时进行修正。以均质土体边坡为例,应用改进的强度折减法开展稳定性评价,并与极限平衡法(Spencer法)进行对比。结果表明:4种有限元强度折减法准确性由大到小依次为:同时修正μ和E方法,只修正E方法,传统有限元强度折减法,只修正μ方法,结论验证了提出的改进方法的合理性和有效性。     

强度折减法计算边坡稳定性中弹性模量和泊松比的取值研究

为探究强度折减法中弹性模量与泊松比取值对边坡稳定性系数的影响,采用有限元强度折减法,在强度参数折减的同时,根据公式调整弹性模量与泊松比的取值,所得到的边坡稳定性系数,与保持弹性模量和泊松比不变所得到的边坡稳定性系数对比,发现弹性模量与泊松比取值的变化对边坡稳定性系数计算结果影响很小,表明在采用有限元强度折减法计算边坡稳定性系数时只需对强度参数进行折减,不需要考虑弹性模量与泊松比取值的变化。更多还原     

弧长法在边坡稳定非线性有限元分析中的应用

在有限元强度折减法的基础上，引入计算结构临界状态荷载值的弧长法进行边坡工程稳定分析。该方法是在迭代过程中调整荷载增量的大小以得到收敛的解，从而在计算时可自动调整土体强度参数的降低程度。最后通过算例验证了本算法的有效可靠性和适应性。并与直接有限元强度折减法计算结果进行比较，结果表明，在边坡稳定非线性有限元分析中，引入弧长法不仅改善了有限元迭代的收敛性，而且还可以更准确地求出边坡安全系数。     

含软弱夹层库盆边坡稳定分析方法探讨

极限平衡法与有限元强度折减法是目前边坡稳定分析计算中常用的两种方法。以中东某混合坝边坡稳定计算为例,该混合坝基础内存在软弱夹层,采用极限平衡法与有限元强度折减法对边坡稳定性进行计算,总结分析两种方法的计算结果及差异,并对分析方法进行探讨。结果表明:极限平衡法和有限元强度折减法求解得到的安全系数较为接近,均可对含软弱夹层边坡进行模拟。     

基于ABAQUS 的两种库水附加质量模型下重力坝动力分析

库水附加质量反映了坝体与库水间的相互作用。本文以Koyna重力坝为例,基于ABAQUS并辅以部分MATLAB程序计算了两种不可压缩性库水附加质量模型下坝体的自振特性。分析Koyna各计算条件下的自振频率,结果表明:与库水有限元模型相比,Westergaard模型夸大了坝体与库水间的相互作用,应当进行折减,折减系数取0.8较为适宜。考虑折减的Westergaard模型下坝体地震响应计算结果与实际震害更符合,从而验证了折减系数的准确性。     

碳纤维布补强破损隧道衬砌的抗弯性能试验研究

为了获取碳纤维布补强破损隧道衬砌的抗弯承载力计算方法,首先以不同跨度的隧道衬砌为 原型,制作隧道衬砌模型试件,开展不同跨度衬砌模型抗弯试验。结果表明对于不同跨度的碳纤维布补 强破损隧道衬砌模型,其挠度 －荷载曲线均可分为较为明显的五个阶段。同样的补强量前提下,跨度大 的隧道补强效果好于跨度较小的隧道衬砌。进一步提出,对于碳纤维布补强破损隧道衬砌受弯正截面 承载力计算方法,可以参照碳纤维布补强梁的受弯正截面承载力进行折减的思路。引入修正系数 αｃ,对 补强情况相同及控制截面相同的隧道衬砌混凝土的界面剥离强度进行折减后得到针对衬砌的折减界面 剥离强度 σｄｂｉｃ,ｃ后,按碳纤维布补强直梁的抗弯承载力计算方法计算。根据本文的试验成果,建议系数 αｃ取为 0．85±0．1。     

坡向加速度法在边坡稳定分析中的应用

边坡稳定是一个经典而普遍的岩土力学问题,也一直是岩土工程分析的热点。为克服强度折减法中折减系数与工程实际强度不符的失真现象,真实反映边坡地震动载失稳的实际情况,通过引入坡向加速度,提出一种操作简单、物理意义明确的边坡稳定计算方法,即坡向加速度法。该方法通过不断增加坡向加速度直至边坡失稳为止,由极限平衡的思想求得安全系数。通过算例,将该方法与传统极限平衡法和有限元强度折减法进行对比,对强度变化敏感性进行分析。结果表明:坡向加速度法计算所得的安全系数与极限平衡法所得的安全系数非常接近,塑性区与强度折减法塑性区基本一致,计算结果准确,而且操作简单无需假设滑动面;与坡向离心法相比,坡向加速度法计算得到的安全系数更精确且适用于非均质的边坡稳定分析,说明该方法在边坡稳定分析中的适用性和优越性。因此,可将坡向加速度法应用于边坡稳定性分析,其结果可供工程应用参考。     

基于Plaxis强度折减法的土石坝坝坡稳定分析

通过Plaxis有限元软件,应用其提供的Phi—c折减方法,对坝坡的稳定性进行分析。当坝坡失稳破坏,有限元计算将不收敛,用这种判断方法得到此时的折减系数作为坝坡稳定安全系数,同时得到滑裂面位置及动态失稳模拟。对计算结果的精度做了对比,与Bishop法和有限元软件Abaqus计算结果相差为2％-3％,计算结果在两者之间,证实了其准确性和工程实用性。     

通用强度折减点安全系数的定义及在边坡稳定分析中的应用

针对传统强度折减点安全系数取值的局限性以及对多参数准则无法普遍适用的缺陷,引入应力点极半径以及临界极半径的概念,给出了通用强度折减点安全系数的定义及其计算方法。以某堤防工程为例,计算传统的刚体极限平衡法和有限元弹塑性极限分析法下的土坡整体安全系数进行比较,考察该方法在土坡稳定分析中的适用性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。