HA177-2黄铜在流动海水中的电化学行为

利用旋转圆环电极、电化学阻抗谱 (EIS) 和线性极化方法研究了 HAl77-2 黄铜在流动海水中的电化学行为.结果表明,HAl77-2 黄铜在不同流速海水中呈现不同的 EIS 特征,静止海水中 EIS 呈现扩散影响的特征;流速<4 m/s 的海水中,EIS 大体表现为电荷传递控制的特征;流速1≥4.5 m/s 时,EIS 谱线低频部分呈现感抗弧.HAl77-2 黄铜的腐蚀速率受海水流速的影响,流速≤2 m/s 时,腐蚀速率随着流速的增大基本上呈线性递增;流速在2 m/s～4 m/s 范围内,腐蚀速率的变化较小;流速≥4.5 m/s 时,试样出现点蚀,且随着流速的增加腐蚀速率又迅速增大.     

HAl77-2黄铜在流动海水中的电化学行为

利用旋转圆环电极、电化学阻抗谱（EIS）和线性极化方法研究了HAl77—2黄铜在流动海水中的电化学行为。结果表明,HAl77-2黄铜在不同流速海水中呈现不同的EIS特征,静止海水中EIS呈现扩散影响的特征;流速〈4m／s的海水中,EIS大体表现为电荷传递控制的特征;流速≥4．5m／s时,EIS谱线低频部分呈现感抗弧。HAl77—2黄铜的腐蚀速率受海水流速的影响,流速≤2m／s时,腐蚀速率随着流速的增大基本上呈线性递增;流速在2m／s～4m／s范围内,腐蚀速率的变化较小;流速≥4．5m／s时,试样出现点蚀,且随着流速的增加腐蚀速率又迅速增大。     

新型耐冲蚀黄铜的组织与性能

在现行HAl77-2A铝黄铜中,加入B、Fe、Ni、Mn、Si等合金元素,研制出新型耐冲蚀黄铜,并对其组织、力学性能、腐蚀、腐蚀磨损和冲蚀性能进行了研究.结果表明,加入B、Fe、Ni、Mn、Si等合金元素后,晶粒细化,在保持了现行HAl77-2A铝黄铜的耐蚀性和塑性的基础上,强度和硬度大幅度提高,抗冲蚀能力得到明显改善.     

P对HAl77-2铝黄铜耐腐蚀性的影响

为提高HAl77-2铝黄铜在海水和工业冷却水中的耐蚀性,添加微量的P制成合金。运用电化学工作站、金相显微镜、SEM、EDS等设备通过极化曲线分析、脱锌层深度、观察脱锌层形貌、能谱分析,研究了P元素的添加对铝黄铜合金腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,铝黄铜中加入P极大地提高铝黄铜的极化电阻,从而减小了腐蚀电流,减缓了腐蚀的进行;P可显著提高铝黄铜的耐脱锌腐蚀性能。     

钛铜共用的海水冷却器的牺牲阳极保护

钛在海水中具有优异的耐蚀性，而铜合金由于严重腐蚀则不能适应生产需要．用钛制作海水冷却器，能确保其安全稳定可靠运行，随着钛管制造工艺与焊接技术的进步，使得选用钛材制作海水冷却器变得更为容易．但由于钛材一次性投资相对较高，为了节省费用，在老设备改造时，只将省换为钛管，管板仍采用铜合金；或者管子与管板采用钛，而保留原铜合金复层的封头，但这样由于电偶接触会加速铜合金的腐蚀，仍须采用原有的电化学保护，而如果保护电位过负，即过度阴极极化，又会促使钛管口部位吸氢而致脆．上海石化公司1号乙烯装置的许多钛制海水冷…     

硼对HAl77─2铝黄铜的组织和耐磨蚀性能的影响

利用XRD、腐蚀磨损和冲蚀等实验手段对加B的HAl77-2铝黄铜组织和磨蚀性能进行了研究。实验结果表明:HAl77-2铝黄铜加B后,无论含As与否,均能使之晶粒细化,硬度提高,抗腐蚀磨损和冲蚀性能得到明显改善。并确定了HAl77-2铝黄铜的最佳硼含量。     

在南海海域铜合金8年腐蚀行为研究

研究了7种铜合金在南海榆林站海水中8年的腐蚀行为结果表明,7种铜合金的平均腐蚀深度与时间关系符合H=aTb规律,其平均腐蚀速度随时间而下降,利用EPMA、X衍射分析了HSn62—1、QSn6.5-0.1腐蚀膜成分、结构与耐蚀性的关系.     

静态和动态海水中B10铜镍合金管的腐蚀行为研究

采用可原位测量的管流式试验装置,利用失重和电化学阻抗谱测试对比研究了B10管在静态和动态天然海水中的腐蚀行为及其随时间的变化,并通过SEM、XPS等分析了其腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物。结果表明,在两种海水暴露条件下,试样的腐蚀速率随时间的延长逐渐降低。B10管表面在静态下生成的腐蚀产物主要是Cu₂O,而在动态条件下则为NiO、Cu₂O和FeOOH,其中NiO和FeOOH的存在降低了腐蚀速率,提高了B10管的耐蚀性。本文研究表明冲刷状态有利于B10管表面形成更为致密的腐蚀产物膜,对基体起到良好的保护作用。研究结果可为海水管路动态条件下B10管成膜质量和服役性能评价提供实验依据。     

HAl77-2铝黄铜换热管应力腐蚀开裂

针对换热管腐蚀泄漏问题,采用金相、扫描电镜、能谱等技术对换热管的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物成分进行分析。结果表明:换热管内冷却介质中高含量的氨氮对换热管应力腐蚀开裂起主要作用;管子端部与管板的胀接,使其胀管与未胀过渡区留下了较大的残余应力;换热管选用的HAl77-2铝黄铜管也不适合在含有很高氨氮介质的环境中使用。因此,在腐蚀介质、残余应力、敏感材料三个条件都具备的情况下,换热管短期内发生应力腐蚀开裂而泄漏失效。     

海水中Cu~(2+)对B10铜合金腐蚀行为的影响

使用腐蚀电位、线性极化电阻和电化学阻抗谱等电化学方法研究了海水环境中Cu~(2+)对Bl0铜合金腐蚀行为的影响。研究结果表明,海水中一定浓度的Cu~(2+)能够增大B10铜合金腐蚀速度。加入的Cu~(2+)能够在一定条件下还原沉积在基体金属、腐蚀产物膜表面。沉积的铜和基体金属形成电偶电池,铜膜为阴极,基体金属为阳极,增大基体金属腐蚀速度。所以当海洋结构中具有B10铜镍合金结构时,必须控制海水中电解铜离子浓度,在控制生物附着与污损的同时避免诱发铜合金电偶腐蚀破坏。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.