Inconel 600和Inconel 690合金在模拟压水堆一回路水环境中生成的氧化膜特征研究

利用原位表面增强型拉曼光谱 (SERS) 研究了Inconel 600合金和Inconel 690合金在高温高压水环境中生成的氧化膜特征。结果表明,Inconel 600合金氧化膜的内层为薄且连续的Cr₂O₃,外层为非连续分布的FeCr₂O₄/NiFe₂O₄晶粒。Inconel 690合金腐蚀氧化膜由单一连续的Cr₂O₃构成。从两个方面分析了本文SERS结果与他人研究成果之间的差异。一是合金在腐蚀的早期阶段形成Cr₂O₃内层,随着时间增加,转变成热力学稳定的富铬尖晶石;二是由不锈钢材料制成的高压釜和回路管道,溶液中含有大量的Fe²⁺和Ni²⁺,导致氧化膜中尖晶石相的生成。提出了合金氧化膜与腐蚀时间以及高压釜 (含管道回路) 材质都存在一定的关联性。     

核电站蒸汽发生器传热管用Inconel合金在高温高压水中的腐蚀行为研究

研究了核电站蒸汽发生器传热管用合金材料在模拟压水堆一回路水环境中形成的腐蚀氧化膜,首次获得了原位振动光谱。Inconel 600合金的拉曼谱中存在3个峰,540 和610 cm^-1拉曼峰源自于表面生成的Cr₂O₃氧化膜,670 cm^-1峰对应于表面生成的FeCr₂O₄尖晶石产物,随着电位的增加,670 cm^-1峰的相对强度显著增强。Inconel 690合金的表面氧化膜由Cr₂O₃构成,不含NiO或尖晶石成份。Inconel 600合金发生应力腐蚀开裂 (SCC) 的敏感性与其表面氧化膜的变化存在关联性。Inconel 690合金尚未发现SCC现象,这与其表面生成的稳定的氧化膜有关。     

镍基高温合金DD5、DD10和DSM11热腐蚀行为比较

镍基高温合金DD5、DD10和DSM11在涂覆10%NaCl+90%Na_2SO_4(质量分数)混合盐膜后进行(850℃,200 h)热腐蚀实验,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等分析手段,对腐蚀200 h后的合金进行热腐蚀行为对比分析。结果表明:DD10和DSM11合金成分中含有较高含量的Cr和Ti,在表面易生成保护性Cr_2O_3和TiO_2氧化膜,氧化膜遇到熔盐中的O~(2-)会优先在表面发生溶解,保证内部Al_2O_3氧化膜的稳定生长,进一步抑制热腐蚀反应的进行,提高合金的抗热腐蚀性能。DD5合金中Cr和Al含量较少且相差不大,在合金表面形成Cr_2O_3和Al_2O_3混合型氧化物,导致内部元素的贫化,不易形成连续致密性氧化膜,基体会进一步遭受到腐蚀。     

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE OXIDATION AND HOT CORROSION OF A 3SNi-15Cr TYPE IRON-BASE ALLOY

测定了一种35Ni-15Cr型铁基高温合金750—1000℃的氧化动力学曲线,并计算出氧化激活能Q_(p1)=41kcal/g-mol,Q_(p2)=46kcal/g-mol.X射线结构分析表明,氧化膜主要由Cr_2O_3构成,并含有(Cr,Fe)_2O_3,TiO_2及NiCr_2O_4。电子探针分析表明,氧化膜富Cr,Fe,Ti。铬离子在Cr_2O_3中的扩散是这种合金抛物线氧化过程的主要控制机构。 渗铝防护后,氧化膜富Al,Cr,Ti.主要由a-Al_2O_3构成,并含有TiO_2和Fe(Cr,Al)_2O_4。这种致密而牢固的氧化膜使抗氧化和抗热腐蚀性能大为改善。     

一种35Ni-15Cr型铁基高温合金的氧化、腐蚀与防护

测定了一种35Ni-15Cr型铁基高温合金750—1000℃的氧化动力学曲线,并计算出氧化激活能Q_(p1)=41kcal/g-mol,Q_(p2)=46kcal/g-mol.X射线结构分析表明,氧化膜主要由Cr_2O_3构成,并含有(Cr,Fe)_2O_3,TiO_2及NiCr_2O_4。电子探针分析表明,氧化膜富Cr,Fe,Ti。铬离子在Cr_2O_3中的扩散是这种合金抛物线氧化过程的主要控制机构。渗铝防护后,氧化膜富Al,Cr,Ti.主要由a-Al_2O_3构成,并含有TiO_2和Fe(Cr,Al)_2O_4。这种致密而牢固的氧化膜使抗氧化和抗热腐蚀性能大为改善。     

Inconel 625合金在熔融碳酸盐中的腐蚀行为

研究了Inconel625合金在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3和(Li,K)_2CO_3+Y_2O_3中的腐蚀行为,采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析了腐蚀产物的形貌和相组成。结果表明,与Inconel625合金在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3中的腐蚀速率相比,其在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3+Y_2O_3中的腐蚀速率较小。这是由于Inconel625合金在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3+Y_2O_3中形成了具有保护性的氧化膜,其组成是NiCr_2O_4、Y_2O_3、NiO、Cr_2O_3。     

几种镍基高温合金铝、铬涂层的抗热腐蚀性能

本文对五种高温合金及三种铝、铬涂层,用坩埚融盐全浸法,在700～900℃进行了热腐蚀试验,发现除 GH30外,其余合金上的铝涂层都比铬涂层耐热腐蚀。这可能是因为 Al_2O_3膜比Cr_2O_3 膜致密,且 Cr_2O_3 易与氧离子 O~(2-)反应,生成铬酸盐,Cr_2O_3在融盐中的溶解度也比Al_2O_3大。试验表明,GH30合金上铝涂层抗腐蚀性差是因为βNiAl 相存在大量晶界,产生沿晶内氧化。     

Inconel 690TT和Incoloy 800MA蒸汽发生器管材在高温高压水中的腐蚀行为研究

利用多种分析手段深入分析了Inconel 690TT和Incoloy 800MA合金蒸汽发生器管材及其在高温高压水环境中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,沿管材厚度方向从内壁至外壁,Inconel 690TT合金管材S3晶界偏离理想晶界的程度逐渐增大,Kernel平均取向差(KAM)也逐渐增大,管材外壁为最薄弱区;Incoloy 800MA合金管材S3晶界偏离理想晶界的程度均匀,且主要集中于0~1°的小偏差范围内,KAM应变的变化也趋于平缓.溶氧的高温纯H2O中,Inconel 690TT合金表面腐蚀产物为双层膜结构,外层为富Fe尖晶石与Ni O小颗粒,内层膜为Ni O相且疏松多孔,不能对基体起到良好的保护作用,局部区域腐蚀深度可达716 nm;Incoloy 800MA合金表面腐蚀产物为双层膜结构,外层为大颗粒状尖晶石相,内层膜为小颗粒尖晶石相,Cr在内层膜与基体的界面富集,平均腐蚀深度仅约为150 nm.相同条件下,溶氧的高温纯H2O中Incoloy 800MA合金的内层膜厚度显著小于Inconel 690TT合金.因此,在溶氧高温高压纯H2O环境中,Cr发生溶解,Incoloy 800MA合金比Inconel 690TT合金耐蚀性更优.     

高温合金Inconel 740H在空气和水蒸气环境中的氧化行为

对Inconel740H高温合金在700、800、900℃分别进行空气和水蒸气环境下的高温氧化试验,采用热重法、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱仪研究试样。结果表明:长时间空气氧化形成的氧化膜成分与长时间水蒸气的氧化膜类似,氧化物主要由Cr_2O_3、NiCr_2O_4、Al_2O_3与TiO_2组成。合金分别在800、900℃空气中及在800℃水蒸气中的氧化增重与氧化时间近似遵循抛物线规律。水蒸气环境下温度变化对氧化速率的影响要明显高于空气氧化。     

4种先进超超临界电站锅炉用高温合金高温腐蚀性能实验研究

目的研究Haynes 625、Haynes 617、Haynes 120和Inconel 740H四种先进超超临界电站锅炉用高温合金在高温模拟煤灰环境下的腐蚀行为及机理。方法利用XRD、SEM、EDS等分析手段对样品表面腐蚀产物进行微观分析。结果四种高温合金均具备一定的抗高温模拟煤灰腐蚀能力。未涂抹煤灰样品的腐蚀动力学遵循抛物线规律,说明所选高温合金在750℃的高温腐蚀行为主要受离子扩散控制。在涂抹模拟煤灰环境下,材料的氧化增重依次为:Haynes 617Haynes 625Inconel 740HHaynes 120。Haynes 625与Haynes 617腐蚀产物为双层结构的氧化物,氧化内层主要为富Cr氧化膜,氧化外层主要成分为(Ni,Mn)Cr_2O_4;Inconel 740H与Haynes 120表面未见双层结构氧化物。结论氧化物结构与合金中铬元素含量有关,同时与合金中附加元素(如钴元素)的含量和行为有一定联系。四种高温合金抗高温腐蚀性能从大到小依次为:Haynes 120Inconel 740HHaynes 625Haynes 617。与以往研究相比,并未发现腐蚀产物中存在S,表明腐蚀过程中腐蚀产物中的S来自于SO_2气氛,而非煤灰中的硫酸盐。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。