红壤中变电站接地网金属材料的腐蚀行为分析

采用扫描电镜 (SEM)、能谱 (EDS) 和X 射线衍射 (XRD) 等技术对红壤中变电站接地网服役长达13 a的镀锌扁钢进行了形貌分析和腐蚀产物分析。结果表明,该镀锌扁钢受到严重腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要由FeOOH,Fe₃O₄和Fe₂O₃等组成,腐蚀产物分层的原因是新生成的腐蚀产物沉积在金属/腐蚀产物层界面或腐蚀产物开裂处,同时S和Cl对内层腐蚀产物具有较大的影响。Tafel测试结果表明,在腐蚀电流峰值附近,SO₄^2-与Cl^-的百分比为1∶2时,两者对镀锌Q235碳钢在该红壤中的腐蚀性影响具有等效作用。通过室内加速实验模拟镀锌Q235碳钢在该红壤中的腐蚀发现,镀锌Q235碳钢的腐蚀速率呈现先增大后减小的规律,该加速实验在未改变镀锌Q235碳钢腐蚀机理的同时具有较好的加速效果。     

含水率对Q235钢在模拟酸性土壤中腐蚀行为的影响

采用硅藻土模拟土壤实验室加速腐蚀法研究了接地网材料Q235钢在10%~50%含水率条件下埋置15 d的腐蚀行为。结果表明,土壤含水率对Q235钢腐蚀行为影响显著,随含水率的增加,腐蚀速率呈现先快后慢的趋势;低含水率(10%)时,Q235钢发生全面腐蚀;随含水率升高,腐蚀形态由全面腐蚀转化为不均匀腐蚀,当含水率为30%时,腐蚀速率达到最大。对腐蚀锈层进行XRD分析,腐蚀产物主要是α-Fe OOH、γ-Fe OOH、Fe3O4和Fe2O3,与实际土壤腐蚀产物一致,针状的α-Fe OOH所占比例较大。     

接地材料在陕西典型土壤中的初期腐蚀行为

采用宏观形貌、微观形貌、点蚀坑深度测量、EDS和拉曼光谱分析等方法,研究了Q235碳钢和镀铜钢在陕西3种典型土壤5个月埋设的腐蚀行为。结果表明,镀铜钢在3种土壤中的耐蚀性均好于Q235碳钢;千阳棕壤对接地材料的腐蚀性最强,靖边风沙土次之,宜川黄绵土腐蚀性最弱;两种接地材料在3种土壤中的腐蚀产物和腐蚀过程基本相似,Q235碳钢的腐蚀产物主要为Fe_2O_3,FeOOH和Fe_3O_4,镀铜钢主要为Cu_2O和CuCO_3·Cu(OH)_2。     

埋地热力管道Q235钢盐碱土腐蚀的现场试验研究

采用现场埋片试验方法,研究了典型热力管道材料Q235钢在80℃含有高浓度Cl-的盐碱土中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,在6个月的埋片周期内,随着时间的延长,Q235钢试样表层腐蚀产物不断增厚,而平均腐蚀速率呈先升高后降低的趋势,且最大平均腐蚀速率为0.47mm/a;现场埋片6个月的Q235钢试样表面附着大约1500μm厚的腐蚀产物,外层腐蚀产物主要含有Fe3O4、Fe2O3以及SiO2;内层腐蚀产物主要含有Fe3O4。作者分析认为,埋地热力管线钢在盐碱土中受高温、高Cl-浓度以及季节性冻融带来水分的影响呈现出加速腐蚀状态。     

碳钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中的腐蚀行为

通过现场暴晒实验研究碳钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中的腐蚀行为和机理。Q235和Q450钢在吐鲁番干热大气环境中经过1 a暴露后,Q235钢的腐蚀速率大于Q450钢。结合扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析测试手段,研究了两种碳钢表面的腐蚀产物,两者的腐蚀产物主要为α-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH和Fe3O4。Q235钢中γ-FeOOH与α-FeOOH含量的比值较高,其腐蚀产物疏松,耐蚀性较差。而Q450钢中γ-FeOOH与α-FeOOH含量的比值较低,其腐蚀产物相对致密,耐蚀性较好。去除腐蚀产物后,通过体视学显微镜观察发现,Q235钢的表面产生大量密集腐蚀坑,且腐蚀坑深度和体积都大于Q450钢表面腐蚀坑。     

Q235钢和纯铜在不同pH红壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀电化学特征

采用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术,对比研究了Q235钢和纯铜在不同pH红壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀电化学特征。结果表明:Q235钢和纯铜的腐蚀速率均随着溶液pH的升高而降低。在红壤模拟溶液中,Q235钢的阳极主要发生Fe的活性溶解,腐蚀过程受阴极还原反应控制;纯铜阴极主要发生氧的去极化反应,腐蚀过程受阳极溶解反应控制,且溶液中的H+含量会影响腐蚀产物膜的形成过程。在pH为4和5的模拟溶液中,纯铜的耐蚀性较碳钢的提高不大;在pH为6的模拟溶液中,致密腐蚀产物膜的形成使纯铜的腐蚀速率显著降低。     

Q235 钢在模拟海洋大气环境中的耐蚀性研究

目的研究Q235钢在海洋大气环境中的耐蚀性能,分析近海环境下Q235钢的腐蚀机理。方法采用盐雾试验、恒温恒湿试验等,模拟海洋大气环境,研究不同温度、相对湿度、氯离子含量下Q235钢的腐蚀规律,并利用表观腐蚀形貌分析、金相分析及XRD等技术手段,分析对应的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物。结果模拟海洋大气环境下,Q235钢腐蚀速率随温度升高而增加。随着氯离子含量增加,Q235钢腐蚀速率先增加后减小,当Na Cl质量分数为1.75%时,其腐蚀速率最大。相对湿度增大可以加速Q235钢腐蚀,相对湿度大于85%后,其腐蚀速率急剧增大。盐雾环境下,Q235钢的腐蚀类型为点蚀,主要腐蚀产物为Fe2O3和Fe3O4。结论海洋大气环境下,温度、相对湿度、氯离子含量均为Q235钢腐蚀的重要影响因素,腐蚀危害表现为点蚀穿孔,需要采取表面防护措施。     

典型金属材料在硝酸熔盐环境中的腐蚀行为研究

通过熔盐浸泡实验研究了Q235碳钢、2.25Cr1Mo低合金钢、P91中合金钢、304和316不锈钢及Inconel617镍基合金在400℃硝酸熔盐(60%NaNO3+40%KNO3)中的静态腐蚀行为。通过测量试样腐蚀不同时间后的质量变化,得到了上述材料在高温熔盐环境中的腐蚀动力学曲线;利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能谱分析仪(EDS)对该材料在熔盐腐蚀过程中的腐蚀产物形貌、相结构和元素分布进行测试。结果表明,Q235碳钢的抗熔盐腐蚀能力极差,而Inconel 617镍基合金具有极强的抗熔盐腐蚀能力;同时,不同的腐蚀动力学曲线主要是由于材料表面氧化层结构不同;Q235钢表面氧化层主要由Fe2O3组成,不具有保护性;而含Cr合金材料表面会形成含有Cr的氧化物,具有较好的保护性;Inconel 617镍基合金由于表面形成了致密的Cr2O3和Ni O薄膜,所以具有极强的抗腐蚀能力。     

不同海域、不同腐蚀区带Q235碳钢实海挂片腐蚀产物层内微生物调查

将Q235碳钢样品挂于不同海域(青岛和三亚)的不同腐蚀区带(潮差区和全浸区),在不同的时间点(90,180和270 d)取出,就腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物成分进行分析,并采用传统平板分离和16S r DNA序列分析技术对腐蚀产物层中的微生物进行分离、纯化和培养。结果表明,Q235碳钢在不同海域不同腐蚀区带的腐蚀速率不同,且潮差区的腐蚀速率总是大于全浸区的;不同腐蚀区带腐蚀产物的内外层成分存在差别,外层含有Fe3O4,α-Fe OOH和γ-Fe OOH等,内层主要是Fe3O4,而不同海域形成的腐蚀产物成分差别不明显。不同时空下不同腐蚀区带Q235碳钢挂片腐蚀产物层中的细菌群落结构复杂且存在差异,主要包括硫酸盐还原菌、铁细菌和好氧/兼性厌氧菌等;在相同时空条件下,全浸区的细菌种类和数量均高于潮差区的,且更容易检测到硫酸盐还原菌的存在;好氧/兼性厌氧菌种类丰富,以弧菌属、芽孢杆菌属和假交替单胞菌属为优势菌。     

Q235钢与X70钢在新加坡土壤环境中1年腐蚀行为研究

通过土壤理化性质分析、现场埋样的腐蚀形貌观察、腐蚀产物的扫描电镜观察和X射线衍射分析以及腐蚀失重实验等分析手段,研究了国产X70钢和Q235钢在新加坡土壤中现场埋样1 a后的短期腐蚀行为特征。结果表明,新加坡土壤属于酸性土壤;埋样1 a后Q235钢平均腐蚀速率略大于X70钢,两种钢以局部腐蚀为主,Q235钢的局部腐蚀较严重;两种钢的腐蚀产物组成相似,均为Fe2O3,Fe3O4,Fe OOH和Fe OCl,腐蚀产物表面粗糙,存在裂纹与空隙,从而加速局部腐蚀的进行。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.