乏燃料运输容器屏蔽性能检测技术

我国放射性物质运输安全监管的一项重要内容是对运输容器进行辐射屏蔽性能检测,确保其满足《放射性物质安全运输规程》的要求。在实际对乏燃料运输容器进行辐射屏蔽性能检测时反映出了一些尚需解决的问题和难点,如中子辐射水平测量的可靠性,表面中子辐射水平的准确测量等。本文主要针对乏燃料运输容器屏蔽性能检测中涉及的中子辐射水平测量可靠性开展相关研究。通过分析比较不同类型测量仪器的测量结果,结合乏燃料运输容器外部辐射水平的模拟计算结果,提出优化乏燃料运输容器屏蔽性能检测技术的建议,为技术的完善和乏燃料运输管理工作提供借鉴。     

乏燃料正常运输情况下对有关运输人员和公众的辐射影响

本文就大亚湾核电站乏燃料正常运输情况下，对有关运输人员可能产生的照射作出偏安全的估计，并对未显影照相胶片的影响作出粗略分析。对公众的辐射影响，采用国际原子能机构的ＩＮＴＥＲＴＲＡＮ计算模式和程序进行计算１　货包辐射源周围辐射水平的简化计算公式乏燃料货...     

乏燃料运输容器二维辐射屏蔽优化分析

智能辐射屏蔽优化设计软件平台是基于遗传算法程序和一维离散纵标程序ANISN而开发的一维多目标屏蔽优化程序。使用该程序对乏燃料运输容器进行辐射屏蔽优化设计,构建了乏燃料运输容器多目标优化辐射屏蔽设计的计算模型,对乏燃料运输容器重量和外部剂量率进行了优化计算,并使用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP/4C进行校核计算。优化后乏燃料运输容器重量为原来的81.1%,剂量率下降到原来的65.4%以下。该程序计算结果与MCNP/4C校核计算结果最大偏差小于5%。计算结果证明了优化设计方案的可行性并验证了该程序计算的正确性。     

一种测量废包壳中U、Pu含量的方法研究

乏燃料组件在后处理厂经过剪切、浸取后的残留物被称为废包壳,测量其中含有的U、Pu质量将作为判断乏燃料溶解工艺水平的一个重要参考依据,或者作为是否需要对废包壳进行再次溶解操作的判断标准。本文在分析废包壳放射性组成情况的基础上,鉴于通过直接测量U、Pu特征粒子分析其质量存在困难,提出一种通过间接方式测量废包壳中残留U、Pu含量的方法,并开展初步的研究工作。此方法设计了一套基于~3He正比计数管的测量装置,采用中子符合法测量分析废包壳中~(244)Cm的含量,并针对测量对象的放射性分布不均匀性,开展测量装置内部空间探测效率分布模拟计算,给出测量的极限误差分析;建立乏燃料组件核素组成信息模拟计算程序,分析计算日本同类型乏燃料组件的关注核素含量,并比对此组件的破坏性分析(DA)结果,给出计算结果的不确定度,并通过上述程序计算得到废包壳对应乏燃料组件中的~(244)Cm/U(Pu)值。结合测量数据和计算数据,可推导出废包壳中的U、Pu质量。此外,本文还分析这种测量分析方法的误差构成,评估最终分析结果不确定度,为工艺判断提供数据支持,同时指出下一步研究工作的方向。     

~(60)Co放射源运输容器屏蔽性能检测

工业及医疗用放射源主要包括60 Co、137 Cs、131I、32P、153Sm、99 Mo、90Sr、89Sr等核素,射线形式有α、β、γ、中子等。本文针对运输活动中γ辐射,使用现有的60 Co放射源运输容器,开展辐射屏蔽性能检测技术研究。通过模拟计算和实验测量,得到运输容器最大装载活动情况下外部辐射水平,并对计算和实验结果进行了比较。针对放射源在屏蔽容器中安放位置发生偏移和放射源在容器中安放方式不同对容器外部的辐射水平影响进行了相关研究。研究结果可对今后完善放射性物质运输容器的辐射屏蔽性能检测提供一定的借鉴。     

秦山三期乏燃料运输屏蔽计算分析

针对秦山三期的一组乏燃料组件在存放1.5或2a后,使用RY-IA型乏燃料运输容器运输的正常情况和事故情况,采用MCNP4C程序和DOT3.5程序对运输容器的屏蔽性能进行了计算分析。计算容器表面和离容器表面1m处的辐射水平,并对两个程序的计算结果进行了校验,结果符合较好。计算分析表明:     

基于NECP-Bamboo程序的商用压水堆乏燃料组件核素成分分析

乏燃料组件核素成分的精确计算是乏燃料临界安全分析等工作的输入条件，放射性源项计算是乏燃料组件核素成分分析的典型应用。国内现有程序由于存在数据库中核素种类不全、辐照过程无法完全模拟等弊端，限制了乏燃料后处理安全分析的可靠性和经济性。本文基于完全自主化的压水堆堆芯分析软件NECP-Bamboo,研发了商用压水堆乏燃料组件核素成分计算程序Bamboo-SFuel,利用辐照后实验(PIE)实测数据对核素成分进行了定量验证与分析，通过与Scale程序包计算结果进行对比验证了程序源项计算的精度，还探究了不同燃耗数据库对核素成分和源项计算结果的影响。数值结果表明，Bamboo-SFuel能精确分析不同辐照条件下商用压水堆乏燃料组件的核素成分和放射性源项，使用NECP-Bamboo程序中不同核素数目的燃耗数据库对重要核素成分计算结果影响不大，但对总的放射性源项计算结果影响较大；基于内置的包含1 547种核素的燃耗数据库，该程序可同时给出可靠的乏燃料临界安全分析和辐射安全分析关注的重要核素成分。     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的复合材料辐射屏蔽设计北大核心CSCD

在乏燃料后处理厂的工作环境中可能存在着低能中子-γ射线混合辐射,严重威胁工作人员的人身安全。本文针对上述混合辐射环境,利用蒙特卡罗程序Geant4模拟计算了一种钨/硼纤维增强含硼/铋聚合物复合材料中不同材料参数对低能中子和γ射线综合防护效果的影响。结果显示,此种钨/硼纤维复合材料对低能中子和γ射线均具有良好的屏蔽效果。文章证实了纤维垂直排布方式具有比平行排布方式更优的屏蔽效果,且垂直排布方式下透过粒子束的强度分布更加均匀。此外,在聚合物基体中掺杂一定质量分数的硼/铋可以进一步增强复合材料的辐射屏蔽效果。依据这些结果我们认为此种复合材料可以为后处理厂等辐射环境中的防护服及相关防护用具提供参考。     

乏燃料元件密集贮存计算与分析

主要利用ACCP程序和SCALE4.3程序包对压水堆的乏燃料元件密集贮存进行计算和分析。ACCP程序主要是用于计算获得不同富集度不同燃耗的核素成分。根据计算获得的同位素成分数据应用SCALE4.3程序包中的CASA25程序对贮存这种乏燃料的水池进行临界分析。针对岭澳34号机组乏燃料贮存池Ⅱ区建立计算模型。计算结果与ENSA报告符合良好,表明计算方法正确以及计算程序ACCP程序和SCALE4.3程序包可以应用于乏燃料元件密集贮存临界分析。初步建立了一套适用于燃耗信任制问题的计算软件包。     

模拟废包壳中残留铀含量的有源中子测定

描述了高压倍加器作为中子源质询废包壳中残留铀含量的缓发中子测定模拟装置的原理及方法，给出了模拟浸取元件包壳样品的实验数据和结果。实验中所采用的加速器中子产额为３．２×１０￣９ｓ＿（－１），测量灵敏度为１ｇ￣（２３５）Ｕ／每篮壳。当乏燃料组件的燃耗为３．３×１０￣４ＭＷｄ／ｔ（Ｕ）时，每篮壳中￣（２４４）Ｃｍ自发裂变的中子发射率为８．９２×１０￣４ｓ＿（－１）。在废包壳中残留铀含量为乏燃料中原始铀含量的０．１％、测量时间为１０ｍｉｎ时，残留铀含量中子计数的测量精度经计算为±１４．４％（２σ）。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.