Window effect of pulsed electric field on biological cells

Based on multilayer dielectric model, for the spherical biological cell subjected to pulsed electric field (PEF), an equivalent circuit model is presented. Frequency-domain analysis shows that inner and outer membranes exhibit band-pass and low-pass filter characteristics in response to PEF, respectively. Therefore, different biomedical effects will be induced by the field with different frequency spectrum. The method to calculate the transmembrane potentials induced by time-varying PEF is introduced, and the relationship between rectangular pulse and transmembrane potentials is also discussed. It is found that because of different charging time constants, different durations have selective effects on inner and outer membranes. The analyses in both the frequency-domain and time-domain show a window effect of PEF on biological cells. When duration is reduced from microsecond to submicrosecond, and to nanosecond, the target induced is changed from the outer membrane to the inner membrane gradually. The window effect gives preliminary explanation for various bioelectric effects such as electroporation, intracellular electromanipulation and nanopores, providing help to the applications of PEF in tumor treatment.     

Effects of nanosecond pulsed electric field exposure on arabidopsis thaliana

Seven days old seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana, suspended in a 0.4 S/m buffer solution were exposed to nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) with a duration of 10 ns, 25 ns and 100 ns. The electric field was varied from 5 kV/cm up to 50 kV/cm. The specific treatment energy ranged between 100 J/kg and 10 kJ/kg. Due to electroporation of the plasmamembrane of the plant cells, the seedlings completely died off, when 100 ns pulses and high electric field pulses were applied. But even at the highest specific treatment energies, 10 ns pulses had no lethal effect on the seedlings. An evaluation of the leaf area 5 and 7 days after pulsed electric field treatment revealed values twice the area of sham treated seedlings up to a specific treatment energy of 4 kJ/kg, when the applied field amplitude was low or the pulse duration 10 ns. A growth stimulating effect after short pulse exposition clearly could be detected. Contrary to the growth inhibiting effect of plasmamembrane electroporation on the seedlings, a growth stimulation by nsPEF treatment does not scale with the treatment energy within the applied parameter range.     

脉冲电场作用下细菌细胞膜跨膜电压分析

为了研究脉冲电场作用下细菌细胞膜响应,建立了单个细茵的球状模型,通过求解拉普拉斯方程推导跨膜电压表达式.根据表达式进行了跨膜电压的频域和时域分析.通过分析表达式中跨膜电压与外电场间的传递函数,得到跨膜电压的频域特性;通过对表达式进行拉普拉斯变换与反变换,求解出跨膜电压的时域特性.频域分析结果表明,外电场作用下的细菌细胞膜体现出低通滤波器的特性.时域分析结果表明,方波脉冲作用下的跨膜电压幅值与脉宽有关;单指数衰减波脉冲作用下的跨膜电压幅值与衰减时间常数有关;振荡衰减波脉冲作用下的跨膜电压幅值与振荡频率有关.     

脉冲电场灭菌用固态高压开关的研制

针对脉冲电场灭菌技术对开关性能的特殊要求,提出了利用IGBT串联构成高压、大容量固态开关的技术。设计并实际制造出了可供高压脉冲电场灭菌用额定电压10 k V的固态高压开关。该开关采用8个1 700 V、400 A的IGBT串联,以栅极动态RCD为基本均压方式,以FPGA为主控单元,产生8路相对独立的基准控制脉冲,其脉宽、周期、延时均可调节,且以25 ns为步进调节。通过调节各路驱动信号的相对延时,使各单元分压均匀,消除过压影响,从而在负载端得到较为理想的方波脉冲。采用光纤隔离,使隔离电压不受限制。实验结果表明,该装置性能良好,可以满足脉冲电场灭菌的实际需求。     

发电机定子绕组绝缘介质暂态电场分布的场路分析法

针对在厂站操作过电压冲击下的大型发电机,建立一种暂态过电压的场路分析方法,研究大型发电机的暂态过电压场路分析模型。通过仿真研究表明暂态过电压场路分析模型能够对定子绕组绝缘介质中暂态电场的分布状态进行分析,搜索发电机内部可能突发绝缘事故的区域,预测发电机内部可能发生绝缘事故的故障点,提高大型发电机绝缘安全在线诊断的准确度。     

Correlation of Fourier transforms of pulsed electric field waveformand microorganism inactivation

The real ℜ[F(ω)] and imaginary 𝔍[F(ω)] Fourier transform parameters of temporal waveforms comparable to those used in PEF (pulsed electric field) studies of microorganism S_f (survival fraction) as a function of waveform have been calculated. log S_ft is a linear function of the log of the ratio of areas 𝔍[F(ω)]/ℜ[F(ω)] and log of 𝔍[F(ω)]/ℜ[F(ω)]+𝔍[F(ω)]. The correlation with the largest slope, was found for the latter ratio. The log (S_f ) also was found to correlate with the log of the integrated pulse magnitude M(ω) and log of temporal pulse area. The correlation coefficients are ⩾0.95     

Acceptance testing of electric motors and generators

A comprehensive inspection and acceptance-test program for electric motors and generators of 300 HP (225 kW) and larger is outlined. Induction and synchronous machines are included, and references are made to IEEE, ANSI, and NEMA standards for the electrical tests. Recommended electrical and mechanical inspections and tests are described, and bearing housing and shaft vibration limits are recommended for all types of electric machines. The mechanical test procedures and vibration limits described are proposed for inclusion in future editions of IEEE and NEMA standards. An inspection and test matrix for highly critical special-purpose and less critical general-purpose machines is given     

Electron emission from PZT ceramic thin plate by pulsed electric field

Abstract

Electron emission into vacuum from a thin plate of ferroelectric lead-zirconatetitanate (PZT) ceramic has been observed under the impression of electric field of pulse consisting of a pair of positive and negative voltages. The emission was observed at pressure lower than about 10^?1 Torr. The emitted charge increases with increasing the positive and the absolute negative voltages of the pulse and the collector voltage. The minimum absolute value of the negative pulse for electron emission is 30V when the positive voltage is larger than 150V. The maximum peak current density is 70A/cm². It is considered from the electrode area and thickness dependences of the charge that electrons are emitted not only from the ceramic surface near the electrode edge but also through the thin metal electrode. The emitted charge per one pulse little depends on pulse frequency when it is less than 2kHz, and so the total current density can be enhanced by increasing the frequency. The emission is observed even at temperatures above Curie temperature. It is considered that the emission is induced by abrupt change of dielectric flux as well as the polarization reversal. Cathodoluminescence from phosphors excited by the emitted electrons has been observed.     

超大型低反射镜面单锥脉冲电场标准装置

针对现有镜面单锥TEM室用作脉冲电场传感器校准时存在测试尺寸空间较小、低频响应较差、内部与环境反射影响测量准确度等问题,采用超大型精密单锥结构、终端阻抗加载和低反射异形电波暗室等方法,在仿真优化分析基础上,设计研制了基于超大型低反射镜面单锥的脉冲电场标准装置。该镜面单锥母线长2 m,能够适应脉冲宽度大于5 ns的脉冲信号,整体装置所产生的标准脉冲电场幅值50～150 V/m可调、脉冲前沿小于100 ps、脉冲宽度大于5 ns,满足装备测试脉冲电场传感器的大空间、宽频带、高准确度校准需求。     

纳秒脉冲下同轴内电极直径改变时闪络特性分析

在纳秒脉冲同轴电场下,尼龙1010和有机玻璃的闪络电压都随着内电极直径非线性增长,趋于饱和,且内电极直径越大,两者的闪络电压越接近.纳秒脉冲下沿面闪络特性与固体-液体-电极三结合点处的场强及沿面电位分布梯度紧密相关,内电极直径越大,三结合点处场强越低且沿面电位分布越均匀,引起沿面闪络电压越高.对于纳秒脉冲下的同轴电极,当内外电极半径差远大于内电极直径时,内电极直径变化对闪络电压的影响被弱化.     

脉冲电场灭菌机理分析及细菌失活模型的研究

针对目前有争议的脉冲电场灭菌机理,通过对电穿孔和电崩解过程的分析,认为电崩解机理更能够说明脉冲电场灭菌的原理和过程。通过对两种细菌失活模型Hülsheger&Niemann模型和Peleg模型进行数学分析,认为这两种模型其实质是相同的。在这两种模型中,细菌残活率指数岁电场强度的呈线性变化。通过实验研究,提出了一种不同的细菌失活模型,其细菌残活率指数随场强升高呈指数趋势变化,对这种新模型与目前常用的模型之间的关系进行了分析说明,常用的两种模型是该模型在一个局部的线性化近似表达。     

Pulse switching characteristics of MAGTs for pulsed power applications

For pulsed power systems such as lasers and accelerators, semiconductor switches with their longer service life have actively been developed as replacements for thyratrons. The MOS-driven thyristors are suitable for pulsed power applications because they have high-power handling and fast turn-on capabilities. The MOS-assisted gate-triggered thyristor (MAGT), designed especially for pulsed power, is a promising candidate in this field. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the performance of MAGTs. Using a pulse-forming network (PEN), the pulse-switching characteristics and the dynamic resistance characteristics during the current flow are investigated. A maximum current density of 21.8 kA/cm² and di/dt of 106 kA/μs/cm² with 1550-V anode voltage on a single-shot basis were obtained. Furthermore, a life test with 10⁹ shots at a high repetition rate showed no degradation in the observed characteristics. Based on these experimental results, a carrier flow model of MAGT during turn-on process is proposed and the turn-on mechanism is considered.     

Pulse power supply systems of the frequency-regulated ozone generators

Some variants of the frequency-regulated ozone generators based on the voltage resonant inverter are considered, including without an exchange, with an uncontrollable, and controllable exchange of the reactive power between the ozone generator and the power supply filter. The advantages and drawbacks of these variants of power supply units are shown on the basis of imitative mathematical modeling. The development results of series of the frequency-regulated ozone generators are presented. The design recommendations for power supply units under consideration are given.     

基于激光光电池供电的脉冲电场传感器设计

为了解决脉冲电场传感器电光调制部分的供电问题,设计研制了一种基于激光光电池供电的脉冲电场传感器,该传感 器由激光光电池供电电路、电光调制电路和感应天线构成。 设计制作了由供能激光器、锂电池、激光光电池、锂电池充电电路、 锂电池保护电路、锂电池升压放电电路构成的激光光电池供电电路。 测试结果表明,供电电路输出电压精度为 1. 04 %,纹波系 数为 0. 3 %,并且 48 h 持续工作输出电压波动为±0. 035 V。 设计制作了由单极子天线、场效应管型集成运放构成的传感器电光 调制电路。 实验结果表明,研制的脉冲电场传感器测量带宽在 39. 8 Hz~ 1 050 MHz,动态范围 0. 256 kV/ m ~ 13. 79 kV/ m。     

发电机、变压器类电力设备的状态监测与故障诊断

针对发电机、变压器类电力设备普遍采用的预防性定期检修方式所存在的弊端,分析了发展状态监测和故障诊断技术的意义,并对该技术在国内外的发展现状和存在问题进行了介绍。最后指出,发电机、变压器类电力设备的状态监测和故障诊断技术,可以迅速、连续地反映设备的运行状态,预示运行设备存在的潜伏性故障,是保障电力设备安全经济运行的有力措施,应大力推广。     

DC-probes for electric field distribution measurements

The principles of how DC fields can be measured using an isolated probe coupled by fiber optics to a separate receiver are discussed. The construction of some practical systems is described, with attention given to induced current, voltage, power, and dipole systems. The electric fields around a full size wall bushing energized to 600 kV in rain were measured. The results of this measurement and other measurements are presented, demonstrating the usefulness of isolated DC field measurements     

Protective clothing guidelines for electric arc exposure

Since 1982, when R. Lee wrote (see ibid., vol.IA-18, p.246), industrial and utility engineers have been attempting to better quantify the degree of risk to personnel associated with electric arc exposure and the appropriate protective clothing to wear to mitigate serious injury. Activity by OSHA, NFPA 70E, and ASTM F-18 has further emphasized the need to protect workers from arc flash burn injuries. This paper discusses the results of multiphase arc testing which has enhanced knowledge about potential arc energy as a function of prospective fault current and arc protective clothing designs that are suitable for different levels of incident arc energy. Incident energy levels are correlated with second-degree burn criteria for unprotected human skin, protective clothing systems consisting of flame-resistant outer layers in single-layer and multiple-layer construction, as well as combination systems of flame-resistant outer layers with natural and man-made fiber inner layers are discussed. Protection recommendations for the face, head, hands, and feet are also included     

小型脉冲功率发生系统的设计

介绍了一种用于水中生物细胞处理的脉冲功率发生系统。该系统包括脉冲成型电路(BPFN)、火花隙开关、用作生物处理器的负载电极、高压脉冲测量系统。详细介绍了各部分的结构与工作原理,并利用点对面电极形成水中筋状放电,面对面电极形成水介质强电场。并测量两种电极工作时的典型电压与电流波形。     

Effects of submicrosecond, high intensity pulsed electric fields on living cells - intracellular electromanipulation

Development of technology to produce nanosecond duration pulsed electric fields has allowed examination of the effects of ultrashort duration, high intensity electric fields on living cells. Theoretically, high intensity (MV/m) electric field applications with durations of less than one microsecond, when shortened toward nanoseconds, should increasingly affect intracellular rather than surface membranes of living cells. Experimentally, square-wave, 60 ns duration, high energy (36-53 kV/cm) pulses applied in trains of 1-10 pulses result in progressive increases in the numbers of permeabilized intracellular granules in a human eosinophil cell model-without large surface membrane effects. Electron micrographic examination of cells treated in this way demonstrates alteration of intracellular granule morphology consistent with permeabilization of granule membrane, i.e., intracellular electromanipulation. Continuous microscopic examination of individual living cells exposed to long or short duration pulsed electric field applications shows that permeabilization of surface membrane (median 5 minutes) with anodic preference (electroporation) and prompt cellular swelling follow a single, long duration (100 microsecond) pulse. In contrast, after a single short duration (60 ns) pulse, onset of surface membrane permeability is delayed (median 17 minutes), the increased permeability shows no anodic preference, and cellular swelling is absent suggesting that these effects are due to intracellular electromanipulation rather than direct effects on the surface membrane. Submicrosecond, intense pulsed electric fields applied to living cells achieve preferential effects on intracellular rather than surface membranes, potentially providing new approaches for selective/generalized cell or tissue ablation, growth stimulation and tissue remodeling.