玉米淀粉/TiO2纳米复合薄膜制备与性能

以玉米淀粉为基质,结合纳米Ti O₂,通过超声分散采用流延法制备了可生物降解的淀粉/Ti O₂纳米复合薄膜,研究了纳米Ti O₂对薄膜拉伸性能、阻隔性能及抗菌活性的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对复合膜的微观形貌和结构进行了表征。结果表明,淀粉/Ti O₂纳米复合膜中Ti O₂与淀粉分子间存在缔合作用,含适量Ti O₂的复合膜组分之间有良好的相容性,与淀粉膜相比,纳米复合膜的拉伸性能和水蒸气阻隔性能得到有效改善,含0.8%Ti O₂(质量分数,下同)的纳米复合膜拉伸强度为7.54 MPa,比淀粉膜提高了53.9%,水蒸气透过系数为5.50×10^-5 g/(mm·d),较淀粉膜降低了23.5%,该复合膜同时表现出较好的紫外线隔离性能及抗菌活性。     

AUGMENTATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TiO2 THIN FILMS PREPARED BY A SOL-GEL TECHNIQUE

In order to increase the photocatalytic activity on TiO₂ thin film per its external surface area, the structure of flat thin film was modified by adding a small amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to TiO₂ sol solution. By firing PEG contained in a TiO₂ gel film, a porous structure was developed. The photocatalytic activities of the thin films prepared thus were evaluated by the degradation of 2-propanol in the aqueous solutions under black light illumination. The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ thin film prepared with added PEG 400 by 2.6 wt% or PEG 2000 by 9.5 wt% was increased by about 30% as compared to that prepared without added PEG.     

Preparation and performances of mesoporous TiO2 film photocatalyst supported on stainless steel

Mesoporous TiO₂ film photocatalysts supported on stainless steel substrates were prepared using the sol–gel method with Ti(OC₄H₉)₄ as a precursor and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) as a structure-directing agent. Mesoporous TiO₂ film with a pore diameter of about 15 nm was obtained with the addition of PEG (molecular WEIGHT =400). The pore diameter of TiO₂film was varied with molecular weight of PEG additive. The structure-directing process was also discussed. Mesoscopically ordered inorganic/polymer composites were believed to form during the process. Compared to conventional TiO₂ film photocatalyst, the mesoporous TiO₂ film showed a good performance for the photo degradation of rhodamine B (RB) solution irradiated with UV light of 365 nm. The photo degradation constant of rhodamine B for mesoporous TiO₂ film photocatalyst can arrive at 22 times of that for conventional TiO₂ film photocatalyst. Also an excellent performance for the degradation of gaseous formaldehyde with mesoporous film photocatalyst was obtained. The photo degradation rate of gaseous formaldehyde for mesoporous TiO₂ film photocatalyst can arrive at six times of that for conventional TiO₂ film photocatalyst.     

Interactions between nano-TiO2 particles and algal cells at moderate particle concentration

Nano-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO₂) has wide industrial applications and therefore considerable chances of exposure are created for human beings and ecosystems. To better understand the interactions between nano-TiO₂ and aquatic organisms, we first studied TiO₂ uptake by algae exemplified by Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. P. subcapitata were exposed to nano-TiO₂ in a series of concentrations and at various pH. TiO₂ uptake was quantified using a sedimentation curve analysis technique. After exposure of algae to TiO₂, the variation of zeta potential was measured and the morphology of algae-TiO₂ aggregate was observed with scanning electron microscopy and the optical microscopy. The steady-state TiO₂ uptake was found to be pH-dependent and the isotherms can be described well by Freundlich model. TiO₂ deposited on algal surfaces causes the shift of pH_zpc of TiO₂-covered algae from that of algae toward that of TiO₂. The attraction between TiO₂-covered algal cells induces the agglomeration of algae and TiO₂ and thus the formation of algae-TiO₂ aggregates in the size of 12 to 50 μm. The 2-D fractal dimension of the aggregates is pH-dependent and ranges from 1.31 to 1.67. The theoretical analysis of the Gibbs energy of interaction indicates that both TiO₂ uptake by algae and the formation of algae-TiO₂ aggregate are influenced by the interaction between TiO₂ particles.     

不同晶型TiO2消光PET的流变性能研究

分别以金红石型二氧化钛(TiO₂)粉体和锐钛矿型TiO₂粉体为消光剂,通过原位聚合制备不同TiO₂粉体含量的消光聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),研究了不同晶型TiO₂消光PET的流变性能。结果表明:在剪切速率()为4000~7000 s^-1,金红石型TiO₂和锐钛型TiO₂消光PET熔体的表观黏度(η_a)随的变化幅度均较小,均具有良好的纺丝稳定性;相同温度下,金红石型TiO₂消光PET的非牛顿指数(n)小于锐钛型TiO₂消光PET,但随着温度升高,金红石型TiO₂消光PET的n上升幅度大,其η_a对变化更为敏感;在常规纺丝条件下,金红石型TiO₂消光PET的黏流活化能(E_η)明显小于锐钛型TiO₂消光PET,TiO₂含量较低时金红石型TiO₂消光PET的η_a对温度变化的敏感程度较小;相同温度下,金红石型TiO₂消光PET熔体的结构黏度指数(η)高于锐钛型TiO₂消光PET;在纺丝温度有波动的情况下,金红石型TiO₂消光PET可纺性好,但其纺丝工艺窗口较窄,应采用更高的纺丝温度以获得良好的纺丝效果。     

Insight into the effect of surface carboxyl and amino groups on the adsorption of titanium dioxide for acid red G

In this study, TiO₂ functionalized with organic groups were prepared to study the effect of carboxyl and amino groups on the adsorption behavior of TiO₂ for the removal of acid red G (ARG) as an anionic dye from aqueous solution. TiO₂ was successfully modified with carboxyl and amino groups by using the hydrolysis method with oxalic acid (OAD, with two carboxyl groups), ethylenediamine (EDA, with two amino groups) and DL-alanine (DLA, with one carboxyl group and one amino group) at low temperature (65 °C) and labeled as OAD-TiO₂, EDA-TiO₂ and DLA-TiO₂, respectively. The ARG uptake by the functionalized TiO₂ samples was largely dependent on the functional groups. The interaction between ARG and the functional organic groups on the TiO₂ samples plays an important role in the adsorption process, which leads to the excellent adsorption performance (higher capacity and faster adsorption rate) of the functionalized TiO₂ samples than that of P25 (commercial TiO₂ without modification). Furthermore, there is no obvious loss of the adsorption capacity for the functionalized TiO₂ even after 5 adsorption-desorption cycles, which indicated the good reusability of the modified TiO₂ samples for anionic dye removal from aqueous solution.     

色氨酸辅助合成光催化活性增强的球形纳米TiO2

以L-色氨酸（L-Trp）为生物模板,采用简单水解及煅烧后制备了球形结构TiO₂纳米光催化剂。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、光致发光光谱和N₂吸附-解吸等方法对制得的TiO₂纳米材料进行表征。在催化剂合成过程中,L-Trp作为生物模板发挥至关重要的作用,能够指导球形结构纳米TiO₂的形成。考察了不同煅烧温度下制备的TiO₂样品光催化活性,结果表明550℃时制备的TiO₂样品具有优异的光催化活性,紫外光照射30min对甲基橙溶液的降解率达到95%左右,主要是由于较大比表面积和球形结构的协同效应。光催化剂稳定性实验表明,所制备的TiO₂纳米材料可作为一种实用有效的光催化剂用于紫外光照射下降解有机染料。同时,对L-Trp辅助下球形结构TiO₂纳米颗粒的可能生长机理进行讨论。     

二氧化钛调控基膜结构对氧化石墨烯复合膜性能的影响

以聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜为基膜,通过聚多巴胺(PDA)表面改性后压力沉积不同量的二氧化钛(TiO₂)纳米粒子作为基底,再沉积氧化石墨烯(GO)片层制得TiO₂/GO复合分离膜,重点考察基膜表面形貌对GO膜分离性能的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜、接触角测试仪、固体表面Zeta电位分析仪、X射线衍射分析仪等对有无TiO₂沉积层的GO复合膜进行表征,并考察TiO₂沉积量对GO复合膜分离性能的影响。结果表明,TiO₂纳米粒子以团簇状态均匀分布在改性的超滤膜表面,随TiO₂沉积量的增加,团簇密度增大,GO沉积后表层的峰谷结构更为明显,但表层的层间距并无明显改变。TiO₂/GO复合膜的水通量随TiO₂沉积量的增加而明显增大,TiO₂的沉积对GO沉积量低的复合膜通量的影响更明显,当 GO沉积量为4.11 μg/cm²,TiO₂沉积量为20.55 μg/cm²时,复合膜的水通量较无TiO₂的复合膜提高了108.38%。复合膜对无机盐溶液的截留性能主要基于膜表面所带负电的道南排斥作用,TiO₂/GO复合膜对刚果红的截留率在99%以上,对甲基橙的截留率可达82%,TiO₂层的加入并未降低复合膜的截留效果。     

含钛高炉渣制备SCR烟气脱硝催化剂

以含钛高炉渣为原料,稀硫酸为溶剂提取钛液,钛液经水解、高温焙烧后制得高比表面积的TiO₂,并以其为载体采用分步浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-WO₃/ TiO₂催化剂。优化了含钛高炉渣的酸解条件,对所得TiO₂进行了XRD、XRF、BET表征,用自制催化剂评价系统考察了所制备催化剂的脱硝性能及抗硫抗水性能。结果表明：H₂SO₄浓度40%、酸渣比1.5、酸解温度80℃、酸解时间3 h条件下,TiO₂浸出率可达90%,水解产物主要为锐钛型TiO₂,纯度达到74%,含有21.2%无定形SiO₂及少量其他杂质。SiO₂的存在提高了产物的比表面积、孔径,有利于活性组分的负载。以含钛高炉渣基TiO₂为原料制备的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂脱硝催化剂相比于以商业TiO₂和TiOSO₄制备的催化剂,在250～450℃具有更高的催化活性,且在300℃具有较好的抗硫抗水性能。     

改性氧化钛对羟乙基乙二胺水溶液解吸CO2的强化

羟乙基乙二胺（AEE）水溶液的CO₂循环吸收量高（1.2molCO₂/molAEE）,吸收速度快,稳定性好,但解吸速度慢、解吸量少（0.8mol CO₂/mol AEE）是限制该技术广泛应用的主要原因。本文通过向AEE水溶液中添加质量分数为0.05%～0.20%的改性氧化钛（TiO₂-MWCNT和TiO₂-OH）强化AEE的解吸能力。CO₂循环吸收（40℃）-解吸（120℃）实验结果表明改性氧化钛的添加比氧化钛强化CO₂解吸效果更好,强化顺序为TiO₂-MWCNT＞TiO₂-OH;其对应的最大解吸速率分别为0.093L/min（质量分数0.15%）和0.083L/min（质量分数0.20%）,相对于AEE水溶液,分别提高了32.9%和18.6%;其对应的最大解吸量分别为0.92molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.15%）和0.88molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.20%）,分别提高了12.2%和9.7%;其对应的CO₂循环吸收量分别是0.95molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.15%）和0.89molCO₂/molAEE（质量分数0.15%）,分别提高了18.75%和11.25%;5次循环吸收解吸实验结果表明改性氧化钛强化CO₂解吸效果稳定,具有较强的化学稳定性。对反应后的改性氧化钛进行XRD、BET、FTIR和SEM表征,结果表明改性氧化钛具有较强的结构稳定性。TiO₂-MWCNT和TiO₂-OH在促进有机胺溶液解吸CO₂方面具有一定的工业应用潜力。     

羧酸改性钛白粉促进光固化研究

采用油酸对商用二氧化钛进行表面改性,通过 X-射线光电子能谱仪（ XPS）、红外光谱（FT-IR）和 X射线粉末衍射分析（ XRD）对改性后的 TiO₂粒子进行了结构表征,并借助热重分析测定了改性剂的含量。采用光差示扫描量热法（ photo-DSC）研究了无机膜保护型 TiO₂、去包膜型 TiO₂、油酸改性 TiO₂和三甲基苯甲酰二苯基氧化膦（ TPO）对丙烯酸酯光聚合动力学的影响。结果表明：油酸改性的 TiO₂与无机膜保护的 TiO₂和去包膜的 TiO₂相比,能在空气中引发丙烯酸酯的光聚合,并能增强以 TPO为光引发剂的丙烯酸酯的光聚合,从而在相同固化效果下,可减少小分子光引发剂的添加,降低残留。本研究为后续紫外光（UV）固化白色涂料、油墨固化不完善等问题提供了解决途径。     

氮掺杂TiO2/壳聚糖复合膜吸附和光降解染料

氮掺杂二氧化钛/壳聚糖(CS)复合膜是一种有前途的有机染料废水处理材料,相对于传统的废水处理材料更具优势。在模拟太阳光照射下,用氮掺杂二氧化钛/壳聚糖(CS)复合膜对有机染料甲基橙溶液进行降解,通过吸附和光催化的双重作用,甲基橙的降解率可达99%。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对复合膜进行了表征,并通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分析表明其壳聚糖中活性官能团 NH₂, OH在氮掺杂TiO₂ 复合膜中同时存在。研究表明,氮掺杂二氧化钛/壳聚糖(CS)复合膜是一种高效节能的污水处理材料。     

The effect of Pt on the photocatalytic degradation pathway of methylene blue over TiO2 under ambient conditions

The high performance photocatalytic TiO₂ films were successfully obtained by a galvanostatic anodization of metallic titanium using the optimum anodization condition, subsequent to pre-nitridation treatment. The optimized anodization parameters on the formation of high photocatalytic TiO₂ film were investigated. The pre-nitridation treatment was performed by annealing metallic Ti under a nitrogen atmosphere of 0.1 MPa. The anodized TiO₂ film showed the high photocatalytic activities to decompose not only gaseous acetaldehyde but also tetrachloroethylene, which revealed that the anodized TiO₂ film is a possible candidate of the photocatalyst for environmental purifications comparable to the best photocatalyst of fine crystalline powder.     

TiO2–g-C3N4/BMMS光催化氧化脱硫催化剂

为了提高TiO₂的光催化氧化脱硫(PODS)活性,利用负载和复合的协同作用,将TiO₂与g-C₃N₄复合,并负载于双介孔二氧化硅(BMMS)上,制备了TiO₂–g-C₃N₄/BMMS。以含二苯并噻吩(DBT)的十二烷溶液为模拟油,评价了催化剂的催化性能;优化了反应条件并提出了催化反应机理。结果表明:TiO₂–g-C₃N₄/BMMS具有明显的双介孔结构,TiO₂与g-C₃N₄已实现复合并负载于BMMS上,TiO₂–g-C₃N₄活性组分在载体上分散良好,与单一TiO₂相比对光的吸收能力增强,催化活性有明显提高,优化后的反应条件为,催化剂用量3%(质量分数),O/S摩尔比为10:1,萃取剂与模拟油体积比为1:1,此时脱硫率可达96.6%,且重复使用8次后脱硫率仍保持85%以上,PODS过程中的主要活性中间物种是·O₂^–和h⁺。     

不同物相TiO2对H2O2/O3氧化效能的影响

研究了不同物相TiO₂对H₂O₂/O₃氧化效能的影响,目标有机物为羟基自由基探针化合物乙酸。结果表明,在初始pH为7.0和10.0时,加入TiO₂反而降低了H₂O₂/O₃的氧化效率,其中锐钛矿TiO₂比金红石TiO₂的减弱作用更为明显。当初始pH为3.0时,金红石TiO₂能显著提高H₂O₂/O₃的氧化效率,但锐钛矿TiO₂影响不明显。机理分析表明,H₂O₂浓度及其衰减速率与乙酸的去除效率有很大的相关性。在pH为7.0和10.0时,两种物相TiO₂均能加快H₂O₂的分解,其中锐钛矿TiO₂作用更为显著。此条件下HO₂^-能有效引发臭氧分解产生羟基自由基,故H₂O₂过快分解反而降低了乙酸的去除效果。在pH为3.0时,H₂O₂去质子化反应困难,故O₃/H₂O₂氧化效率极低,H₂O₂浓度也几乎不变。加入TiO₂能明显提高H₂O₂的分解速率,相比金红石TiO₂,锐钛矿TiO₂使H₂O₂在5 min内基本分解完毕,但其对H₂O₂/O₃氧化效率几乎没有影响。饱和臭氧水分解速度的批处理实验也有相似的结果。由此可见,合适引发剂浓度可能是保证臭氧类高级氧化技术较高效率的关键,否则只会导致氧化剂的无效过快分解。利用氯化硝基四氮唑蓝法对比分析了酸性条件下H₂O₂/O₃、锐钛矿TiO₂/H₂O₂/O₃和金红石TiO₂/H₂O₂/O₃体系产生超氧自由基(·O₂^-)的量,其大小顺序为:H₂O₂/O₃< 金红石TiO₂/H₂O₂/O₃< 锐钛矿TiO₂/H₂O₂/O₃,这与前面结果吻合很好。     

钇沉积的二氧化钛-SBA-15纳米催化剂制备及其应用

近年来,二氧化钛被广泛应用于污水处理领域。为合理改善二氧化钛在光催化应用中的缺陷,提高二氧化钛的使用范围,首先采用水热法制备了介孔型分子筛SBA-15,将二氧化钛沉积到介孔型分子筛上,再通过硝酸钇的浸渍将不同质量的钇沉积到分子筛上,制备出新型光催化剂钇-二氧化钛-SBA-15（Y-TiO₂-SBA-15）。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、元素分析仪（EDS）、傅里叶红外光谱仪（FT-IR）和氮气吸附-脱附等对催化剂进行分析,并以甲基橙溶液为目标降解物考察了催化剂在不同条件下对甲基橙的的光降解能力。结果表明:在溶液pH=4且采用300 W氙灯照射140 min条件下,甲基橙脱色效果明显,降解率为93.1%。     

Dye sensitized artificial photosynthesis in the gas phase over thin and thick TiO2 films under UV and visible light irradiation

Perylene diimide based organic sensitizers capable of electron generation under illumination were used to initiate gas phase photo reduction reactions on TiO₂ thin and thick film surfaces. For comparison [Ru(Bpy)₃]²⁺ dye sensitizers were also studied. The photo reduction of CO₂ was carried out under static conditions in the gas phase. TiO₂ films were coated on hollow glass beads via a sol–gel procedure. Pt was incorporated on the films either by adding the precursor salt in the sol, Pt(in), or by wet impregnation of calcined film with an aqueous solution of the precursor salt, Pt(on). Organic sensitizers were incorporated on the films by wet impregnation of the film from an aqueous solution. Under UV illumination, the methane yields of platinized TiO₂ thin films decreased in the following order: Pt(on)·TiO₂ > Pt(in)·TiO₂ > TiO₂. The presence of organic sensitizers inhibited the catalytic activity of pure and platinized TiO₂ thick films under UV illumination. The relative enhancement of the reaction yields in the presence of the organic sensitizer under visible light illumination depended on the presence of Pt as well as the incorporation method of Pt in the TiO₂ structure. The reaction yields were better when Pt was impregnated on the TiO₂ film than when Pt was incorporated in the Ti sol. On the other hand, pure or platinized TiO₂ under visible light illumination was totally inactive indicating the role of the organic dye in generating catalytically active electrons under visible light.     

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of the cationic surfactant dodecylpyridinum chloride

The photodegradation has been studied of the cationic surfactant N-dodecylpyridinum chloride (N-DPCl) in aqueous heterogeneous dispersions of semiconducting catalyst particles (TiO₂, TiO₂/Pt and ZnO). The photooxidation was followed by UV spectrophotometry and surface tension measurements. The photodegradation approximates first order kinetics and is discussed on the basis of a simple phenomenological model. The degradation rate is almost identical for TiO₂ and ZnO and higher than that for TiO₂/Pt. A high mineralization yield is obtained from measurements of CO₂ evolution, while an increase in the surface tension is observed. Pyridinum ring breakage, which is known to proceed with difficulty, is also indicated by the presence of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ ions.     

基于TiO2溶胶杂化的分子筛炭膜制备及其结构与性能

以聚酰亚胺为前体,TiO₂溶胶为掺杂剂,经成膜和炭化制得杂化炭膜。采用热失重、电子显微镜、X-射线衍射、红外光谱和渗透法对前体的热性能、炭膜的微观形貌、微结构、表面官能团和气体分离性进行了表征。考察了TiO₂溶胶用量、渗透温度和渗透压力对炭膜的结构与性能影响。结果显示,掺杂TiO₂溶胶显著提高了最终炭膜渗透性和选择性;采用TiO₂溶胶量为10%前体所制备的杂化炭膜对H₂、CO₂、O₂渗透性分别为1993.8、1555.6、266.9 Barrer,同时H₂/N₂、CO₂/N₂、O₂/N₂选择性分别为93.6、73.0、12.5。     

Preparation and characterization of TiO2–SiO2 nano-composite thin films

TiO₂ nanocrystalline particles dispersed in SiO₂ have been prepared by the sol-gel method using titanium- and silicon-alkoxides as precursors. Nano-composite thin films were formed on the glass substrates by dip-coating technique and heat treated at temperatures up to 500 °C for 1 h. The size of the TiO₂ nanocrystalline particles in the TiO₂–SiO₂ solution ranged from 5 to 8 nm. The crystalline structure of TiO₂ powders was identified as the anatase phase. As the content of SiO₂ increased, the anatase phase tended to be stabilized to higher temperature. TEM results revealed the presence of spherical TiO₂ particles dispersed in a disk-shaped glassy matrix. Photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂–SiO₂ (1:1) thin films showed decomposition of 95% of methylene blue solution in 2 h and a contact angle of 10°. The photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue increased and the contact angle decreased with the content of TiO₂ phase. TiO₂–SiO₂ with the molar ratio of 1:1 showed a reasonable combination of adhesion, film strength, and the photocatalytic activity.