垂直受热通道内汽液两相流压降的测定与估算

本文应用带扩大室及毛细管的U管压差计对垂直受热通道内汽液两相流压降进行了测定,作出了实测压降及实测液体循环质量流速与热通量的关系曲线。同时,针对不同结构尺寸的受热通道,利用实测的有效加热功率及液体循环流量数值对汽液两相流压降进行了计算,计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

分体管壳式余热锅炉内摩擦及局部压降

通过搭建可视化分体管壳式余热锅炉实验平台,对其下部管壳内汽液两相横向冲刷水平管束时摩擦及局部压降的计算进行了研究。在测量竖直上升管内截面含汽率时,将粒子图像测速（PIV）技术与传统压差法相结合,针对上升管中出现的泡状流型,给出了计算截面含汽率的新方法;在竖直上升管内定义了一种泡状-段塞流的新流型,并分析得出将质量含汽率x=10^-4作为区分泡状流与泡状-段塞流的边界。根据汽液两相横向冲刷管束时摩擦压降与局部压降类似的产生规律,将两者作为整体分析,通过借鉴Chisholm计算方法对实验数据进行处理,重点对汽液两相横向冲刷管束时摩擦及局部压降的计算进行研究,得到了可用于计算摩擦及局部压降的关联式。对所得实验数据验证计算后发现,误差在±20%以内,能够较好地满足工程计算需要。     

垂直管道浸取器的空气升液研究

以内径为２４ｍｍ的垂直管道浸取器的一根上行管为升液管，用水和５５￣６５目河砂配成各种浓度的悬浮液做冷模试验。在水的表面流速为０．１５￣０．６５ｍ／ｓ空气表观流速为０．０５￣２．１５ｍ／ｓ，固相质量分率为０￣１５％，以及充气高度为２．２８０￣３．３７９ｍ的实验范围内，观察了空气升液器的运行情况，测定了扬程、效率，还比较了进气孔径的影响。本文结合垂直管道浸取器的特点，引入气相滞留率和摩擦压力降模型，并     

Y形气-液顶吹喷枪流型及两相流混合特性实验

贫化电炉气液顶吹喷枪是一种独特的垂直下降管,其一端Y形通入气液两相,一端直接通入熔池中进行喷吹作业。本文采用多相流水模型模拟仿真的实验手段进行了定量分析,结果表明：不同于传统的垂直下降管,这种顶吹喷枪的管内流型受气液相间压差的影响,产生了一种由环状流过渡为泡状流的流型,不同流型的分布区域与压差的大小有关并且稳定存在;在支管与主管的交叉区域,对于不同的气液比存在3种气液混合相分界面,并各自产生不同的流型;浸没式顶吹气泡群形态在不同的管内流型驱动下有较大差异,表现在深度及宽度两个方面,并证明了气液比为2～5间的生产效果是最佳的。     

管内气液两相流动的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量

提出了绕流圆柱压差-涡轮联合测量气液两相流的方法,研究了管内气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量特性。以计算机为检测手段,进行了容积含气率分别为0、0.3、0.5、0.8和1.0两相流工况的测量,在分析实验数据的基础上,建立了气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量方程,获得了气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量方程的特性。     

倾斜管柱气液两相流持液率计算方法研究

倾斜管柱气液两相流持液率的计算方法在石油工业中具有重要地位。采用Beggs-Brill相关式、Mukherjee-Brill相关式、Eaton相关式和杜克勒Ⅱ相关式计算了倾斜管柱的持液率,通过实验手段测量相同气液体积流量下,不同角度的持液率数据,分析了上述4种计算式的准确性,发现Beggs-Brill相关式比较准确。对Beggs-Brill相关式进行了分析,发现当其他条件一定时,其计算的持液率关于管柱倾斜角度具有一定的对称性,对称轴为50°,倾斜角度为90°时和10°时计算的持液率相等,结合所测量的实验数据,做出曲线发现在倾斜角度在45°到60°之间持液率最大,倾斜角度为90°的持液率与为10°的持液率比较接近,同时持液率随角度的变化具有一定的对称性。     

低喷淋密度下P-S复合塔板的持液特性研究

填料-筛板复合塔板是一种被用于高气液比吸收处理过程的塔内构件,其持液量与液相停留时间对传质传热具有重要影响,为此进行了相关性能的研究.测定分析表明:P-S复合塔板的持液量可通过填料液膜区持液和浸润填料区持液两部分进行估算,停留时间可在实验基础上据模型计算.同时,在单因素实验条件下,P-S复合塔板的动持液量随喷淋密度的增...     

管内气液两相流动的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量

提出了绕流圆柱压差-涡轮联合测量气液两相流的方法,研究了管内气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量特性。以计算机为检测手段,进行了容积含气率分别为0、0.3、0.5、0.8和1.0两相流工况的测量,在分析实验数据的基础上,建立了气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量方程,获得了气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量方程的特性。     

管道内油水两相流动研究进展

综述了国内外有关圆管中油水两相流动过程中的流型、相转换的研究现状,并重点介绍了油水垂直两相流中液滴粒径及分布、持液率、压力降计算等方面的研究成果。同时分析了研究中所存在的问题并指出了今后的研究方向,为进一步开展油水两相流研究提供相关参考。     

气液两相并流体系气含率的表达式及其应用

本文基于气液两相分相流模型和动量守恒原理,并结合若干假定,建立了气液两相并流流动体系的气含率一般表达式,给出了由测定压降利用该表达式在确定管内气液垂直向下并流体系气含率中的应用,验证表明Ｈｉｌｌ提出的气液两相垂直向上并流流动体系的气含率表达工为本文建立一般公式当θ＝９０°时的特例。     

Hydrodynamics of a flowing gas-solids suspension in a tube at high angles of inclination

A study was made of pneumatic transport of particles of sand suspended in air in a 31.8 mm diameter Plexiglas tube inclined at either 72 or 90 degrees with respect to the horizontal plane. The solids holdup, pressure gradient and pressure drop fluctuations over a 4.55 m test section were measured as functions of the air velocity and the solids flux. Previously observed sudden changes in slope of plots of solids holdup versus solids flux at constant gas velocity in a vertical tube (Mok et al., 1989), which were identified as transition points between dilute and dense phases, were confirmed and extended to inclined tubes. Breaks were also found in plots of pressure drop fluctuations versus solids flux at constant gas velocity.     

立式螺旋管气液两相流摩擦阻力特性研究

分别以油 气、气 水为工质,对立式螺旋管内气液两相流的摩擦阻力特性进行实验研究。实验用螺旋管完全由内径为３９ｍｍ的有机玻璃管弯制而成,其螺旋直径２６５ｍｍ,全长４４９０ｍｍ。在对实验结果和前人有关研究进行分析的基础上,给出了两种流动条件下摩擦阻力的计算公式,并与实验结果进行了比较,两种流动条件下,预测值与实验数据的最大偏差分别在３０％和２０％之内。     

Study of vapor liquid two-phase frictional pressure drop in a vertical heated spirally internally ribbed tube

Experiments of vapor liquid two-phase frictional pressure drop of upward flow boiling in a smooth tube and in a spirally internally ribbed tube were conducted, respectively. The spirally internally ribbed tube has an outside diameter of 22 mm and an inside diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inside diameter of 11.6 mm) and the smooth tube has an outside diameter of 19 mm and an inside diameter of 15 mm. The test tubes were vertically installed and uniformly heated by electricity to achieve flow boiling test conditions. The available heated length of both test tubes is 2500 mm. The working fluids are water and kerosene, respectively. The experimental pressure is 6 bar for flow boiling of water and 3 bar for flow boiling of kerosene. The exit vapor quality of the test sections is about 0.3. The two-phase Reynolds number ranges from 8000 to 28,000. The experimental two-phase frictional pressure drops in the smooth tube are compared with the predicted results by the two-phase flow homogeneous model and the Friedel formula (Friedel, 1979. Improved friction pressure drop correlation for horizontal and vertical two-phase pipe flow. European Two-phase Flow Group Meeting, Ispra, Italy), respectively. It shows that the experimental results agree with the Friedel formula better than the two-phase flow homogenous model. By comparison, the two-phase frictional pressure drops in the spirally internally ribbed tube are 1.6-2.7 times greater than that in the smooth tube. A physical explanation of the increase of the two-phase frictional pressure drop in the spirally internally ribbed tube is given. According to the two-phase flow homogeneous model, a correlation of two-phase friction factor is proposed for the spirally internally ribbed tube and it is applicable to pressures up to 6 bar.     

Liquid dispersion,gas holdup and frictional pressure drop in a packed bubble column at elevated pressures

The gas holdup, frictional pressure drop and liquid dispersion have been investigated in a packed bubble column at elevated pressures for the air–water system. The bubble column, which had an internal diameter of 0.15 m and which was packed with 15 mm plastic Pall rings was operated in the semibatch mode. The operating pressures ranged from 0.1 to 0.66 MPa. It was found that increasing the pressure increases both the gas holdup and the dispersion coefficient. In contradiction to the results obtained from packed bubble columns fed with a continuous net flow of liquid, a maximum point of the frictional pressure drop was observed at the transition point between bubble and pulse flow region.     

固液分布器中主分布器的实验研究

在不同结构形式的主分布器条件下，研究了表观液速对换热管中固含率、下管箱内床层高度、静压降及平均固含率的影响。利用体积容积法测量了换热管束中的固含率、刻度尺测量了下管箱中的床层高度、U形管测量了下管箱的静压降，并运用差压法测量了下管箱中平均固含率。采用不均匀度函数衡量了不同结构条件下管束间固含率的不均匀程度。实验结果表明：在换热管下方增加优化后的主分布器可以均匀分布固液两相；主分布器直径变化时对下管箱内流动特性的影响大于主分布器轴向位置改变时的影响。     

Studies on cocurrent gas-liquid flow in helically coiled tubes. I. Flow patterns,pressure drop and holdup

The effects of tube diameter, coil diameter, helix angle and liquid viscosity on flow patterns, pressure drop and holdup for cocurrent gas-liquid flow in helically coiled tubes have been investigated. Nine coils of varying coil diameter and helix angle have been used with liquids of three different viscosities and air at varying pressures. The effect of tube diameter on pressure drop and holdup was determined by using tubes of diameters up to 2-in. Flow patterns were adequately predicted for all the systems by Baker's plot. Small helix angles were found to have no effect on pressure drop or holdup in coiled tubes. Both pressure drop and holdup could be adequately correlated using the Lockhart-Martinelli approach with modified correlating parameters.     

Vertical two-phase flow: Part II. Holdup and pressure drop

Two-phase gas-liquid flow has been investigated in a 1-inch internal diameter vertical tube coil containing two risers and a downcomer all connected by “U” bends. Pressure drop, holdup and flow pattern data were successfully obtained simultaneously in the three vertical tubes, each 17.30 ft. long, for five different air-liquid systems at about 25 psia and 50°F-80°F over flow ranges of 0–700 lb_m air/min-ft² and 140--25300 lb_m liquid/min-ft². Pressure drops and liquid holdups were plotted against gas volume flowrate with liquid flowrate as a parameter. From these plots it was found that for a combination of an increase in liquid viscosity and density, and a decrease in surface tension, the frictional pressure drop increased in down flow and decreased in upflow. Holdup, on the other hand, increased for both types of vertical flow with respect to the same combination of parameters. The Lockhart-Martinelli scheme was satisfactory in correlating frictional pressure drop and holdup in all the flow regimes except the frothy-slug regime in upflow. In downflow however, the Lockhart-Martinelli scheme met with limited success because of a strong influence of liquid flowrate, physical properties and pipe orientation. Holdup in the falling film and falling bubbly film regimes in downflow were satisfactorily treated by the drift flux approach which emphasizes the relative motion of the two phases.     

An Analysis of Pressure Drop and Holdup for Liquid‐Liquid Upflow through Vertical Pipes

The present study has attempted to investigate pressure drop and holdup during simultaneous flow of two liquids through a vertical pipe. The liquids selected were kerosene and water. The measurements were made for phase velocities varying from 0.05–1.2 m/s for both liquids. The pressure drop was measured with a differential pressure transducer while the quick closing valve (QCV) technique was adopted for the measurement of liquid holdup. The measured holdup and pressure drop were analyzed with suitable theoretical models according to the existing flow patterns. The analysis reveals that the homogeneous model is suitable for dispersed bubbly flow whereas bubbly and churn‐turbulent flow pattern is better predicted by the drift flux model. On the other hand, the two fluid flow model accurately predicts the pressure drop in core annular flow.     

R410A-油混合物在7 mm直强化管和C形强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降特性

实验研究了环保制冷工质R410A-润滑油混合物在直强化管和C形强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降特性。实验测试管为内螺纹强化管,外径为7.0 mm。实验工况的蒸发温度为5℃,质流密度为200～400 kg·m-2·s-1,热流密度为7.56～15.1 kW·m-2,入口干度为0.1～0.7,平均油浓度为0～5%。实验结果表明,R410A-油混合物在直强化管和C形强化管内流动沸腾的摩擦压降随平均油浓度和质流密度的增大而增大。基于混合物性开发了R410A-油混合物在直强化管和C形强化管内流动沸腾的压降关联式。直强化管内的摩擦压降关联式与97%以上的实验数据的偏差均在±10%以内;C形强化管内的摩擦压降关联式与95％的实验数据的误差在±15％以内。     

水平微细管内CO2流动沸腾压降特性

对CO₂在内径1.5 mm水平微细管内流动沸腾换热摩擦压降特性进行了实验研究。实验工况：热通量（7.5～30 kW·m^-2）、质量流率（300～600 kg·m^-2·s^-1）、饱和温度（-40～0℃）。实验结果表明：热通量的增加对摩擦压降影响很小,几乎为零;质量流率是影响摩擦压降的最主要因素;随着饱和温度的升高摩擦压降减小;干度对摩擦压降影响主要由管内流型变化导致。将实测摩擦压降变化趋势绘制于CO₂流态图中,比较发现理论预测摩擦压降最大值落在环状流末端区域。实验过程中对各个工况管内流态进行可视化研究,理论分析所采用的流态形式与实际CO₂在微细通道内所具有的流态类型基本一致。