纳米材料在电化学生物传感器方面的研究进展与应用

电化学生物传感器是一种利用生物体对特定物质进行选择性识别而开发出的新型化学传感器,它的设计巧妙、构型新颖、用途多样。近年来,为了提高传感器的灵敏度,增加其检测速度,使传感器的稳定性提高并缩小体积,基于纳米材料开发的电化学生物传感器成为分析领域的热点。本文着重介绍纳米材料在电化学生物传感器上的研究与应用。     

基于纳米材料的生物传感器在食品安全检测中的应用研究

食品安全是保障民生安全、社会稳定发展的重要问题,而食品安全检测是确保食品安全和食品质量的关键.食品安全检测重要包括对食品中致病微生物、农药残留、有毒有害物质等的检测.近几年来,三聚氰胺、瘦肉精、苏丹红等引发食品安全问题的事件频发,精确可靠的检测手段成为目前食品安全方面最为关注的问题.基于纳米材料的生物传感器具有高灵敏、...     

碳纳米复合材料在电化学生物传感器中的应用

碳纳米材料以其优异的导电特性和机械特性及极佳的生物相容性而引起研究者的极大兴趣,在电化学生物传感器的开发和研究中极具应用价值。碳纳米材料在电化学生物传感器方面的应用主要是将碳纳米材料作为传感器界面的修饰材料、生物分子的固载基质以及信号标记物等。文章综述了碳纳米材料在电化学生物传感器中的应用,并展望了未来碳纳米材料的研究方向。     

TiO2复合纳米材料在电化学酶传感器中的应用

近年来,生物传感器逐渐普及到各领域,如食品检测、生物医疗、化学分析等。随着纳米技术领域的快速发展,通过将各种纳米技术应用到电化学酶传感器,促进电化学酶传感器向全新方向发展。目前,纳米材料具有表面效应、小尺寸效应、量子尺寸效应等特征,与其他材料相比较,其具有光、磁、电等突出表现。在生物传感器方面,要求电极材料具有良好的导电性和相容性,能同步负载大量的生物酶分子,提高生物酶分子与电极间的传递效率,缩短效应时间,提高传感器的灵敏度,从而实现传感器性能最佳化。     

电化学生物传感器在检测癌症标志物中的应用进展

对电化学生物传感器作为一种新兴的癌症早期诊断技术进行了总结,回顾过去,讨论针对多种癌症生物标志物的电化学生物传感器的最新进展,以应对电化学生物传感器当前在检测不同类型癌症生物标志物方面面临的挑战。     

纳米材料修饰电化学传感器应用研究进展

电化学传感器凭借其样品用量少、稳定性好、环境污染小等优势,在生物检测、环境监测等方面有着广泛的应用。而纳米技术作为21世纪最前沿的两个技术之一,为电化学传感器的发展注入了新的活力。纳米材料凭借其大的比表面积、优异的催化能力与高灵敏度为新型电化学传感器的发展提供了基础。本文主要介绍了纳米材料修饰电化学传感器技术及其应用。     

水滑石纳米材料特性及其在电化学生物传感器方面的应用

阐述了水滑石纳米材料结构和性能之间的关系及近年来水滑石纳米材料在电化学生物传感器方面应用的最新进展。重点介绍了水滑石纳米材料在吸附生物酶制备电化学传感器、水滑石纳米片固定生物酶制备电化学传感器、水滑石纳米片固定其它活性组分制备电化学传感器、水滑石自构筑电化学传感器等方面的应用。着重对水滑石纳米材料制备电化学传感器的机理和制备方法进行了系统概述。提出了水滑石纳米材料构筑电化学生物传感器应用研究的发展趋势：对水滑石纳米材料进行多层、多组分、微型化和阵列化等多样化设计,指出高选择性和高灵敏度检测是未来新型电化学生物传感器应用研究的主要发展方向。     

电化学生物传感器的应用

电化学生物传感器是在科学与技术综合化发展进程中产生的交叉学科,涉及电化学、生物学、光学、医学、电子技术及热学等众多学科。电化学生物传感器在生物医学、环境监测、食品科学、医药工业等众多领域得到了广泛的应用。     

离子液体在电化学生物传感器中的应用

介绍了新型材料离子液体的组成及性质,从室温离子液体的碳电极、Sol-Gel材料和聚合物材料等几方面介绍了离子液体在电化学生物传感器中的应用。     

纳米材料在生物工程中的应用

纳米材料在生物传感器、人造器官、疾病分析与治疗、组织修复移植和药物控释载体等方面均有突出的贡献,纳米材料在生物工程方面的研究是当前材料领域研究的热点。主要介绍了纳米材料在生物传感器、人造器官和疾病的诊断方面的应用,概述了纳米材料在生物工程研究和应用实例。     

Gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors

The unique properties of gold nanoparticles to provide a suitable microenvironment for biomolecules immobilization retaining their biological activity, and to facilitate electron transfer between the immobilized proteins and electrode surfaces, have led to an intensive use of this nanomaterial for the construction of electrochemical biosensors with enhanced analytical performance with respect to other biosensor designs. Recent advances in this field are reviewed in this article. The advantageous operational characteristics of the biosensing devices designed making use of gold nanoparticles are highlighted with respect to non-nanostructured biosensors and some illustrative examples are commented. Electrochemical enzyme biosensors including those using hybrid materials with carbon nanotubes and polymers, sol-gel matrices, and layer-by-layer architectures are considered. Moreover, electrochemical immunosensors in which gold nanoparticles play a crucial role in the electrode transduction enhancement of the affinity reaction as well as in the efficiency of immunoreagents immobilization in a stable mode are reviewed. Similarly, recent advances in the development of DNA biosensors using gold nanoparticles to improve DNA immobilization on electrode surfaces and as suitable labels to improve detection of hybridization events are considered. Finally, other biosensors designed with gold nanoparticles oriented to electrically contact redox enzymes to electrodes by a reconstitution process and to the study of direct electron transfer between redox proteins and electrode surfaces have also been treated.     

Tailor-made nanomaterials designed by electrochemical methods

We have developed different electrochemical procedures for the production of nanostructured bulk metals, catalyst particles and metal oxides with variable crystallite sizes. The crystallite size of the nanoparticles can be controlled by the variation of the physical and chemical process parameters. Efficient and inexpensive catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells were prepared using pulsed electrodeposition (PED) and DC-plating procedures. The advantage of these techniques is the site-selective deposition of Pt and PtRu catalysts on the carbon support. Large amounts of nanostructured metal oxides with different crystallite sizes can be prepared with our EDOC process (electrochemical deposition under oxidizing conditions) which is based on the reduction of metal ions generated from the anodic dissolution of a sacrificial anode with subsequent oxidation of the formed metal clusters. For these nanomaterials we also discuss the physical properties (e.g. thermal stability, catalytic activity).     

微纳米流控芯片传感器研究及其在环境检测中的应用

与传统生物传感器相比,微纳米流体生物传感器在减少样品使用剂量,实现高通量、快速检测、特异性检测,以及简化实验操作等方面都显示出无可比拟的优越性。本文所涉及的微纳米的生物传感器大体上可以分成两大类:第一类是常规的微纳米流控生物传感器(简称微流控芯片),通常以硅、玻璃以及高分子聚合物作为基材;第二类则是最近兴起的试纸条生物传感器,其基材为纸质。本文从以下几方面对当前微流体生物传感器的研究与应用进行总结:微流体生物传感器的基本理论,材料特征与制作工艺方面,以及在环境监测领域的典型性应用,最后对基于各种不同工艺技术制作的微流体生物传感器在技术方面的难点和应用上的局限性进行简要分析。     

Fabrication of free-standing graphene composite films as electrochemical biosensors

We report a simple fabrication method for large-scale free-standing graphene–gold nanoparticle and graphene-single wall carbon nanotube composite films by using a centrifugal vacuum evaporation followed by a thermal reduction process. The homogeneous mixture of a graphene oxide (GO) suspension with gold nanoparticle (Au NP) or single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is self-assembled at the air/liquid interface, resulting in the multilayered GO–Au NP and GO–SWCNT composite films. The cross-sectional image reveals that the graphene layers are orderly stacked in the reduced GO–Au NP film, while the reduced GO–SWCNT film shows a randomly packed morphology due to the dominant π–π interaction between the side wall of SWCNTs and the GO surfaces. In particular, the reduced GO–Au NP film shows an increased electrode kinetics and cyclic voltammetric response in proportion to the amount of Au NPs, and 3-fold enhancement of anodic peak current was observed compared with that of the reduced GO films. We employed the reduced GO–Au NP film as a matrix to immobilize tyrosinase enzyme for phenol detection, and the phenol-induced electrochemical catalytic reaction can be monitored with 3-fold higher sensitivity than the reduced GO film, demonstrating great potential of graphene composite as an electrochemical enzyme biosensor for environmental pollutant screening.     

Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of phenazine polymers for application in biosensors

A comparative investigation has been undertaken of the electrosynthesis and electrochemical properties of three different electroactive polymers on carbon film electrode substrates: poly(neutral red) from the phenazine dye neutral red, and poly(methylene green) and poly(methylene blue), from the corresponding phenothiazine dyes. The formation of the radical cation at different potentials and the chemical structures of the monomers both influence the electropolymerisation process of the three polyaromatic dyes. Of the three, poly(neutral red) is shown to have the best adhesion at carbon film electrodes. The influence of the electrolyte and pH on film growth and on electrochemical properties was investigated. The formal potential decreased linearly with increase in pH, in the pH range from 1 to 7 for all three polymers. The modified electrodes were also characterised by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The bulk and interfacial characteristics of the two phenothiazine polymers were similar and oxygen-dependent, but different to those of the phenazine polymer, poly(neutral red), which were not significantly influenced by the presence of oxygen in solution. Perspectives for use in electrochemical biosensors are indicated.     

基于多酸复合物的电化学生物传感器在食品分析中的研究进展

多金属氧酸盐（POMs）具有结构和组成多样性的优点，在电化学生物传感器领域被认为是一类颇具前景的功能性阴离子电极修饰材料。通过将POMs与碳基材料、贵金属和金属有机框架等纳米材料复合形成多酸复合物，可以克服其导电能力差和比表面积小的缺陷，将进一步拓展POMs在电化学生物传感器领域的应用范围。该文综述了近年来基于POMs基复合物电化学生物传感器的构建方法，以及POMs基复合物在食品分析领域中的研究进展，并探讨了POMs基复合物未来的挑战和发展前景。将POMs基复合物制备与电化学生物传感器构建这两项技术不断融合将逐渐提升相关传感器的检测性能。     

基于多酸复合物的电化学生物传感器在食品分析中的研究进展

多金属氧酸盐（简称多酸,POMs）具有结构和组成多样、性能独特的优点,在电化学生物传感器领域被认为是一类很有前景的阴离子材料。将POMs与碳基材料、贵金属和金属有机框架等纳米材料制备成多酸复合物,可改善其导电能力和比表面积低等缺陷,并增强其电催化性能,使之在电化学生物传感器领域应用范围扩大。本文综述了近五年多酸复合物的电化学生物传感器的类型与制备方法,以及在食品分析领域中的研究进展,并讨论了其未来挑战和发展前景。     

Smart electrochemical biosensors: From advanced materials to ultrasensitive devices

The specificity, simplicity, and inherent miniaturization afforded by advances in modern electronics have allowed electrochemical sensors to rival the most advanced optical protocols. One major obstacle in implementing electrochemistry for studying biomolecular reaction is its inadequate sensitivity. Recent reports however showed unprecedented sensitivities for biomolecular recognition using enhanced electronic amplification provided by new classes of electrode materials (e.g. carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, and quantum dots). Biosensor technology is one area where recent advances in nanomaterials are pushing the technological limits of electrochemical sensitivities, thus allowing for the development of new sensor chemistries and devices. This work focuses on our recent work, based on metal-enhanced electrochemical detection, and those of others in combining advanced nanomaterials with electrochemistry for the development of smart sensors for proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and cancer cells.     

Bioelectrochemical interface engineering: toward the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors, biofuel cells, and self-powered logic biosensors

Over the past decade, researchers have devoted considerable attention to the integration of living organisms with electronic elements to yield bioelectronic devices. Not only is the integration of DNA, enzymes, or whole cells with electronics of scientific interest, but it has many versatile potential applications. Researchers are using these ideas to fabricate biosensors for analytical applications and to assemble biofuel cells (BFCs) and biomolecule-based devices. Other research efforts include the development of biocomputing systems for information processing. In this Account, we focus on our recent progress in engineering at the bioelectrochemical interface (BECI) for the rational design and construction of important bioelectronic devices, ranging from electrochemical (EC-) biosensors to BFCs, and self-powered logic biosensors. Hydrogels and sol-gels provide attractive materials for the immobilization of enzymes because they make EC-enzyme biosensors stable and even functional in extreme environments. We use a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technique to fabricate multicomponent thin films on the BECI at the nanometer scale. Additionally, we demonstrate how carbon nanomaterials have paved the way for new and improved EC-enzyme biosensors. In addition to the widely reported BECI-based electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-type aptasensors, we integrate the LBL technique with our previously developed "solid-state probe" technique for redox probes immobilization on electrode surfaces to design and fabricate BECI-based differential pulse voltammetry (DPV)-type aptasensors. BFCs can directly harvest energy from ambient biofuels as green energy sources, which could lead to their application as simple, flexible, and portable power sources. Porous materials provide favorable microenvironments for enzyme immobilization, which can enhance BFC power output. Furthermore, by introducing aptamer-based logic systems to BFCs, such systems could be applied as self-powered and intelligent aptasensors for the logic detection. We have developed biocomputing keypad lock security systems which can be also used for intelligent medical diagnostics. BECI engineering provides a simple but effective approach toward the design and fabrication of EC-biosensors, BFCs, and self-powered logic biosensors, which will make essential contributions in the development of creative and practical bioelectronic devices. The exploration of novel interface engineering applications and the creation of new fabrication concepts or methods merit further attention.