浮法玻璃窑炉用燃料及其烟气污染物排放特性与治理技术分析

浮法玻璃制造业是一个高能耗行业,在生产过程中使用大量气体燃料、液体燃料、固体粉状燃料。目前,玻璃窑炉使用的主要燃料有天然气、发生炉煤气、石油焦粉和重油等。由于各燃料的组成、燃烧特性差异很大,对烟气污染物的形成有重要的影响。对浮法玻璃窑炉用燃料及其烟气污染物排放特性进行有效分析与梳理,对治理烟气污染物技术与方法的列举,可为其烟气污染物治理技术的选择提供参考。     

顶烧/侧烧燃烧方式对全氧燃烧玻纤窑炉温度场流场影响的数值模拟研究

为优化全氧玻纤窑炉燃烧系统,提高窑炉传热效率,本文采用数值模拟方法探究了全氧燃烧玻纤窑炉顶烧与侧烧两种燃烧方式对燃烧空间温度场、烟气流场、玻璃液温度场和传热效率的影响。结果表明：顶烧窑炉火焰聚集,燃烧空间温度差异明显,侧烧窑炉火焰在窑长方向上均匀分布,燃烧空间整体温度高于顶烧窑炉;侧烧方式对大碹和胸墙耐火材料高温侵蚀程度更高的可能性更大;侧烧窑炉高温烟气在燃烧空间中停留时间延长有利于烟气与燃烧空间内气流和耐火材料进行热交换,统计得到侧烧窑炉出口烟气平均温度更低;侧烧窑炉玻璃液沿窑宽方向上温度分布较均匀,顶烧玻璃液平均温度为1 531℃,高于侧烧玻璃液平均温度1 523℃;顶烧窑炉传热效率为52.3%,侧烧窑炉传热效率为51.9%,顶烧窑炉和侧烧窑炉采用相同天然气供应量、电助熔功率、玻璃液熔化量条件下,顶烧窑炉中喷枪火焰直接作用到玻璃液和配合料层,传热效率更高。     

玻璃窑炉全氧燃烧节能率理论探讨

玻璃窑炉全氧燃烧是玻璃工业发展方向,全氧燃烧的优势在于减少烟气及烟气中氮氧化物的排放,节约能源,在不考虑制氧消耗能源的基础上,一般认为全氧燃烧与普通空气燃烧相比,节约燃料30%以上,本文重点对全氧玻璃窑炉节能率进行理论探讨。     

玻璃熔窑SCR烟气脱硝技术探究

针对目前SCR烟气脱硝的研究和应用现状,分析了玻璃熔窑的主要烟气特点以及燃料种类对玻璃熔窑烟气工况的影响。玻璃熔窑在进行SCR脱硝时,应结合玻璃窑炉燃烧温度、原料组成、燃料种类以及烟气工况来选择SCR催化剂种类,根据SCR催化剂基体和改性特点,合理选择减排工艺,满足国家排放要求,降低生产成本。     

耐火材料燃气窑炉的氮氧化物减排技术研究

为降低工业燃气窑炉的NO_x排放浓度,寻找适合耐火材料燃气窑炉的氮氧化物减排的解决方案,开展了对实验室1 m~3高温梭式窑(1 800℃)和生产企业的耐火材料燃气高温隧道窑的低氮氧燃烧技术与烟气干法催化吸附的试验研究,以及对烟气组成的实测与分析。结果表明:采用低NO_x预混型高速燃烧器可从源头减少NO_x生成,燃烧产物喷出速度在100 m·s~(-1)以上,能显著降低高温燃气窑炉NO_x排放浓度,实现过程减排(减排量40%),减除投资和运行费用较高的烟气脱硝负担;对于使用温度1 400℃以下的燃气窑炉使用此技术NO_x排放浓度100 mg·m~(-3);对于使用温度1 400℃以上的燃气窑炉通过源头控制、过程减排,使烟气中NO_x显著降低,末端治理再采用无机复合固体吸附剂干法催化吸附技术,可以在相对比较低的投入条件下取得理想的减排效果,NO_x排放浓度50 mg·m~(-3),实现了NO_x超低排放的要求。     

玻璃熔窑中天然气/氢气混合燃料的燃烧过程仿真研究

推动硅酸盐材料制造过程的低碳排放对于实现碳达峰、碳中和总体战略目标意义重大。本工作以平板玻璃窑炉为基础，采用数值模拟方法开展氢能在玻璃窑炉中应用的基础研究。分析采用天然气/氢气混合燃料对玻璃窑炉燃烧空间温度场/速度场分布、燃烧生成烟气成分的影响，预测氢能在玻璃窑炉中应用的可行性。结果表明，采用天然气/氢气混合燃料为玻璃液熔化提供能量，可以保证玻璃窑炉温度制度稳定。采用天然气/氢气混合燃料供能，燃料燃烧速率加快，释放热量集中，掺氢体积比为20%及以上时，燃烧形成的火焰长度会明显缩短，而热烟气在窑炉内停留时间延长。对比基础窑炉，采用掺氢比例40%的燃料，窑炉总烟气排放质量减少了4.13%,CO₂排放质量减少了12.50%，烟气中NO_x浓度由1 093 mg·Nm^–3 (干燥，8%O₂条件下)增加至1 282 mg·Nm^–3 (干燥，8%O₂条件下)。为推动氢能在硅酸盐制造领域的应用还需开展燃烧系统设计、耐火材料侵蚀等方面研究，以解决氢能在大型窑炉中应用存在的问...     

低氮燃烧的出发点是水泥窑炉还原气氛的控制

从NOx的形成机理和氨水脱硝技术的利弊出发,明确提出了水泥窑系统无论是分级燃烧还是再燃脱硝所代表的低氮燃烧,实质都是水泥窑炉还原气氛的控制。本文结合目前我国水泥预分解窑炉中基本结构的优势和不足,提出水泥回转窑和分解炉通过合理规划和设计燃烧空间,控制水泥窑炉特定区域的氧化或还原气氛,通过优化低氮燃烧,大幅度降低烟气中NOx的含量,从而减少直至不使用氨水,实现烟气NOx的达标排放。     

窑炉燃烧状态调整与监控

本文简单阐述了目前窑炉的燃烧状态与监控、窑炉燃烧状态的调试服务方式、对安装窑炉时温度、压力、气氛的实时监控，以及窑炉的测点布置等方面。通过对窑炉的燃烧状态进行监控与调节，以期达到减少排烟的热损失，降低窑炉能耗的目的。希望能为陶瓷企业节能减排带来一定的帮助。     

氨法与双碱法脱硫技术的比较

介绍了氨法脱硫和双碱法脱硫技术的工艺原理及技术特点,并对两者在玻璃窑炉烟气治理上的适用性进行了比较,指出双碱法脱硫技术更适合玻璃窑炉烟气治理的实际情况,宜作为对玻璃窑炉烟气进行治理时的首选技术.     

水泥窑炉烟气NOx减排技术及评述

燃煤在水泥窑炉中的燃烧产生有大量的NOx,排放烟气中NOx浓度可高达1?950 mg/m3。低氮燃烧、分级燃烧等过程减排技术,利用CO在高温条件下对NOx还原,可部分削减NOx,但过重的还原气氛对窑炉正常运行会产生不利的影响。SNCR技术,利用氨基还原剂在适宜温度条件下还原NOx,效率可达60%;进一步增加还原剂用量、提高脱硝效率,则会增加氨逃逸,导致大气环境氨污染。SCR技术,在较低的温度条件下,利用氨基还原剂脱硝,可以实现窑炉烟气NOx超低排放,基本避免氨逃逸。前述多项技术的耦合及各项技术优势的发挥,是水泥窑炉烟气脱硝的最佳技术路径组合。     

全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑氧气耗量和燃烧产物量计算

计算了玻璃熔窑采用全氧燃烧时,燃天然气和燃重油2种燃料分别需要的理论氧气量和产生的理论烟气量。并以600 t/d浮法玻璃熔窑为例,进行了天然气和重油2种燃料在使用不同纯度氧气情况下,全氧燃烧所需要的氧气量和产生的烟气量的设计计算。     

EFFECT OF FURNACE GASES UPON GLASS ENAMELS1

The effect of various fuel gases of products of combustion, and pressures on bonding of ground coat, physical condition and gloss of the enamel were studied under laboratory controlled conditions to determine the comparative results of firing in open and muffle furnaces and with fuel of different sorts. The benefits of recuperation are shown to he in complete combustion rather than in excess oxygen. Very hot diluted air would increase the efficiency of either oil or gas burners and produce better enamels.     

Determining the air excess in the heating of coke furnaces. 1. Adequacy of the chemical analysis

The traditional chemical framework for determining the air excess in the heating of coke furnaces is discussed. In determining the air excess, no account is taken of numerous chemical reactions associated with the combustion of the fuel gas in the heating channels. In fact, it is necessary to determine combustion products other than oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide: specifically, hydrogen, methane, nitrogen oxides, and sulfide. The formula for the air excess must therefore be corrected to include the content of those components.     

CO控制技术在延迟焦化加热炉上的应用

介绍加热炉基于CO分析的燃烧控制技术基本原理和控制过程设计,对比分析当前基于O_2分析控制燃烧技术的不足,阐述了CO控制技术在镇海炼化延迟焦化加热炉安装、过程调试以及实际应用效果。工业应用结果表明:投用基于CO控制的低氧燃烧技术后,屏蔽了加热炉本体漏风缺陷带来的负面影响,使得燃料气与氧气在接近理论配比范围内燃烧;在相同的加工负荷条件下,加热炉氧含量下降至1.0%以下,烟气中的CO含量能稳定控制在40~50μg/g,加热炉热效率从92.03%上升至93.14%,鼓风机变频从35%下降至28%,烟气中NO_x下降至30 mg/m~3以下,减少烟气排放52 000 k Nm~3/a,加热炉节能减排效果明显。     

Changing annular kilns to natural gas

Conclusions The annular furnaces converted to heating by natural gas should be equiped with medium-pressure injection burners of the incomplete mixing type.The experimental operation of the annular furnaces showed that monolateral input of gas ensures satisfactory operation of the furnaces with a cross sectional area in the channel of up to 9 m².With the use of injection burners there is a reduction in the specific consumption of fuel owing to better combustion of the gas.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 3, pp. 28–30, March, 1967.     

空气助燃与全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑热工特性的对比分析

依据燃料燃烧理论和窑内辐射传热原理,应用改进的火焰空间传热模型,从理论角度对空气助燃与全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑的热工特性进行了初步的对比计算分析.计算结果表明,对燃甲烷天然气玻璃熔窑,全氧燃烧产生的烟气量仅为空气助燃时的三分之一,而理论燃烧温度远高于空气助燃时的温度,在相同的火焰温度要求下,全氧燃烧可大大节约燃料,减少烟气带走的热量;全氧燃烧时,烟气中二氧化碳和水蒸汽的含量约为空气助燃时的3.5倍,由此而导致火焰黑度大幅提高,约为空气助燃时的2.3倍,火焰辐射给玻璃料液面的热量增加35%;火焰温度升高,火焰黑度略有下降,火焰辐射给玻璃料液面的热量增大;胸墙增高,气层有效厚度增大,火焰黑度增加,火焰辐射给玻璃料液面的热量也增大.     

Chemical-looping combustion in a 300 W continuously operating reactor system using a manganese-based oxygen carrier

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is a method for the combustion of fuel gas with inherent separation of carbon dioxide. This technique involves the use of two interconnected reactors. A solid oxygen carrier reacts with the oxygen in air in the air reactor and is then transferred to the fuel reactor, where the fuel gas is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by the oxygen carrier. Fuel gas and air are never mixed and pure CO₂ can easily be obtained from the flue gas exit. The oxygen carrier is recycled between both reactors in a regenerative process. This paper presents the results from a continuously operating laboratory CLC unit, consisting of two interconnected fluidized beds. The feasibility of the use of a manganese-based oxygen carrier supported on magnesium stabilized zirconia was tested in this work. Natural gas or syngas was used as fuel in the fuel reactor. Fuel flow and air flow was varied, the thermal power was between 100 and 300 W, and the air ratio was between 1.1 and 5.0. Tests were performed at four temperatures: 1073, 1123, 1173 and 1223 K. The prototype was successfully operated at all conditions with no signs of agglomeration or deactivation of the oxygen carrier. The same particles were used during 70 h of combustion and the mass loss was 0.038% per hour, although the main quantity was lost in the first hour of operation. In the combustion tests with natural gas, methane was detected in the exit flue gases, while CO and H₂ were maintained at low concentrations. Higher temperature or lower fuel flows increases the combustion efficiency, which ranged from 0.88 to 0.99. On the other hand, the combustion of syngas was complete for all experimental conditions, with no CO or H₂ present in the gas from the fuel reactor.     

CONTROL FOR LUMINOUS FLAME FIRING IN GLASS FURNACES*

Luminous-flame firing of natural gas in glass furnaces has been accomplished inefficiently and with, difficulty for many years in an attempt to secure the advantages of the luminosity characteristics. Luminosity in the gas flame is now secured by retardation of combustion between overlying layers of air and gas, the resulting flame being particularly adapted for glassmelting. A successful method for controlling the length and shape of the luminous flame in a glass furnace involves the mixing of spent gases from the flue with the incoming fuel gas.     

浮法玻璃熔窑富氧燃烧与富氧气化煤气燃烧对比分析

根据计算和实测数据,从助燃空气量、烟气量、煤气理论燃烧温度、单位产品燃料消耗及节能效果等几各方面,就浮法玻璃生产线利用系统副产氧气,采用熔窑富氧燃烧和富氧气化煤气燃烧两种方式,进行了简要的分析和比较,指出在熔窑上直接使用富氧燃烧可节煤1.26%,而使用同样的富氧来生产煤气,由于煤气热值的提高,可节煤5.7%。     

全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑耐火材料的研究进展

全氧燃烧熔窑可节约燃料,减少NOX排放,降低对环境的污染,提高玻璃质量,提高火焰温度、熔窑熔化能力及熔窑产量,并降低了熔窑的建设费用,提高了熔窑使用寿命。优质浮法玻璃和高附加值特种玻璃也要求采用更为先进的燃烧工艺和玻璃熔制工艺。分析了全氧燃烧窑内大量碱蒸气和水蒸气的增加对胸墙、池壁、大碹等关键部位耐火材料的侵蚀及全氧燃烧熔窑耐火材料选材,对600 t/d浮法玻璃熔窑耐火材料使用进行对比分析,并对全氧燃烧玻璃熔窑耐火材料现状及前景进行了展望。