EFFECT OF HEATING MODES ON INTERNAL STRAIN–STRESS FORMATION DURING DRYING OF MOLDED CERAMICS

Parametric analyses in drying processes of molded ceramics are performed to investigate the influence of heating modes on the formation of drying-induced strain–stress as well as the drying characteristic. The transient three-dimensional problem of strain–stress and heat and moisture transfer in a slab is solved simultaneously by the finite element method. Three modes of hot air, intermittent and internal heating are compared by modeling in the normalized parameters. The tensile and compressive stresses fluctuate, and fall remarkably during the low Biot number period when the slab is heated intermittently. In the internal heating mode, the drying rate is the fastest but stress formation is maintained at the lowest level among the three modes. This effectiveness of the internal heating is investigated experimentally by employing the microwave heating as well.     

EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT HEATING ON DRYING-INDUCED STRAIN-STRESS OF MOLDED CLAY

Parametric analyses of the strain-stress in the drying process are performed to study the influence of the intermittent drying on the behaviors of drying-induced strain-stress and deformation as well as the drying characteristic. The transient three-dimensional problem of strain-stress and heat and moisture transfer in a slab is solved simultaneously by the finite element method. The dimensionless parameters are introduced to generalize the problem in the conservation equations of heat and moisture transfer. The intermittent drying is modeled by applying periodically smaller and larger Biot numbers to the boundary conditions. The maximum tensile and compressive stresses fluctuate, and fall remarkably during the smaller Biot number period when a slab is heated intermittently. The peak stress of the fluctuation exceeds beyond the case in the continuous healing where the overall drying rate is almost equivalent to that in the intermittent beating, but the reduction of the stresses takes place rapidly in the low heating period.     

EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT HEATING ON DRYING-INDUCED STRAIN-STRESS OF MOLDED CLAY

ABSTRACT

Parametric analyses of the strain-stress in the drying process are performed to study the influence of the intermittent drying on the behaviors of drying-induced strain-stress and deformation as well as the drying characteristic. The transient three-dimensional problem of strain-stress and heat and moisture transfer in a slab is solved simultaneously by the finite element method. The dimensionless parameters are introduced to generalize the problem in the conservation equations of heat and moisture transfer. The intermittent drying is modeled by applying periodically smaller and larger Biot numbers to the boundary conditions. The maximum tensile and compressive stresses fluctuate, and fall remarkably during the smaller Biot number period when a slab is heated intermittently. The peak stress of the fluctuation exceeds beyond the case in the continuous healing where the overall drying rate is almost equivalent to that in the intermittent beating, but the reduction of the stresses takes place rapidly in the low heating period.     

Drying Enhancement of Clay Slab by Microwave Heating

The effect of internal heating by microwave on the drying behavior of a slab was studied. A wet sample of kaolin pressed into a slab was subjected in microwave irradiation of 2.45 GHz. The absorption of microwave energy into a wet slab can be expressed by a function of the moisture content and the pathway length, which is a similar form to Lambert-Beer's law. The drying behavior was compared among three modes: microwave irradiation, hot air heating and radiation heating in an oven. Microwave heating with a constant power resulted in breaking the sample when the internal temperature achieves at 373 K. However, if the power was controlled to maintain the temperature less than the boiling point of water, the drying succeeded without any crack generation until the completion with a significantly faster drying rate than in convective heating or in the oven. It is also noted that the transient behavior of the temperature is quite different from the conventional drying.     

Deformation Behavior of Ceramic Slabs by Nonuniform Drying

The presenr paper is to study the transient deformation characteristics of molded ceramics undergoing nonunifom drying. The linear viscoelasticity was assumed for the strain-stress analysis. Three dimensional equations of the strain-stress as well as heat and moisture transfer werc solved numerically by the Galerkln finlle element melhod using isoparametric parameters of twenty-nodes so to allow easily the application to any feature of ceramics. Both the analysis and experiments were carried out to be compared on the behavior of drying and deformation for a slab clay in preheating and constant drying rare periods. When the bottom surface of the slab uras shielded to model the nonuniform drying. a warp phenomrnon to the opposite side of the shielded surface was observed experimentally as drying by hot air heating proceeds. The behavior could be successively simulaled by the present theoretical model. The degree of warp became rcmarkabel with a rise in air temperature or nonuniformity of drying. The surface area exposed to the atmosphere was subjected to a comparatively large tensional stress through drying. The tensile sltresses on the top surface were significantly larger than on the bottom surface.     

Deformation Behavior of Ceramic Slabs by Nonuniform Drying

ABSTRACT

The presenr paper is to study the transient deformation characteristics of molded ceramics undergoing nonunifom drying. The linear viscoelasticity was assumed for the strain-stress analysis. Three dimensional equations of the strain-stress as well as heat and moisture transfer werc solved numerically by the Galerkln finlle element melhod using isoparametric parameters of twenty-nodes so to allow easily the application to any feature of ceramics. Both the analysis and experiments were carried out to be compared on the behavior of drying and deformation for a slab clay in preheating and constant drying rare periods. When the bottom surface of the slab uras shielded to model the nonuniform drying. a warp phenomrnon to the opposite side of the shielded surface was observed experimentally as drying by hot air heating proceeds. The behavior could be successively simulaled by the present theoretical model. The degree of warp became rcmarkabel with a rise in air temperature or nonuniformity of drying. The surface area exposed to the atmosphere was subjected to a comparatively large tensional stress through drying. The tensile sltresses on the top surface were significantly larger than on the bottom surface.     

A Numerical Study of Transient Deformation and Stress Behavior of a Clay Slab During Drying

A transient three-dimensional analysis was carried out on internal strain-stress as well as heat and the moisture transfer in a ceramic slab during drying. A model was developed to analyze viscoelastic behavior, heat conduction and moisture diffusion. The basic equations were solved by the finite element method. The effects of several dimensionless parameters are discussed to find an optimum drying process and a precise design of molds in ceramic production. The stress and the gradient of moisture content were influenced significantly by the Biot or Lewis number. When the moisture diffusion is enhanced or the drying is controlled well so as to form only gentle gradients of moisture content in the slab, the maximum tensile stress can be reduced. Nonuniform drying results in the develoment of warp and increase in the maximum tensile stress. The drying characteristics were not appreciably influenced by shrinkage.     

- VISCOELASTIC STRAIN-STRESS AND HEAT/MOISTURE TRANSFER -

The theoretical analysis was developed to predict the deformation characteristic of formed clay during a drying process in a ceramic production. The three dimensional strain-stress distribution as well as heat and moisture transfer in a slab shape of clay were simultaneously analyzed by a finite element method. Linear viscoelasticity was assumed for the strain-stress analysis to account the effect of creep. The calculated result agreed well with an experimental result performed for a slab clay heated by hot air flow during the preheating and constant drying rate periods. A large tensional stress, which may generate a crack, was observed initially around the surface area. It was also found that the time behavior of the volume change of the formed clay is significantly influenced on the drying conditions and/or the drying rate.     

- VISCOELASTIC STRAIN-STRESS AND HEAT/MOISTURE TRANSFER -

ABSTRACT

The theoretical analysis was developed to predict the deformation characteristic of formed clay during a drying process in a ceramic production. The three dimensional strain-stress distribution as well as heat and moisture transfer in a slab shape of clay were simultaneously analyzed by a finite element method. Linear viscoelasticity was assumed for the strain-stress analysis to account the effect of creep. The calculated result agreed well with an experimental result performed for a slab clay heated by hot air flow during the preheating and constant drying rate periods. A large tensional stress, which may generate a crack, was observed initially around the surface area. It was also found that the time behavior of the volume change of the formed clay is significantly influenced on the drying conditions and/or the drying rate.     

DIELECTRICALLY-ASSISTED DRYING OF A NONHYGROSCOPIC POROUS MATERIAL

Experiments and simulations for dielectrically-assisted drying of a nonhygroscopic material that exhibits negligible capillary moisture transfer have been conducted in order to ascertain phenomena associated with the transient drying process. Results and predictions indicate that, in general, dielectrically-assisted drying is characterized by three drying regimes. An initial regime occurs in which the material is heated convectively and dielectrically, followed by a transition regime and ultimately, a final regime during which the material is dielectrically heated and convectively cooled. During the final regime, an inverted temperature distribution in the material induces internal condensation which influences transport rates and the thermal response of the system. Measured and predicted drying histories are bracketed by algebraic expressions derived from simple energy balances under a range of conditions where volumetric dielectric heating is strong, relative to surface convective heating or cooling.     

SIMPLIFIED MODELLING FOR THE DRYING OF A NON HYGROSCOPIC CAPILLARY POROUS BODY USING A COMBINATION OF DIELECTRIC AND CONVECTIVE HEATING

The drying of non-hygroscopic, capillary porous materials with dielectric and convective heating is considered. Simplified models are used to examine the effect of a partially wetted surface or receding evaporation front on the temperature of the wet material. Physical mechanisms which can enhance the internal moisture flow, as compared with convective heating alone, are examined ualitatively.     

DRYING OF CLAY AND NONCLAY MEDIA : HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AND QUALITY ASPECTS

The researches on drying of clay and nonclay media are briefly reviewed and the role of drying in the manufacturing process is summarized. The drying process must be carefully controlled to maintain the desired product configuration. Inefficient completion of drying and poor operation of the dryer influence directly the product quality. The importance of R&D on the heat and moisture transfer phenomena, shrinkage mechanisms, deformation behavior, strain-stress relations and the internal pressure in the media during drying is stressed. Suggestions are given for further improvement of the drying process and improved design of the molding and casting processes for higher product quality     

EFFECTS OF HEATING METHODS ON VACUUM FREEZE DRYING

ABSTRACT

The heat and mass transfer during freeze drying of raw beef by different heating methods is studied theoretically and experimentally. The difference between radiant heating and microwave heating in freeze drying process has been analyzed. The results obtained are important for the selection of the heating methods in practical freeze dryers.     

Recent R&D on Drying Technology in Japan

This article presents the outlook of the energy situation in Japan and reviews the recent R&D on innovative drying technologies performed in Japan. The overview of drying includes fundamentals as well as industrial technologies. The topics considered are drying characteristics of several materials, drying of hard-to-handle powders, drying of coatings, drying-induced strain-stress problems, drying modeling, and drying of agricultural wastes for functional recycling and noble dryers. An appropriate combination of heating methods and dryer type can result in significant enhancement of efficiency, drying rate, and/or material quality. The final goal of this article to contribute to providing an idea for development and evaluation of precise drying systems with a high performance and an effect of energy saving in drying.     

Recent R&D on Drying Technology in Japan

This article presents the outlook of the energy situation in Japan and reviews the recent R&D on innovative drying technologies performed in Japan. The overview of drying includes fundamentals as well as industrial technologies. The topics considered are drying characteristics of several materials, drying of hard-to-handle powders, drying of coatings, drying-induced strain-stress problems, drying modeling, and drying of agricultural wastes for functional recycling and noble dryers. An appropriate combination of heating methods and dryer type can result in significant enhancement of efficiency, drying rate, and/or material quality. The final goal of this article to contribute to providing an idea for development and evaluation of precise drying systems with a high performance and an effect of energy saving in drying.     

Influence mechanism of radio frequency heating on moisture transfer and drying stress in larch boxed-heart square timber

Abstract

Radio frequency heating combined with convection (RF/C) drying of larch boxed-heart square timber and its influence on drying kinetics such as rate, moisture content distribution, and stresses was explored. Results revealed that RF heating increased the drying rate and in RF/C drying was twice as high as in conventional drying. Below fiber saturation point, RF heating reduced internal moisture gradients, especially around moisture content of 20%. The effect of RF heating on moisture transfer was strongly associated with moisture content. Specifically, above the fiber saturation point, RF heating played a minor role in moisture transfer however, it reached maximum around fiber saturation point and thereafter, it largely decreased with moisture content. RF heating relieved some drying stresses during RF/C drying and reduced residual stresses in the timber surface layers. Furthermore, it changed the original development pattern of drying stresses in conventional drying.     

SIMULATION OF FLUIDIZED-BED DRYING OF CARROT WITH MICROWAVE HEATING

A mathematical model of coupled heat and mass transfer was applied to batch fluidized-bed drying with microwave heating of a heat sensitive material—carrot. Four kinds of microwave heating with intermittent variation were examined. The numerical results show that different microwave heating patterns can affect the fluidized bed drying significantly. Changing the microwave input pattern from uniform to intermittent mode can prevent material from overheating under the same power density. Supplying more microwave energy at the beginning of drying can increase the utilization of microwave energy while keeping temperature low within the particle. For a particle diameter of 4 mm, fluidization velocity of 2 m/s, inlet airflow temperature of 70°C and the bed area factor of 80, the drying time are 750 and 1000 s, respectively, for the two good operating conditions with on/off periods of 125/375 s and 375/375 s. The cumulative microwave energy absorbed by particles at the end of drying is 1415 and 2300 kJ/kg (dry basis), respectively.     

FRP管道内固化控制系统设计

研究了玻璃纤维增强塑料(FRP)管道的固化原理以及内固化加热系统结构,设计了基于PLC的内加热固化控制系统,介绍了控制系统软硬件设计和控制流程.实践应用表明,该系统性能稳定,温度控制精度高,可实现对高压FRP管道优质、高效加热固化.     

SIMULATION OF FLUIDIZED-BED DRYING OF CARROT WITH MICROWAVE HEATING

ABSTRACT

A mathematical model of coupled heat and mass transfer was applied to batch fluidized-bed drying with microwave heating of a heat sensitive material—carrot. Four kinds of microwave heating with intermittent variation were examined. The numerical results show that different microwave heating patterns can affect the fluidized bed drying significantly. Changing the microwave input pattern from uniform to intermittent mode can prevent material from overheating under the same power density. Supplying more microwave energy at the beginning of drying can increase the utilization of microwave energy while keeping temperature low within the particle. For a particle diameter of 4 mm, fluidization velocity of 2 m/s, inlet airflow temperature of 70°C and the bed area factor of 80, the drying time are 750 and 1000 s, respectively, for the two good operating conditions with on/off periods of 125/375 s and 375/375 s. The cumulative microwave energy absorbed by particles at the end of drying is 1415 and 2300 kJ/kg (dry basis), respectively.     

Experimental investigation on drying characteristic of titanium slag using microwave heating

Drying characteristic of titanium slag using microwave heating is attempted in the present work, so as to assess the effect of microwave power and sample mass, and to understand the mechanism and morphological changes. The results show that the water removal rate of titanium slag increased with both incident microwave power and sample mass. For the 50?g of sample microwaved at 600?W, for duration of 80?s, water content could be reduced to 0.02%. The thermal stability of the titanium slag and the morphological changes before and after microwave heating were characterized by TG/DSC and SEM. The results show an obvious endothermic peak at about 86°C, which indicates the dehydration processes of titanium slag, and the chemical stability of the drying materials within the drying temperature range. In addition, after certain duration, the sample under microwave heating developed internal microcracks, which augmented the release of internal water, improving the drying rate.