固体超强酸SO2－4/TiO2/La3+催化合成二甲基丙烯酸丁二醇酯

以自制稀土改性固体超强酸SO^2－₄/TiO₂/La³⁺为催化剂，高效合成了二甲基丙烯酸丁二醇酯。比较了不同催化剂的催化活性，并考察了固体酸的制备条件及酯化反应条件对催化活性的影响，得到最佳合成条件为:SO^2－₄/TiO₂/La³⁺于500 ℃下活化3 h，n(酸)∶n(醇)=2.8∶1，阻聚剂、催化剂质量分数分别为1.0%和1.2%，反应温度维持在120 ℃左右反应2 h左右，酯化率可达92.0%。     

SO4^2-/TiO2-Al2O3催化合成新戊二醇椰子油酸酯

以SO4^2-/TiO2-Al2O3固体超强酸为催化剂,进行新戊二醇和椰子油酸的酯化反应,合成了新戊二醇椰子油酸酯,考察了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等条件对酯化反应的影响。结果表明,较优的合成条件为：n（椰子油酸）∶n（新戊二醇）=1.95∶1,催化剂用量为总反应物质量的0.040%,200℃下回流反应7 h。在此条件下,SO4^2-/TiO2-Al2O3固体超强酸有较高的催化活性,酯化率达97.0%,且催化剂重复使用5次仍保持较高活性。     

固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-SiO_2催化合成马来酸二辛酯

用H2 SO4浸渍钛硅复合氧化物 ,制得固体超强酸SO2 -4/TiO2 -SiO2 ,考察了催化剂对马来酸酐与正辛醇的酯化反应的催化作用及其制备条件对催化剂活性的影响 ,并与硫酸、对甲苯磺酸的催化效果比较。结果表明 :对于给定反应 ,当n(Ti)∶n(Si)为 15∶1、用浓度 0 .6mol/L的硫酸浸渍 8h、在 5 5 0℃下焙烧 3h时制得的催化剂SO2 -4/TiO2 -SiO2 具有最高的催化活性 ;用以催化马来酸酐和正辛醇的酯化反应 ,可得无色透明的酯化产物 ,3h内酯化率达 99.1% ;较SO2 -4/TiO2 催化剂的酯化率提高了约 6 %     

SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化合成新戊二醇椰子油酸酯

以SO42-/TiO2-Al2O3固体超强酸为催化剂,进行新戊二醇和椰子油酸的酯化反应,合成了新戊二醇椰子油酸酯,考察了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等条件对酯化反应的影响。结果表明,较优的合成条件为:n(椰子油酸)∶n(新戊二醇)=1.95∶1,催化剂用量为总反应物质量的0.040%,200℃下回流反应7 h。在此条件下,SO42-/TiO2-Al2O3固体超强酸有较高的催化活性,酯化率达97.0%,且催化剂重复使用5次仍保持较高活性。     

SO42-/TiO2-La2O3催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

以稀土改性固体超强酸SO42 -/TiO2 La2 O3 为催化剂 ,通过苯甲醛和乙二醇反应合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛 ,探讨了SO42 -/TiO2 La2 O3 对缩醛反应的催化活性 ,较系统地研究了醇醛物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明 :SO42 -/TiO2 La2 O3 是合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂 ,在n(醇 )∶n(醛 ) =2 .0∶ 1,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的 0 .5 % ,环己烷为带水剂 ,反应时间 5 0min的优化条件下 ,苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛收率可达 90 %。     

稀土固体超强酸Gd3+-SO42-/ZrO2催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以乙酸、异戊醇为原料,固体超强酸Gd3+-SO2-4/ZrO2为催化剂,催化合成乙酸异戊酯。确定了固体超强酸的最佳焙烧温度,进行了固体超强酸Gd3+-SO2-4/ZrO2和SO2-4/ZrO2催化活性对比实验,以及考察了原料酸醇比、反应时间、催化剂用量对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明:反应温度110~115℃,催化剂用量2 g,n(异戊醇)∶n(乙酸)=2.0∶1.0,反应时间2 h,酯化率可达88.4%,催化剂重复使用效果明显,加Gd3+的固体超强酸的催化活性明显增强。     

水热改性SO2-4/ZrO2催化剂的制备及其对酯化反应的催化性能

通过水热改性氢氧化锆制备了SO2-4/ZrO2固体酸催化剂.以冰乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应为探针反应,确定了固体超强酸的最佳制备条件.分别考察了浸渍硫酸浓度、硫酸浸渍时间和焙烧温度等对催化活性的影响.并以水热改性和未经水热改性氢氧化锆制备SO2-4/ZrO2固体超强酸做了对比实验,采用XRD、BET对催化剂进行了表征.实验结果表明水热改性氢氧化锆制备SO2-4/ZrO2固体酸催化剂的最佳条件是浸渍硫酸浓度为0.5 mol/L,浸渍时间是120 min,焙烧温度500 ℃.乙酸正丁酯较佳的合成工艺条件是反应温度105～110 ℃,反应时间2 h,n(正丁醇)n(冰乙酸)=21,催化剂用量占反应投料总质量的0.27%,冰乙酸的酯化率达99.1%.催化剂重复使用4次后催化活性降低5%.     

稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)催化合成马来酸二丁酯

以固体超强酸SO4 2 -/TiO2 /La3 + 为催化剂 ,马来酸和正丁醇为原料合成马来酸二丁酯 ,考察了影响反应的因素。结果表明 :n (醇 )∶n (酸 ) =4 0∶1 ;催化剂用量为 1 0g (马来酸为 0 1mol的情况下 ) ;带水剂甲苯为 1 5mL ;反应时间为 3 0h是最适宜的反应条件 ,酯化率达 97 4 %。     

SO42-/TiO2-Al2O3催化合成季戊四醇四异硬脂酸酯

以自制SO42-/TiO2-Al2O3固体超强酸为催化剂,进行季戊四醇和异硬脂酸的酯化反应,合成了季戊四醇四异硬脂酸酯,考察了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等条件对酯化反应的影响。确定了较优的合成条件:n(异硬脂酸)∶n(季戊四醇)=4.3∶1,催化剂用量为总反应物质量的0.060%,230℃回流反应10 h。用红外光谱对反应产物进行了表征,结果表明,SO42-/TiO2-Al2O3固体超强酸在季戊四醇四异硬脂酸酯合成反应中有较高的催化活性和高的反应选择性,酯化率达97%以上,且催化剂重复使用5次仍保持较高活性。     

SO_4~(2-)/La_2O_3-TiO_2-HZSM-5催化合成乙酸丁酯

将SO42/TiO2-HZSM-5负载镧制备了新型催化剂SO42/La2O3-TiO2-HZSM-5,以乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应为探针,考察了不同制备条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明:La3+浸渍浓度为0.07mol/L,经110℃烘干后于500℃焙烧3h所得催化剂活性最好。采用正交实验法对影响酯化反应的因素进行考察,最佳实验条件为n(醇)∶n(酸)=1.5∶1,反应时间2h,催化剂用量2%(总物料),酯化率可达97.8%。且该催化剂具有良好的重复使用和再生能力。     

Self-organized nano-crystallisation of BaF2 from Na2O/K2O/BaF2/Al2O3/SiO2 glasses

In glasses with the compositions (100 ? x)(2Na₂O·16K₂O·8Al₂O₃·74SiO₂)xBaF₂ (with x = 0 to 6), the glass transition temperature decreases with increasing BaF₂-concentration. Samples with x = 6 were thermally treated at temperatures in the range from 500 to 600 °C for 5–160 h. This leads to the crystallisation of BaF₂. The quantity of crystalline BaF₂ increases with increasing time of thermal treatment, while the mean crystallite size remains constant within the limits of error. The glass transformation temperature of partially crystallised samples increases with increasing crystallisation time and approaches a value equal to the temperature, at which the samples were treated. This is explained by the formation of a highly viscous layer enriched in SiO₂ which is formed during crystallisation. This layer acts as a diffusion barrier and hinders further crystal growth.     

The System Na2O-CaO-SiO2-H2O

A portion of the quaternary phase diagram for Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂-H₂O has been constructed. Plotting concentrations as their 10th roots allows compounds having solubilities which differ by several orders of magnitude to be represented on a single diagram. The compositional relationships among sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate, calcium-substituted sodium silicate hydrate, calcium bydroxide, a quaternary compound of approximate composition 0.25Na₂O · CaO · SiO₂· 3H₂O, sodium hydroxide monohydrate, and miscellaneous sodium silicate hydrates are presented. The quaternary diagram constructed shows the quaternary compound to exist in equilibrium with sodium-substituted calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. Conditions in concrete pore solutions which favor the formation of this quaternary compound may also favor the occurrence of the alkali-silica reaction.     

Prediction of Immiscibility Boundaries of the Systems K2O-SiO2, K2O-Li20-SiO2, K20-Na2O-Si02, and K2O-BaO-SiO2

In earlier work, a prediction method of the immiscibility boundary of a ternary silicate glass system was developed involving two known binary immiscibility boundaries and a measured immiscibility temperature of one ternary glass composition. In the present work, the method is extended to the case where one of the two binary immiscibility boundaries is not known and is applied as an example to ternary silicate systems containing K₂O. First, the immiscibility boundary of the system K₂O-SiO₂ is estimated by measuring the immiscibility temperatures of three glasses in the system K₂O-Li₂O (or Na₂O)-SiO₂. Using this result the immiscibility boundaries of the systems K₂O-Li₂O-SiO₂, K₂O-Na₂O-SiO₂, and K₂O-BaO-SiO₂ are estimated. The results agree reasonably well with the experimentally determined immiscibility temperatures at selected compositions.     

复合固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3催化合成乳酸正丁酯的研究

合成了几种不同Zr、Al原子比的SO42-/ZrO2-Al2O3复合固体超强酸,将其用于催化乳酸与正丁醇的酯化反应,均有较好的催化活性,尤以ZrAl=12的催化效果最好,经济性优于ZrO2超强酸催化剂.其最佳反应条件为酸醇摩尔比为13,催化剂用量为乳酸质量的10%,反应时间2～2.5h,酯化率达96.9%.该催化剂具有制备容易、催化活性高、不污染环境、可重复使用的优点.     

Some Properties of the System Na2O-NaF-B2O2-H2O

It was first shown that the enamel slips which have the best suspnding characteristics contain equal amounts of Na₂O and B₂O₃ and at least a moderate amount of NaF. The solubilities of mixtures of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ were then investigated. The pH of these solutions and the primary crystalline phases separating on evaporation also were determined. The solubility data obtained at room temperature were summarized. When the solutions were evaporated, NaF was the first crystalline phase to separate from a large proportion of the mixtures investigated. It was concluded that the desirable handling characteristics of enamels whose mill liquors contain the proper proportion of Na₂O, NaF, and B₂O₃ are not due to the formation of complex salts but to the following combination of properties: (1) the presence of salts with a moderate solubility which changes very slightly with temperature, (2) a moderate pH of about 10 in a probably well-buffered solution, (3) a relatively stable crystalline material, NaF, as a primary phase, and (4) a secondary phase which crystallizes slowly with relatively little shrinkage.     

固体超强酸SO^2—4／TiO2催化合成尿囊素的研究

用固体超强酸SO42/TiO2为催化剂,以尿素和乙醛酸为原料合成了尿囊素。得到最佳条件为TiO2在1mo1·L-1H2SO4溶液中浸渍12h,再在600℃焙烧3h;尿素与乙醛酸摩尔比3.51,催化剂9％,时间3h,温度72℃～75℃,产率达57.4％。     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

Phase Diagrams for the Systems MgCl2-MgF2, CaCl2-MgF2, and NaCl-MgF2

Equilibrium phase diagrams for the systems MgCl₂-MgF₂, CaCl₂-MgF₂ and NaCl-MgF₂ were determined by differential thermal analysis, thermal analysis, and temperature-composition equilibrium techniques. Simple eutectics were observed at 78.0±0.5 mol% MgCl₂ and 628°±2°C in the MgCl₂-MgF₂ system, at 87.5±0.5 mol% CaCl₂ and 694°±2°C in the CaCl₂-MgF₂ system, and at 95.5±0.5 mol% NaCl and 786°±3°C in the NaCl-MgF₂ system. The phase diagrams determined for these systems were compared with phase diagrams that were computed using Temkin's model. The phase diagrams of the CaCl₂-MgF₂ and NaCl-MgF₂ systems were also compared with diagrams that were computed using the expression suggested by Flood et al. for reciprocal systems. The experimentally determined and computed phase diagrams agreed for the MgCl₂-MgF₂ system but not for the CaCl₂-MgF₂ and NaCl-MgF₂ systems.     

Crystallization of zeolite L from Na2O-K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system

Zeolite L powder was prepared from the substrate mixture of Na₂O-K₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O system at temperatures of 373-443 K. In order to investigate the factors which influence the synthesis outcome, a reference system which yields zeolite L in a reproducible manner was chosen and subjected to controlled changes in synthesis parameters. The crystalline zeolite L samples obtained were characterized by elemental chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was established that phase purity, morphology, and the size of crystals of crystalline product were affected by molar ratios of the substrate, such as SiO₂/Al₂O₃, (K₂O+Na₂O)/SiO₂, Na₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O), and H₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O). Amorphous silica powder (Zeosil) was the preferred silica source, and the crystallization rate was promoted by introducing gel aging, seeding, and rapid heating rate.