内可逆PM循环功率密度最优特性

应用有限时间热力学理论,在内可逆多孔介质(PM)循环模型基础上,将功率密度引入循环最优性能研究中。分析循环温比、传热损失和预胀比对功率密度与压缩比和功率密度与热效率特性曲线的影响,比较最大功率密度和最大功率条件下循环的性能差异。结果表明,无因次功率密度与压缩比特性曲线呈类抛物线型,无因次功率密度与热效率特性曲线呈扭叶型。与以最大功率条件下相比,PM循环拥有更高的效率和更小的尺寸。     

工质比热随温度线性变化时不可逆Atkinson循环功率密度特性

基于已有文献建立的存在传热、摩擦和内不可逆性损失的不可逆Atkinson循环模型,利用有限时间热力学理论,以循环功率密度(循环输出功率与最大比容之比)为目标函数,对工质比热随温度线性变化条件下的循环进行了性能分析。由数值计算给出了循环功率密度与压缩比和效率的特性关系,分析了工质变比热特性、传热、摩擦和内不可逆性损失对Atkinson循环功率密度特性的影响。结果表明:循环功率密度与压缩比的关系曲线呈抛物线型,功率密度与效率的关系曲线呈扭叶型。与最大功率条件相比,Atkinson循环发动机在最大功率密度条件下具有更小的尺寸参数和更高的效率。     

磁流体动力循环有效功率优化

以有效功率作为目标函数,基于已有研究建立的磁流体动力(MHD)循环模型,应用有限时间热力学理论,研究其最优性能。导出恒温热源条件下MHD循环的有效功率表达式,分析循环参数对有效功率性能的影响,比较最大有效功率和最大输出功率两种目标函数下循环的性能差异。结果表明,当MHD发电机和压缩机效率η_c=η_e=1时,有效功率与效率之间的关系曲线为类抛物线型。当η_c、η_e均小于1时,有效功率与效率之间的关系曲线呈扭叶型。最大有效功率对应的效率始终大于最大输出功率对应的效率。以最大有效功率为目标优化时,虽然牺牲部分输出功率,但循环效率有较大提高,有效功率目标函数体现了功率与效率的折中。     

太阳能驱动闭式简单燃气轮机循环热力学优化

研究太阳能通过换热器的闭式简单燃气轮机循环有限时间热力学性能，导出内可逆循环的最佳功率与效率间的关系，并得到最大功率输出及其相应的效率界限。用压气机和涡轮内效率表征循环内不可逆性，可得实际不可逆循环的最优性能。所得结果对闭式简单燃气轮机装置热力参数的选择有定指导意义。     

不可逆热机的最大功率和最大效率

在内可逆热机循环模型的基础上，建立了一类不可逆热机循环模型，并导出其最大功率及其相应的效率和最大效率及其相应的功率。所得结果可用以指导衩际热机的性能分析和优化。     

回热型SCO2循环基本性能分析与优化

考虑有限温差传热、不可逆压缩过程和不可逆膨胀过程等不可逆因素,应用有限时间热力学理论建立了变温热源条件下的回热型超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环模型。首先,分析了工质质量流率、压比、透平效率和压缩机效率对循环净输出功率、热效率和循环最高温度的影响;然后,在总热导率一定的条件下分别以输出功率最大和热效率最大为目标,对加热器、冷却器和回热器热导率分配比进行优化。结果表明：回热型S-CO₂布雷顿循环功率-效率特性曲线呈过原点的扭叶型,存在相应的压比使得输出净功率与热效率分别达到最大;相比于初始设计参数计算的循环性能,优化后循环净输出功率可提高27.3%,最大比功可提高46.9%,最大热效率可提高17.78%。     

恒温热源不可逆闭式中冷回热燃气轮机循环的生态学优化

考虑循环过程的内外不可逆性,以生态学函数为目标,优化了总压比和中间压比分配,分析了高低温侧换热器、中冷器和回热器的性能参数对最大生态学函数及其参数的影响,并与以功率为优化目标时的循环性能进行了比较.结果表明:以生态学函数为优化目标时比以功率为优化目标时具有更高的效率,但功率相差不太多,反映了输出功率和效率间的最佳匹配.     

微小型热电发电器建模及优化设计研究

微小型热电发电器由于尺寸较小,接触内阻以及结构的覆盖层、导流层等对输出功率和热电转换效率都有不可忽视的影响。结合上述因素,并考虑到汤姆孙效应,建立了微小型热电发电器输出功率和效率的数学计算模型。并以最大功率或者最大质量(体积)比功率为目标函数,对最大功率时的负载电阻、电偶臂对数和电偶臂长度等性能参数进行了优化分析,得到了相应的计算公式,为进一步的设计提出了理论指导,并通过实验进行了性能分析验证。最后分析了微小型热电发电器新的加工工艺和发展动向。     

具有热阻、热漏的不可逆布雷森循环生态学性能新析

以反映热机循环输出火用和火用损失之比的生态学性能系数为目标,用有限时间热力学的方法分析具有热阻、热漏的不可逆布雷森循环性能.导出了在牛顿传热律下布雷森循环无因次功率、效率、无因次熵产率和生态学性能系数的解析式;并通过数值算例得到它们之间的关系.结果表明:对比生态学目标E,循环在最大生态学性能系数ECOP下工作时,其相应的熵产率和热效率有明显优势.     

具有热阻_热漏和内不可逆性的联合热机性能

建立一类存在热阻、热漏和内不可逆性的定常态流联合热机循环模型,并研究其性能优化,导出功率、效率优化关系,最大功率及其相应效率,和最大效率及其相应功率。     

Performance analysis and comparison of an Atkinson cycle coupled to variable temperature heat reservoirs under maximum power and maximum power density conditions

In this paper, performance analysis and comparison based on the maximum power and maximum power density conditions have been conducted for an Atkinson cycle coupled to variable temperature heat reservoirs. The Atkinson cycle is internally reversible but externally irreversible, since there is external irreversibility of heat transfer during the processes of constant volume heat addition and constant pressure heat rejection. This study is based purely on classical thermodynamic analysis methodology. It should be especially emphasized that all the results and conclusions are based on classical thermodynamics. The power density, defined as the ratio of power output to maximum specific volume in the cycle, is taken as the optimization objective because it considers the effects of engine size as related to investment cost. The results show that an engine design based on maximum power density with constant effectiveness of the hot and cold side heat exchangers or constant inlet temperature ratio of the heat reservoirs will have smaller size but higher efficiency, compression ratio, expansion ratio and maximum temperature than one based on maximum power. From the view points of engine size and thermal efficiency, an engine design based on maximum power density is better than one based on maximum power conditions. However, due to the higher compression ratio and maximum temperature in the cycle, an engine design based on maximum power density conditions requires tougher materials for engine construction than one based on maximum power conditions.     

Efficiency of an Otto engine under alternative power optimizations

The proper optimization criterion to be chosen for the optimum design of the heat engines may differ depending on their purposes and working conditions. In this study, a comparative performance analysis is carried out for a reversible Otto cycle based on three alternative performance criteria namely maximum power (mp), maximum power density (mpd) and maximum efficient power (mep). The power density criterion is defined as the power per minimum specific volume in the cycle and the efficient power criterion is defined as multiplication of the power by the efficiency of the Otto cycle. Maximizing the efficient power gives a compromise between power and efficiency. Three different objective functions are defined and maximization of these functions is carried out under different design parameters of the Otto engine. The variations of power, power density and efficient power outputs are derived and presented with respect to the thermal efficiency of the cycle for various temperature ratios. It has been found that the design parameters at mep conditions lead to more efficient engines than that at the mp condition and the mep criterion may have a significant power advantage compared with mpd criterion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance analysis of an irreversible Miller heat engine and its optimum criteria

An irreversible cycle model of the Miller heat engine is established, in which the multi-irreversibilities coming from the adiabatic compression and expansion processes, finite time processes and heat leak loss through the cylinder wall are taken into account. The power output and efficiency of the cycle are optimized with respect to the pressure ratio of the working substance. The optimum criteria of some important parameters such as the power output, efficiency and pressure ratio are given. The influence of some relevant design parameters is discussed. Moreover, it is expounded that the Otto and the Atkinson heat engines may be taken as two special cases of the Miller heat engine and that the optimal performance of the two heat engines may be directly derived from that of the Miller heat engine.     

Performance analysis and parametric optimum criteria of an irreversible Atkinson heat-engine

Multi-irreversibilities, mainly resulting from the adiabatic processes, finite-time processes and heat loss through the cylinder wall, are considered in the cycle model of an Atkinson heat engine. The power output and efficiency of the cycle are derived by introducing the pressure ratio and the compression and expansion efficiencies. The performance characteristic curves of the cycle are presented. The bounds of the power output and efficiency are determined. The optimum criteria of some important parameters, such as the power output, efficiency and pressure ratio are given. The influences of the various design parameters on the performance of the cycle are analyzed in detail. The results obtained may provide a theoretical basis for both the optimal design and operation of real Atkinson heat engines.     

高效Atkinson循环TGDI发动机作为传统动力的研究

基于涡轮增压缸内直喷(TGDI)发动机,采用高几何压缩比和大范围可调的可变气门正时(VVT)机构,选择合适的阿特金森(Atkinson)循环率,在兼顾高负荷动力性的同时降低部分负荷的油耗,以解决阿特金森循环发动机动力性不足的问题。制作样机并进行台架试验,研究了阿特金森循环对发动机换气过程的影响和燃油经济性的改善效果及阿特金森循环对排放和动力性的影响。结果表明:阿特金森循环可以容忍更大的几何压缩比以提升热效率,同时有利于降低部分负荷下的泵气损失并提高低负荷时的燃烧稳定性,可降低油耗、颗粒物排放及高负荷时的爆震倾向;但进气门关闭推迟会严重影响发动机的动力性能,因此需要降低高负荷时的阿特金森循环率并提高增压压力。     

Thermodynamic Analysis and Comparison of Performances of Air Standard Atkinson,Otto, and Diesel Cycles with Heat Transfer Considerations

This paper focuses on the overall performances of Otto, Atkinson, and Diesel air standard cycles. This study compares performance of these cycles with regard to parameters such as variable specific heat ratio, heat transfer loss, frictional loss, and internal irreversibility based on finite‐time thermodynamics. The relationship between thermal efficiency and compression ratio, and between power output and compression ratio of these cycles are obtained by numerical examples. In this study, it is assumed that during the combustion process, the heat transfer occurs only through the cylinder wall. The heat transfer is affected by the average temperature of both the cylinder wall and the working fluid. The results show that for each cycle, with the increase of the compression ratio in the specific mean piston speed, power output and thermal efficiency first increase and after reaching their maximum value, start to decrease. The results also indicate that maximum power output and maximum thermal efficiency of an Atkinson cycle could be higher than the values of these parameters in Diesel cycle and Otto cycle in the same operating conditions. The maximum power output and the maximum thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle have the lowest value among studied cycles. By increasing the mean piston speed, power output and thermal efficiency of Atkinson, Diesel, and Otto cycles start to decrease. The results of this study provide guidance for the performance analysis and show the improvement areas of practical Otto, Atkinson, and Diesel engines.     

Influence of heat loss on the performance of an air-standard Atkinson cycle

This study is aimed at investigating the effects of heat loss, as characterized by a percentage of fuel’s energy, friction and variable specific heats of the working fluid, on the performance of an air-standard Atkinson cycle under the restriction of the maximum cycle-temperature. A more realistic and precise relationship between the fuel’s chemical-energy and the heat leakage is derived through the resulting temperature. The variations in power output and thermal efficiency with compression ratio, and the relations between the power output and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are presented. The results show that the power output as well as the efficiency, for which the maximum power-output occurs, will rise with the increase of maximum cycle-temperature. The temperature-dependent specific heats of the working fluid have a significant influence on the performance. The power output and the working range of the cycle increase while the efficiency decreases with the rise of specific heats of working fluid. The friction loss has a negative effect on the performance. Therefore, the power output and efficiency of the Atkinson cycle decrease with increasing friction loss. It is noteworthy that the results obtained in the present study are of significance for providing guidance with respect to the performance evaluation and improvement of practical Atkinson-cycle engines.     

Development of a large-sized direct injection hydrogen engine for a stationary power generator

A number of studies on hydrogen engines have targeted small-sized engines for passenger vehicles. By contrast, the present study focuses on a large-sized engine for a stationary power generator. The objective of this study is to simultaneously achieve low NOx emission without aftertreatment, and high thermal efficiency and torque. Experimental analysis has been conducted on a single-cylinder test engine equipped with a gas injector for direct hydrogen injection. The injection strategy adopted in this study aims generating inhomogeneity of hydrogen mixtures within the engine cylinder by setting the injection pressure at a relatively low level while injecting hydrogen through small orifices. High levels of EGR and increased intake boost pressures are also adopted to reduce NOx emission and enhance torque. The results showed that extreme levels of EGR and air-fuel inhomogeneity can suppress NOx emission and the occurrence of abnormal combustion with little negative impact on the efficiency of hydrogen combustion. The maximum IMEP achieved under these conditions is 1.46 MPa (135 Nm@1000 rpm) with engine-out NOx emission of less than 150 ppm (ISNOx < 0.55 g/kW) for an intake boost pressure of 175 kPa and EGR rate of around 50%. To achieve further improvement of the IMEP and thermal efficiency, the Atkinson/Miller cycle was attempted by increasing the expansion ratio and retarding the intake valve closing time of the engine. The test engine used in this study finally achieved an IMEP of 1.64 MPa (150 Nm@1000 rpm) with less than 100 ppm of NOx emission (ISNOx < 0.36 g/kWh) and more than 50% of ITE.     

Performance of an Atkinson cycle with heat transfer,friction and variable specific-heats of the working fluid

The performance of an air standard Atkinson cycle with heat-transfer loss, friction-like term loss and variable specific-heats of the working fluid is analyzed using finite-time thermodynamics. The relations between the power output and the compression ratio, between the thermal efficiency and the compression ratio, as well as the optimal relation between the power output and the efficiency of the cycle are derived by detailed numerical examples. Moreover, the effects of variable specific-heats of the working fluid and the friction-like term loss on the irreversible cycle performance are analyzed. The results show that the effects of variable specific-heats of working fluid and friction-like term loss on the irreversible cycle performance should be considered in cycle analysis. The results obtained in this paper provide guidance for the design of Atkinson engines.     

Performance analysis of a novel eco‐friendly internal combustion engine cycle

The Miller cycle applications have been performed to diminish NO_x released from internal combustion engines (ICEs), in recent years. The Miller cycle provides decreased compression ratio and enhanced expansion ratio; hereby, maximum in‐cylinder combustion temperatures diminish, and NO_x formations slow down remarkably. Another less‐known method is Takemura cycle application, which provides heat addition into engine cylinder at constant combustion temperatures. In this study, a novel cycle including the Miller cycle and the Takemura cycle has been developed by using novel numerical models and computing methods with seven processes and a novel way to decrease NO_x emissions at higher levels compared with the single applications of known cycles. A comprehensive performance examination of the proposed cycle engine in terms of performance characteristics such as effective power (EFP), effective power density (EFPD), exergy destruction (X), exergy efficiency (ε), and ecological coefficient of performance (ECOP) has been conducted. The impacts of engine operating and design parameters on the performance characteristics have been computationally examined. Furthermore, irreversibilities depending on incomplete combustion loss (INCL), exhaust output loss (EXOL), heat transfer loss (HTRL), and friction loss (FRL) have been considered in the performance simulations. The minimum exergy destruction and maximum performance specifications have been observed with 30 of the compression ratio. Maximum effective power values have been obtained at range between 1 and 1.2 of equivalence ratio. The optimum range for exergy efficiency is between 0.8 and 1 of equivalence ratio. Increasing engine speed has provided enhancing effective power. However, an optimum range has been found for the exergy efficiency that is interval of 3000 to 4000 rpm. The results obtained can be assessed by researchers studying on modeling of the engine systems and designs.