Non‐linear random response of laminated composite shallow shells using finite element modal method

This paper investigates the large‐amplitude multi‐mode random response of thin shallow shells with rectangular planform at elevated temperatures using a finite element non‐linear modal formulation. A thin laminated composite shallow shell element and the system equations of motion are developed. The system equations in structural node degrees‐of‐freedom (DOF) are transformed into modal co‐ordinates, and the non‐linear stiffness matrices are transformed into non‐linear modal stiffness matrices. The number of modal equations is much smaller than the number of equations in structural node DOF. A numerical integration is employed to determine the random response. Thermal buckling deflections are obtained to explain the intermittent snap‐through phenomenon. The natural frequencies of the infinitesimal vibration about the thermally buckled equilibrium positions (BEPs) are studied, and it is found that there is great difference between the frequencies about the primary (positive) and the secondary (negative) BEPs. All three types of motion: (i) linear random vibration about the primary BEP, (ii) intermittent snap‐through between the two BEPs, and (iii) non‐linear large‐amplitude random vibration over the two BEPs, can be predicted. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental and numerical investigations for the free vibration of cantilever trapezoidal plates

Abstract

Based on the advantages of non‐contact and full field measurement, the optical technique called amplitude‐fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry (AFESPI) with an out‐of‐plane setup is employed to investigate the free vibration of cantilever trapezoidal plates with various taper ratios and sweep‐back angles. Twenty different plate configurations are analyzed, including triangular and trapezoidal plates, and the first seven vibration modes of each plate are measured. The AF‐ESPI method is very convenient for measuring vibrating objects because no contact is required in contrast to classical modal analysis using accelerometers. Based on the fact that clear fringe patterns will appear only in resonance, both resonant frequencies and corresponding mode shapes can be obtained experimentally using the present technique. Numerical calculations by finite element method are also performed and the results are compared with the experimental measurements. Excellent agreements are obtained for both results of resonant frequencies and mode shapes. The influences of taper ratios and sweep‐back angles on the vibration behavior of cantilever trapezoidal plates are also demonstrated in terms of the dimensionless frequency parameter.     

Large amplitude free vibration of a shear deformable laminated composite parabolic plate with parabolically orthotropic plies

The large amplitude free vibration of a laminated composite parabolic plate with parabolically orthotropic plies is investigated for the first time. The effects of out-of-plane shear deformations, rotary inertia, and geometrical nonlinearity are taken into account. The geometry of the plate is described, and the analysis performed in the parabolic coordinate system. The problem is solved numerically using a new parabolic hierarchical finite element. The nonlinear equations of free motion are mapped from the time domain into the frequency domain using the harmonic balance method. The resultant nonlinear equations are solved iteratively using the linearized updated mode method. Results for the fundamental linear and nonlinear frequencies are obtained for symmetric and antisymmetric laminates with clamped and simply supported edges. Comparisons are made with the finite element method for clamped and free isotropic parabolic plates and show excellent agreement. The aspect ratio, thickness ratio, moduli ratio, number of plies, layup sequence, and boundary conditions are shown to affect the hardening behavior.     

An essentially non‐oscillatory semi‐Lagrangian method for tidal flow simulations

We develop an essentially non‐oscillatory semi‐Lagrangian method for solving two‐dimensional tidal flows. The governing equations are derived from the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with assumptions of shallow water flows including bed frictions, eddy viscosity, wind shear stresses and Coriolis forces. The method employs the modified method of characteristics to discretize the convective term in a finite element framework. Limiters are incorporated in the method to reconstruct an essentially non‐oscillatory algorithm at minor additional cost. The central idea consists in combining linear and quadratic interpolation procedures using nodes of the finite element where departure points are localized. The resulting semi‐discretized system is then solved by an explicit Runge–Kutta Chebyshev scheme with extended stages. This scheme adds in a natural way a stabilizing stage to the conventional Runge–Kutta method using the Chebyshev polynomials. The proposed method is verified for the recirculation tidal flow in a channel with forward‐facing step. We also apply the method for simulation of tidal flows in the Strait of Gibraltar. In both test problems, the proposed method demonstrates its ability to handle the interaction between water free‐surface and bed frictions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibration of circular and annular plates using finite elements

The finite element method is applied to the free transverse vibration of circular and annular plates of varying thickness. An annular element is derived which incorporates the number of diametral modes in the deflection function. This results in an element having only four degrees of freedom, these being the deflection and slopes at the inner and outer radii of the element at an anti-node of the particular vibration mode. Thickness variation in the radial direction is readily introduced, and stiffness and inertia matrices are presented for elements with linear and parabolic variations in thickness. The method is checked with several numerical examples. Calculations of free vibration of circular and annular plates of constant, linear and parabolic thickness variation are compared with available exact solutions.     

利用振动模态分析确定对称复合层板结构的材料特性

针对周边简支和周边固支含弯曲·扭曲耦合的对称复合材料层板,本文首先推导了利用振动模态分析进行层板５个弯曲刚度常数评价的理论公式,并利用振动测试得到的有限个离散点的挠度信息对振动模态进行近似处理,最后利用最小二乘法求解层板的弯曲刚度。在数值算例中,本文对两种边界条件下三种对称复合材料层板的弯曲刚度进行了评价,同时考察了测试点数目对弯曲刚度常数评价误差的影响。     

Full‐Field Vibration Measurement by Time‐Average Speckle Interferometry and by Doppler Vibrometry – A Comparison

Abstract: Identification of dynamic material properties, non‐destructive testing and study of vibroacoustic behaviour of different structures require the use of complex, pointwise and full‐field measurements, which are capable of providing data for experimental modal analysis or model updating. Nowadays, among other techniques, optical non‐contact techniques represent the favourite choice as they do not add mass, stiffness or damping to the structure under test. When the range of vibration amplitudes allows it, most of these techniques are based on interferometric principles. Development of laser sources and detectors leads to a continuous improvement of vibration measurement techniques. However, a hard choice still has to be made between spatial resolution and temporal resolution. Another difficult choice is between space bandwidth product and energetic sensitivity of the detector. While the number of pixels of a camera is continuously increasing, the pixel size seems limited at its lower end. The paper presents a comparative study of the vibration amplitude fields as measured by two full‐field non‐contact techniques, speckle interferometry and laser Doppler vibrometry, and predicted by finite‐element model. The measurements concern the free and the forced vibrations of a thick, composite plate with free boundaries.     

水介质对多种边界条件方板振动频率及辐射效率的影响

本提出了一种简便计算置于无限大障板上的方板水中振动频率以及辐射效率的计算方法。在假定流体不可压、方板作小振幅振动、水中模态挠度近似为真空模态挠度的条件下，利用瑞利积分得到了因流体压而引起的附加质量密度。进而应用瑞利方法得到了方板水中振动频率与真空中振动频率、无量纲附加虚质量增量之间的关系。在真空中模态的有限元方法分析数据以及采用适当方法处理奇点积分的基础上，应用离散积分计算了无量纲附加虚质量增量的值。从真空中模态特征频率出发用迭代法直到水中频率收敛为止而得到水中方板的特征频率，进而计算了方板的模态辐射效率。方法的有效性通过方板的无量纲附加虚质量增量与献[11]结果对比的一致性来验证。     

Dynamic modeling and vibration analysis of piezoelectric microcantilever in AFM application

Piezoelectric microcantilevers (MCs) are widely used in common piezoelectric micro-electromechanical systems. These systems are used in ultraprecise scanning and characterization applications. Given the widespread use of this type of MCs in nanotechnology, their vibrating motion problem has recently become a matter of interest. Accurate vibration analysis and studying their vibrating behavior can play a key role in increasing their measurement accuracy and optimal design. For this purposes, first, the differential equation of motion of MCs is solved using modal superposition method by using Runge–Kutta in time domain and finite element methods. The extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test statistical method is used to conduct sensitivity analysis on the main parameters of the vibrating motion to determine the effects of each interaction coefficient on the motion of the MC. Results showed that the numerical finite element method and modal superposition method based on the non-uniform beam model have acceptable accuracy in calculating resonance amplitude and natural frequency of this kind of MC. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicate the high sensitivity of the first vibrating mode to force coefficient, which means that this mode is suitable for topography of the sample surface and the nanoparticle.     

Parameter estimation of orthotropic plates by Bayesian sensitivity analysis

A method is developed to revise the elastic properties of a thin composite plate vibration model in an iterative manner such that its modified analytical responses eventually match those obtained experimentally. Once the revision process is completed, the resulting properties are considered the true properties of the plate and a non-destructive method for parameters evaluation is thus established. Formulation of a Rayleigh-Ritz model enables the calculation of the natural modes of vibration and an accurate finite element model is used to assess the confidence of these modes. Experimental modes as target responses are extracted by modal testing. Statistical Bayesian estimation is then applied to direct the adjustments of the parameters based on the discrepancies between the analytical and experimental responses. This method takes into account both the confidence associated with mathematical modelling and parameter estimates. Satisfactory convergence of the iteration scheme has been observed for several generally orthotropic glass/epoxy plates. Of all the constants determined using this approach, the elastic moduli are most accurate.     

Vibration characteristics of moving sigmoid functionally graded plates containing porosities

This study investigates vibration characteristics of longitudinally moving sigmoid functionally graded material (S-FGM) plates containing porosities. Two types of porosity distribution, i.e., the even and uneven distributions, are taken into account. In accordance with the sigmoid distribution rule, the material properties of porous S-FGM plates vary smoothly along the plate thickness direction. The nonlinear geometrical relations are adopted by using the von Kármán non-linear plate theory. Based on the d’Alembert’s principle, the nonlinear governing equation of the system is derived. Then, the governing equation is discretized to a set of ordinary differential equations via the Galerkin method. These discretized equations are subsequently solved by using the method of harmonic balance. Analytical solutions are verified with the aid of the adaptive step-size fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. By using the perturbation technique, the stability of the steady-state response is highlighted. Finally, both natural frequencies and nonlinear forced responses of moving porous S-FGM plates are examined. Results demonstrate that the moving porous S-FGM plates exhibit hardening spring characteristics in the nonlinear frequency response. Moreover, it is shown that the type of porosity distribution, moving speed, porosity volume fraction, constituent volume fraction and in-plane pretension all have significant influence on the nonlinear forced responses of moving porous S-FGM plates.     

The nonlinear vibration of an initially stressed laminated plate

Nonlinear partial differential equations of motion for a laminated plate in a general state of non-uniform initial stress are presented in various plate theories. This study uses Lo’s displacement field to derive the governing equations. The higher-order terms in Lo’s theory can be disregarded, to obtain the equations of simpler forms and even other theories for laminated plate. These nonlinear partial equations are transformed to ordinary nonlinear differential equations using the Galerkin method. The Runge–Kutta method is used to obtain the ratio of nonlinear frequency to linear frequency. The numerical solutions of an initially stressed laminate plate based on various plate theories obtained by the Galerkin and Runge–Kutta method are presented herein. Using these equations with various theories, the nonlinear vibration behavior of laminated plate is studied. The results show that apparent discrepancies exist among the various displacement fields, which indicates the transverse shear strain, normal strain and initial stress state have great effect on the vibration behavior of laminate plate under nonlinear vibration.     

Non‐linear sloshing in partially liquid filled containers with baffles

A finite element method is used for computing the non‐linear sloshing response of liquid in a two‐dimensional rigid rectangular tank with rigid baffles. The potential formulation is considered for the liquid domain and a mixed Eulerian–Langrangian scheme is adopted. The solution is obtained by the Galerkin method. The fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method is employed to advance the solution in the time domain. A regridding technique is applied to the free surface of the liquid, which effectively eliminates the numerical instabilities without the use of artificial smoothing. Through the comparison with the available results for the rectangular tank without baffle, the validity of the present formulation is checked and then extended to the solution of tanks with rigid baffles. The effects of baffle parameters such as position, dimension and numbers on the non‐linear sloshing response are examined. The present numerical solution procedure is also applied to the non‐linear sloshing problems in a circular cylindrical container with annular baffle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear dynamic response and vibration of imperfect shear deformable functionally graded plates subjected to blast and thermal loads

Based on Reddy's higher-order shear deformation plate theory, this article presents an analysis of the nonlinear dynamic response and vibration of imperfect functionally graded material (FGM) thick plates subjected to blast and thermal loads resting on elastic foundations. The material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Numerical results for the dynamic response and vibration of the FGM plates with two cases of boundary conditions are obtained by the Galerkin method and fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The results show the effects of geometrical parameters, material properties, imperfections, temperature increment, elastic foundations, and boundary conditions on the nonlinear dynamic response and vibration of FGM plates.     

形状记忆合金纤维正交各向异性层合矩形板的非线性弯曲振动

研究了形状记忆合金(SMA)纤维混杂复合材料大挠度层合板的非线性自由与受迫振动特性。基于描述SMA力学行为的Brinson理论以及层合板材料性能预测的混合率, 建立了SMA纤维混杂复合材料大挠度层合板的本构方程, 基于对称层合各向异性弹性板的非线性理论, 建立了以横向挠度和应力函数表示的板的横向振动方程和相容方程。采用Galerkin近似解法将振动方程化为时间变量的含有三次非线性项的Duffing型常微分方程, 采用谐波平衡法(HBM)获得系统的固有频率方程和强迫振动稳态频率响应方程。数值计算表明: 非线性板自由振动频率比与激励温度的关系具有与线性板相同的特征, 马氏体相向奥氏体相转变阶段温度对板的振动频响特性曲线的影响最显著, 同时也讨论了SMA纤维含量、 板的纵横比以及自由振动幅值对板的非线性频率比的影响。      

Locking in the incompressible limit for the element‐free Galerkin method

Volumetric locking (locking in the incompressible limit) for linear elastic isotropic materials is studied in the context of the element‐free Galerkin method. The modal analysis developed here shows that the number of non‐physical locking modes is independent of the dilation parameter (support of the interpolation functions). Thus increasing the dilation parameter does not suppress locking. Nevertheless, an increase in the dilation parameter does reduce the energy associated with the non‐physical locking modes; thus, in part, it alleviates the locking phenomena. This is shown for linear and quadratic orders of consistency. Moreover, the biquadratic order of consistency, as in finite elements, improves the locking behaviour. Although more locking modes are present in the element‐free Galerkin method with quadratic consistency than with standard biquadratic finite elements. Finally, numerical examples are shown to validate the modal analysis. In particular, the conclusions of the modal analysis are also confirmed in an elastoplastic example. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new analysis of nonlinear free vibration behavior of bi-functionally graded sandwich plates using the p-version of the finite element method

Geometrically nonlinear vibration of bi-functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates has been carried out by the p-version of the finite element method (FEM). The bi-FGM sandwich plate is made up of two face-sheet layers of two different FGM and one layer of homogeneous core. The nonlinear equations of motion of bi-FGM sandwich plates are establish using the harmonic balance method and solved iteratively by the linearized updated mode method. The effects of amplitude vibration, mechanical properties, geometrical parameters, thickness ratio of bi-FGM layers, and volume fraction exponent on the nonlinear vibration behavior of bi-FGM sandwich plates are plotted and investigated.     

称量传感器标定装置机架谐响应分析

目的解决称量传感器标定装置机架在工作中受到砝码冲击载荷和电机振动时,机架与电机连接部位被频繁破坏的问题。方法采用有限元分析技术,结合三维设计软件Pro/E对机架进行了建模,基于模态和谐响应分析理论,运用有限元分析软件Ansys Workbench对机架进行谐响应分析。结果得到外界载荷频率与机架各部位应力、变形、应变之间的关系,确定称量传感器标定装置机架危险频率范围为70.467 Hz和77.92 Hz,即固有模态阶数的第4阶和第6阶模态。结论通过谐响应分析,得出了机架发生共振时可能产生的最大振动幅值,为称量传感器在实际工作中如何避免共振提供一定的理论参考。     

On the dynamic stress intensity factors in finite cracked bodies under harmonic loading

A method of computing stress intensity factors under harmonic loading is suggested. The method is based on the representation of the stress intensity factors in form of superposition of the modal stress intensity factors corresponding to the normalized free vibration modes with some weight coefficients. The motion equations are built with the help of the finite element method. The singularity of stresses in the crack tip is taken into account using special finite elements. To demonstrate the accuracy and possibilities of the method, the dependence of the stress intensity factors of the first and second kind on frequency in square plate with inclined central crack under harmonic extension-compression was calculated.     

Active stiffness control of wind‐rain‐induced vibration of prototype stay cable

The cables in a cable‐stayed bridge usually possess low inherent damping and are prone to wind‐induced, traffic‐induced, and wind‐rain‐induced vibrations. This paper establishes an active control algorithm using the stiffness control method to suppress wind‐rain‐induced vibration of prototype stay cables. By neglecting the axial inertia force and the modal coupling, the governing equations of motion of wind‐rain‐induced vibration control of prototype stay cables with active stiffness control algorithm are first derived. The fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method is then introduced to find the numerical solutions to the problem. Extensive parameter studies have been carried out for investigating the features of the control method as a design guideline. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.