A displacement scheme with drilling degrees of freedom for plane elements

A scheme of boundary displacements with drilling degrees of freedom for plane elements is presented. The scheme is free from zero displacement modes and allows the development of hybrid finite elements with vertex and mid-side nodes, each node including a drilling degree of freedom besides the translational ones. Four quadrilateral isoparametric hybrid stress elements are implemented, and numerical results for some current test problems are given.     

Eight‐node membrane element with drilling degrees of freedom for analysis of in‐plane stiffness of thick floor plates

The development of eight‐node arbitrary quadrilateral membrane elements with drilling degrees of freedom is presented using the compatible displacement interpolation within the element. The element is considered to develop specifically for analysing the in‐plane stiffness of thick floor plates in building systems, particularly the transfer plates in tall buildings as well as pile caps. With a new set of shape functions and following the displacement‐based element procedure, the element stiffness and force vector are derived and nodal displacements are obtained after solving the simultaneous equations; the element stresses are then determined. A wide range of patch tests is conducted to evaluate the consistency and stability of the proposed element. The test results show very good agreement with the exact solutions of the beam theory. Numerical investigations are carried out, showing that the analyses using the proposed elements provide better results than those from the existing methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On hybrid stress,hybrid strain and enhanced strain finite element formulations for a geometrically exact shell theory with drilling degrees of freedom

The paper is concerned with the finite element formulation of a recently proposed geometrically exact shell theory with natural inclusion of drilling degrees of freedom. Stress hybrid finite elements are contrasted by strain hybrid elements as well as enhanced strain elements. Numerical investigations and comparison is carried out for a four-node element as well as a nine-node one. As far as the four-node element is concerned it is shown that the stress hybrid element and the enhanced strain one are equivalent. The hybrid strain formulation corresponds to the hybrid stress formulation only in shear dominated problems, that is the case of the plate. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct modification for non‐conforming elements with drilling DOF

A unified approach to eliminate the undesirable lockings in distorted meshes for both non‐conforming quadrilateral membrane and hexahedral elements with drilling (or rotational) degrees of freedom is presented. The direct modification scheme is utilized in the formulation of non‐conforming modes to improve the general behaviour of isoparametric‐based elements. It is shown that the direct modification is very effective in eliminating the locking and this improvement of element behaviour may be doubled if the selective integration scheme is used simultaneously. To verify the validity of elements formulated by the proposed schemes and to evaluate their effectiveness, several numerical tests are carried out. The combined use of additional non‐conforming modes with the direct modification method and the selective integration technique plays an important role to improve the behaviour of elements, especially for distorted mesh cases. Test results also show that the results for both non‐conforming quadrilateral membrane and hexahedral elements obtained by the proposed schemes are equally satisfactory. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不等精度测量中自由度的探讨

文章对不等精度测量中自由度进行了研究 ,分析了各种情况自由度的计算 ,特别对已知标准差不同的情况 ,提出了自由度的计算方法     

A geometrically non‐linear piezoelectric solid shell element based on a mixed multi‐field variational formulation

This paper is concerned with a geometrically non‐linear solid shell element to analyse piezoelectric structures. The finite element formulation is based on a variational principle of the Hu–Washizu type and includes six independent fields: displacements, electric potential, strains, electric field, mechanical stresses and dielectric displacements. The element has eight nodes with four nodal degrees of freedoms, three displacements and the electric potential. A bilinear distribution through the thickness of the independent electric field is assumed to fulfill the electric charge conservation law in bending dominated situations exactly. The presented finite shell element is able to model arbitrary curved shell structures and incorporates a 3D‐material law. A geometrically non‐linear theory allows large deformations and includes stability problems. Linear and non‐linear numerical examples demonstrate the ability of the proposed model to analyse piezoelectric devices. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A finite element formulation for piezoelectric shell structures considering geometrical and material non‐linearities

In this paper, we present a non‐linear finite element formulation for piezoelectric shell structures. Based on a mixed multi‐field variational formulation, an electro‐mechanical coupled shell element is developed considering geometrically and materially non‐linear behavior of ferroelectric ceramics. The mixed formulation includes the independent fields of displacements, electric potential, strains, electric field, stresses, and dielectric displacements. Besides the mechanical degrees of freedom, the shell counts only one electrical degree of freedom. This is the difference in the electric potential in the thickness direction of the shell. Incorporating non‐linear kinematic assumptions, structures with large deformations and stability problems can be analyzed. According to a Reissner–Mindlin theory, the shell element accounts for constant transversal shear strains. The formulation incorporates a three‐dimensional transversal isotropic material law, thus the kinematic in the thickness direction of the shell is considered. The normal zero stress condition and the normal zero dielectric displacement condition of shells are enforced by the independent resultant stress and the resultant dielectric displacement fields. Accounting for material non‐linearities, the ferroelectric hysteresis phenomena are considered using the Preisach model. As a special aspect, the formulation includes temperature‐dependent effects and thus the change of the piezoelectric material parameters due to the temperature. This enables the element to describe temperature‐dependent hysteresis curves. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

4‐node unsymmetric quadrilateral membrane element with drilling DOFs insensitive to severe mesh‐distortion

The unsymmetric finite element method is a promising technique to produce distortion‐immune finite elements. In this work, a simple but robust 4‐node 12‐DOF unsymmetric quadrilateral membrane element is formulated. The test function of this new element is determined by a concise isoparametric‐based displacement field that is enriched by the Allman‐type drilling degrees of freedom. Meanwhile, a rational stress field, instead of the displacement one in the original unsymmetric formulation, is directly adopted to be the element's trial function. This stress field is obtained based on the analytical solutions of the plane stress/strain problem and the quasi‐conforming technique. Thus, it can a priori satisfy related governing equations. Numerical tests show that the presented new unsymmetric element, named as US‐Q4θ, exhibits excellent capabilities in predicting results of both displacement and stress, in most cases, superior to other existing 4‐node element models. In particular, it can still work very well in severely distorted meshes even when the element shape deteriorates into concave quadrangle or degenerated triangle.     

Buckling analysis of rotationally periodic structures using shell element with relative degrees of freedom

By considering the characteristics of deformation of rotationally periodic structures subjected to rotationally periodic loads, the periodic structure is divided into several identical substructures in this paper. If the structure is really periodic but not axisymmetric, the number of the substructures can be defined accordingly. If the structure is axisymmetric (special in the case of the periodic), the structure can be divided into any number of substructures. It means, in this case, the number of substructures is independent of the number of buckling waves. The degrees of freedom (DOFs) of joint nodes between the neighbouring substructures are classified as master and slave ones. The stress and strain conditions of the whole structure are obtained by solving the elastic static equations for only one substructure by introducing the displacement constraints between master and slave DOFs. The complex constraint method is used to get the bifurcation buckling load and mode for the whole rotationally periodic structure by solving the eigenvalue problem for only one substructure without introducing any additional approximation. Finite element (FE) formulation of shell element of relative degrees of freedom (SERDF) in the buckling analysis is then derived. Different measures of tackling internal degrees of freedom for different kinds of buckling problems and different stages of numerical analysis are presented. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the high efficiency and validity of this method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved assumed-stress hybrid shell element with drilling degrees of freedom for linear stress,buckling and free vibration analyses

An improved 4-node quadrilateral assumed-stress hybrid shell element with drilling degrees of freedom is presented. The formulation is based on Hellinger–Reissner variational principle and the shape functions are formulated directly for the 4-node element. The element has 12 membrane degrees of freedom and 12 bending degrees of freedom. It has 9 independent stress parameters to describe the membrane stress resultant field and 13 independent stress parameters to describe the moment and transverse shear stress resultant field. The formulation encompasses linear stress, linear buckling and linear free vibration problems. The element is validated with standard test cases and is shown to be robust. Numerical results are presented for linear stress, buckling, and free vibration analyses.     

Finite element approximation of piezoelectric plates

A Reissner–Mindlin‐type modellization of piezoelectric plates is here considered in a suitable variational framework. Both the membranal and the bending behaviour are studied as the thickness of the structure tends to zero. A finite element scheme able to approximate the solution is then proposed and theoretically analysed. Some numerical results showing the performances of the scheme under consideration are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The least‐squares finite element method in elasticity—Part I: Plane stress or strain with drilling degrees of freedom

A new least‐squares finite element method (LSFEM) for plane elasticity problems is developed based on the first‐order displacement–stress–rotation formulation which includes two new first‐order compatibility constraints among the stresses and the drilling rotation. This LSFEM can accommodate all kinds of equal‐order interpolations. Numerical experiments on various examples including incompressible materials show that the method achieves an optimal rate of convergence for all variables. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑界面转角自由度的频域子结构法研究

采用Jetmundsen频域子结构法,针对空间刚架结构的综合进行了数值仿真,研究了界面自由度的完整性对于综合结果的影响,讨论了一种间接获取转角自由度相关频响函数信息的方法.仿真结果显示,频域子结构综合法能够有效地预报结构的动力学性能,而通过引入间接获取的转角自由度的频响信息能在一定程度上改善预报质量.     

Dynamic analysis and drilling degrees of freedom

Finite element methods for dynamic analysis employing elements with drilling degrees of freedom are presented. The formulation is based on a variational principle in which displacements and rotations are interpolated independently. The issue of zero masses corresponding to rotational degrees of freedom is addressed and techniques for defining consistent and lumped rotational mass matrices are presented.     

三转动数控台跃度逆解分析

针对机械加工对数控转台的需求,研究3PSS RU并联构型三转动数控台的跃度逆解,以分析驱动系统对数控转台机械结构的柔性冲击和振荡．首先对提出的数控台进行描述,利用矢量方程法建立三转动数控台运动学模型,对其进行位置、速度、加速度逆解计算,在加速度分析的基础上进一步求导进行跃度分析,最后通过给定末端动平台的运动规律,计算出三转动数控台滑块的位置、速度、加速度与跃度随时间变化曲线．结果证实,在给定的运动规律中滑块2的移动范围、速度、加速度与跃度均较滑块1与滑块3的大,表明滑块2所受的冲击和振颤也较大．     

Hybrid‐mixed curved beam elements with increased degrees of freedom for static and vibration analyses

In this paper, hybrid‐mixed elements for static and vibration analyses of curved beams are presented. The proposed elements based on the Hellinger–Reissner variational principle employ the consistent stress parameters corresponding to the displacement fields with additional internal nodeless degrees of freedom in order to enhance the numerical performance. Elimination of the stress parameters by the stationary condition and condensation of internal nodeless degrees of freedom by Guyan reduction are carried out in the element formulation. This study shows how much the order of internal nodeless displacement functions and the type of mass matrix affect the numerical performance of hybrid‐mixed curved beam elements in static and dynamic analyses. Various numerical examples confirm that the proposed elements with increased internal nodeless degrees of freedom generate superior accuracy in the prediction of bending behaviours and high vibration modes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

研究两自由度强非线性振动系统的规范形方法

传统的规范形理论常用于研究弱非线性振动问题,对于非线性项不再是小量的强非线性振动系统则并不适用.为进一步拓展这一理论的适用范围,基于研究单自由度强非线振动问题的待定瞬时固有频率法,提出了可用来求解两自由度强非线性振动系统的改进规范形方法.首先引入了复数形式的一阶方程并且利用新的未知瞬态基频替换系统原有的固有频率,再依照规范形理论计算了一类两自由度强非线性Duffing-Van der Pol振子的5阶传统规范形.最后求解平均方程获得了此类系统的瞬时频率、振幅以及相应的稳态渐近解.通过对比算例中本文方法、原有规范形理论及数值仿真的结果,证明了改进的规范形理论对于多自由度强非线性振动问题的适用性.     

Articulated mechanism design with a degree of freedom constraint

This paper deals with design of articulated mechanism using a truss‐based ground‐structure representation. The proposed method can accommodate extremely large displacement by considering geometric non‐linearity. In addition, it can also control the mechanical degrees of freedom (DOF) of the resultant mechanism by using a DOF equation based on Maxwell's rule. The optimization is based on a relaxed formulation of an original integer problem and also involves developments directed at handling the redundancy inherent in the ground‐structure representation. One planar test example is selected as the basis for the developments so as to compare the proposed method with other alternative approaches including a graph‐theoretical enumeration approach which guarantees the identification of the globally optimal solution. Also, an inverter problem is treated where a continuation method is required in order to direct the optimization algorithm towards an integer solution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内参型非协调元合理位移场的研究

本文研究了内参型非协调元附加内部自由度的有效数目，结合平面四结点元讨论了有效附加内部非协调位移的合理形式。