重结晶工艺对1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑二羟胺盐热性能和机械感度的影响

为了研究不同重结晶工艺对1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑二羟胺盐(HATO,TKX-50)热性能和机械感度的影响,分别采用降温法、溶剂-非溶剂法,制备了6种不同粒径和晶体形貌的HATO样品。利用激光粒度仪和扫描电镜对不同重结晶工艺所得HATO样品的粒度和形貌进行了表征。利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对其热分解性能进行了分析。按GJB772A-1997方法对其撞击、摩擦感度进行了测试。结果表明,不添加表面活性剂,利用降温重结晶制备的HATO样品其粒度最大(d50=196.5μm)且晶体表面光滑、形状规则,表现出最高的分解温度及较低的机械感度,其分解峰温为249.1℃,撞击感度、摩擦感度分别为8%、20%。     

三维纳米结构FOX-7的构筑与热分解性能

以具有三维纳米网格结构且可降解的聚缩醛胺气凝胶(PHA)作模板,采用蒸发结晶法,原位诱导1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)结晶析出,得到FOX-7/PHA复合物,然后利用硫酸的稀溶液(10%)降解去掉模板,即可得到具有三维纳米结构的FOX-7(nano-FOX-7)。高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定nano-FOX-7的纯度为99%,说明模板基本去除完全。对样品的形貌、物相、结构和热分解性能进行了表征测试。结果表明,去模板后的nano-FOX-7较为完整地保留了模板PHA的三维纳米网络结构,其中FOX-7的平均晶粒尺寸为83.68 nm。与raw-FOX-7相比,特殊的纳米多孔结构使FOX-7的转晶峰和低温分解峰分别延后11.3℃和21.3℃,放热几乎集中在高温分解峰291.0℃处,分解焓从原料的1309 J·g-1增加到1421 J·g-1,表观活化能提高了128.62 kJ·mol^-1,增幅达31.46%,能量释放效率和热稳定性大幅提高。     

FOX-7及含FOX-7的HTPB推进剂安全性能

采用DSC-TG热分析联用仪和感度测试仪对比研究了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)和黑索今(RDX)及含FOX-7(RDX)的HTPB推进剂的多种感度。结果表明,FOX-7的热解活化能为245.2 kJ.mol-1,分解放热峰温为222.13℃,摩擦感度不高于68%,落锤撞击感度大于25.0 J。同比含RDX的HTPB推进剂配方,含FOX-7的HTPB推进剂的机械感度(摩擦、撞击)和静电火花感度显著降低,当FOX-7的含量为15%时,HTPB/AP推进剂中高氯酸铵(AP)的热分解剧烈程度已显著弱化,推进剂的主要分解放热峰温在260℃左右,与RDX/HTPB推进剂相比,该温度前移了近40℃。     

FOX-7在八种不同溶剂体系下的晶体形貌预测

采用附着能(AE)模型、分子动力学(MD)方法,分别预测了1,1-二氨基-2,2二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)在真空条件下和八种不同溶剂中(二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、丙酮、甲醇、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)、乙酸乙酯(EA)、水(H2O)、DMSO/H2O(V/V=2/1))的晶体形貌,计算了溶剂与晶面之间的相互作用能、溶剂影响下的附着能,得到了模拟晶习及其长径比值.为对比研究,同时采用自然降温法在以上八种溶剂的FOX-7饱和溶液中进行重结晶,得到了不同形貌的晶体.预测结果表明:真空下FOX-7晶体具有六个重要生长晶面:(101ˉ)、(101)、(011)、(002)、(110)、(111ˉ),其中(011)面的面积占比最大,为影响FOX-7晶体形态最重要的晶面.溶剂对晶体长径比的影响程度大小顺序为:DMSO相似文献   

FOX-7基浇注型PBX安全性能

为了提升奥克托今(HMX)为基的浇注型高聚物粘结炸药(Polymer Bonded Explosive,PBX)的安全性能,在配方中引入部分1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)替换HMX,研究了FOX-7对配方的热安定性、机械感度、冲击波感度、静电火花感度等安全性能的影响规律。结果表明,在引入FOX-7后,与HMX基浇注型PBX配方GO-1相比,配方GOXL-A的摩擦感度降低;在快速烤燃、慢速烤燃试验中的响应时间分别延长了58.8%、18.5%,并通过了升温速率为3.3℃·h~(-1)的极不敏感物质(EIS)缓慢升温试验考核;其冲击波感度显著降低,隔板厚度(L_(50))较GO-1降低了15.7%,50%临界起爆压力(p_(50))提升了9.5%;其静电火花感度显著降低,50%发火电压(V_(50))与50%发火能量(E_(50))分别提升65.3%和187.5%。     

不同形貌FOX-7炸药的制备及其性能表征

含能材料晶体的粒度和形貌对其性能影响较大,为了研究1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯（FOX-7）炸药晶体形貌、粒度与其热分解性能的关系,采用溶剂-非溶剂法制备得到了不同形貌、粒度的FOX-7炸药颗粒。使用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪和撞击感度测试仪分别对FOX-7炸药的晶体形貌、粒度、晶型、热分解性能和安全性能进行了表征和测试。结果表明,通过改变降温速率、搅拌速率等工艺条件,可以得到海胆形、球形、花状和块状等不同形貌的FOX-7炸药颗粒,所制备的FOX-7炸药晶型与原料一致,均为α型;粒度和形貌对FOX-7分子内氢键的断裂和共轭体系的破坏影响较大,球形形貌有利于提高FOX-7的热分解温度;同一形貌的FOX-7样品,粒径越大,热稳定性越好。在粒径为几十微米的FOX-7样品中,球形形貌的FOX-7样品安全性能最好。     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的精制及其性能研究

为了研究不同溶剂精制的2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)的性能,分别以三氟乙酸(CF3COOH)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,采用重结晶法精制ANPyO,对精制后样品性能进行比较研究.结果表明:用CF3COOH重结晶精制的ANPyO,粒度主要分布在2～70 μm,比表面积为0.454 m2·g-1; 在升温速率为10 K·min-1的条件下,分解热焓为1021.46 J·g-1,最高峰值温度为370.69 ℃,表观活化能为279.63 kJ·mol-1;撞击和摩擦感度,分别为 20%和18%.     

FOX-7在H2O/DMF溶剂中的结晶形貌预测

为了准确理解溶剂和温度对含能材料结晶形貌的影响,采用分子动力学方法模拟研究了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)在水/二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中的结晶形貌。构建了溶剂-晶面的界面吸附模型,使用修正附着能(MAE)模拟方法,计算溶剂-晶面之间的相互作用能,修正各晶面真空附着能并获得FOX-7在不同比例溶剂、不同温度条件下的晶习,分析了溶剂分子和FOX-7晶面之间的分子间作用力。结果表明:在真空条件下决定FOX-7晶习的六个重要晶面为(0 1 1),(1 0-1),(1 0 1),(1 1-1),(0 0 2)和(1 1 0)面;FOX-7在H2O/DMF溶液条件下的晶习随温度条件变化有明显差异,当温度为298K时在不同比例溶剂中的晶习均为块状,预测形貌与文献实验结果吻合较好。     

二硫化钼掺杂改性FOX-7含能复合材料的热分解特性研究

为了提高1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯（FOX-7）的热分解特性,在较低分解活化能下实现能量的快速释放,采用溶剂-反溶剂的方法制备了掺杂改性的FOX-7/MoS₂含能复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、热重-差示扫描量热仪（TG-DSC）等分析测试手段对复合材料的形貌结构、物相组成、热分解特性、分解活化能进行了表征和测试。结果表明,掺杂改性的FOX-7/MoS₂含能复合材料既可以提高低温阶段的分解温度,又可以催化高温下的分解放热。其中,与原料相比,FOX-7/MoS₂-5%的低温阶段的分解温度和分解活化能分别提高了6.8 ℃和78.6 kJ·mol^-1;高温阶段的分解温度和分解活化能分别降低了23.4 ℃和340.4 kJ·mol^-1。热重-质谱结果表明,高温阶段FOX-7/MoS₂-5%产物中CO₂的比例从7.3%增加到16.8%,表明MoS₂的掺杂改性又促进了高温阶段的分解,使分解更加完全和充分。     

FOX-7在DMSO-EAC混合体系中的结晶热力学

为了研究1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)在二甲基亚砜-乙酸乙酯(DMSO-EAC)混合溶剂中的结晶行为,促进FOX-7球形化晶体制备工艺研究,利用激光动态法测定了298.15～333.15 K温度范围内FOX-7在不同体积比DMSO-EAC混合溶剂中的溶解度,建立了溶解度方程,估算了结晶热力学参数,并在DMSO-EAC混合溶剂中进行了降温结晶实验。结果表明,FOX-7在该混合体系溶剂中的溶解度随温度和DMSO含量的增加而增加;所有模型拟合结果良好,其中CNIBS/R-K模型的关联结果最优;在VDMSO∶VEAC=1∶3体系中降温结晶所得晶体形貌规则、呈椭球状且粒度均匀。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.