Numerical model of transmission procedure in a cylindrical metallic cavity compared with measured results

The procedure for the resonant frequencies detection in a cylindrical metallic cavity, based on transmission characteristic, is presented in this article. An analysis of procedure efficiency to resonant modes identification is conducted numerically and experimentally verified. As a numerical tool, TLM time‐domain method, enhanced with the wire compact model to account for the presence of feeding and monitoring probes, is used. Also, in terms of modes identification and resonant frequency dependence of probe length, results of transmission procedure are compared with corresponding previously published results of reflection procedure [J. Jokovic, B. Milovanovic, and N. Doncov, Int J RF Microwave CAE 16: 346–354, 2006.]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2008.     

TLM modeling of a probe‐coupled cylindrical cavity based on compact wire model in the cylindrical mesh

This article describes an implementation of a compact wire model into the three‐dimensional transmission‐line matrix (TLM) cylindrical mesh for the purpose of an efficient analysis of probe‐coupled cylindrical microwave cavity devices. Because of a cylindrical grid structure and empirical nature of the compact model, this implementation has to take into account a change of wire model parameters with a variable cross section of the TLM nodes through which a wire conductor passes. The model accuracy has been experimentally verified and compared with the corresponding results reached by the TLM method based on a rectangular grid in order to consider its advantages. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2012.     

Hybrid wideband dual‐cylindrical circularly polarized dielectric resonator antennas excited with S‐shaped microstrip feed for sub‐6 GHz frequency range

In this article, a hybrid microstrip fed dual‐cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (dual‐CDRA) has been proposed for the sub‐6 GHz band application with a wide circular polarization band. The proposed hybrid microstrip feed cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna utilizes an S‐shaped microstrip feed line to excite fundamental HE_11δ like mode and hybrid mode in dual‐CDRAs. The presented antenna structures are acting as monopole antenna separately with 48.75% (3.88‐6.38 GHz) bandwidth whereas both radiators called dual‐CDRAs enhances the bandwidth up to 93.06% (2.16‐5.92 GHz) in addition with an axial ratio bandwidth of 15.2% (3.52‐4.1 GHz). The proposed antenna is applicable for WiMAX (3.4‐3.69 GHz), and WLAN application of 802.11d and 8.02.11e IEEE standard. For validation of simulated results, an antenna prototype has been fabricated and experimentally verified. A good agreement between simulation and measured results are obtained. The simulation results have been carried out by using Ansys HFSS 14.0 version software.     

High performance resonant cavity antenna with non‐uniform metamaterial inspired superstrate

The resonant cavity antenna (RCA) is a class of widely used high gain antennas, but usually suffers from narrow impedance bandwidth owing to its strong resonant property, as well as relatively low aperture efficiency because of its non‐uniform electromagnetic (EM) field distribution on the aperture. This article explores enhancing the RCA's impedance bandwidth and aperture efficiency by designing a non‐uniform metamaterial inspired superstrate, on which the metal patches vary their sizes with respect to their distances to the superstrate's center. After optimized by the Genetic Algorithm, the proposed RCA is designed, fabricated and tested. Measured results agree well with simulated ones and show that in comparison with a RCA with a uniform metamaterial inspired superstrate, this work significantly improves the |S ₁₁| < ?10 dB impedance bandwidth from 2.1% to 6.1%, the gain at the working frequency 10 GHz from 19.07 dBi to 20.55 dBi, and correspondingly the aperture efficiency from 50.5% to 71%. A further analysis estimates that due to the non‐uniform metamaterial inspired superstrate, a more homogeneous distribution for both the amplitude and phase of the EM field is observed on the superstrate's aperture.     

Neural model of microwave cylindrical cavity loaded with arbitrary‐raised dielectric slab

A combined knowledge‐based neural‐multilayer perceptron (KBN‐MLP) model to account for a loading effect of arbitrary raised dielectric slab in a microwave cylindrical metallic cavity is presented. Existing partial knowledge about the resonant frequency behavior of loaded cavity is incorporated in the KBN part of suggested model. In comparison with the model based on classical MLP network, more accurate and efficient resonant frequencies calculation is achieved. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.     

Modal analysis of probe‐fed circular sector microstrip antenna with and without variable air gap: Investigation with modified cavity model

Determination of accurate modal fields is one of the most crucial issues to understand the proper behavior of circular sector microstrip antennas (CSMAs) to achieve the best performance. In this article, dominant and higher order modal characteristics have been rigorously studied which germinate an improved, accurate, and efficient computer‐aided design (CAD) formulation to estimate the resonant frequency of CSMA with and without air gap between substrate and ground plane. The proposed formulation can address the wide variety of issues (such as substrate height, substrate permittivity, air gap height, higher order modes, etc.). The computed results were validated against the results obtained from high ‐ frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and our own experiments, while they have been also justified through the results obtained from the available literature.     

Design of a rectangular waveguide to cylindrical cavity mode launcher for TE011 mode with maximum quality‐factor

This article presents the design of a mode launcher for launching TE₀₁₁ mode in a cylindrical cavity. In the given design, TE₀₁₁ mode is excited from the top wall of the cylindrical cavity using a rectangular waveguide. This type of top wall excitation of the cavity has been used keeping in view the application of the proposed launcher in coupling analysis of a coaxial magnetron. The proposed design is verified by launching TE₀₁₁ mode in a cylindrical cavity, which is designed to operate at 9.3 GHz with the maximum quality factor. The value of quality factor obtained analytically is 31 030 and the same is verified by comparing it with simulation results obtained from CST and HFSS. Return loss and insertion loss of the mode launcher are obtained as 40.24 and 0.12 dB at 9.3 GHz, respectively. The frequency tunability of the cavity is also studied by changing the length of the cavity by making the bottom wall movable and a tuning range of 200 MHz is achieved. Performance of the top wall excitation is also compared with the conventional TE₀₁₁ mode excitation from the rectangular waveguide through the side wall of the cavity, and both are in good agreement.     

Design of a low‐cost 1‐20 GHz magnetic near‐field probe with FR‐4 printed circuit board

An ultra‐wideband magnetic near‐field probe based on a conventional low‐cost four layers of FR‐4 printed circuit board is proposed in this article. It can be used to measure the magnetic near‐field strength from RF magnetic sources or electronic devices for EMI conformance test. The operating frequency of the probe is from 1 GHz up to 20 GHz. The probe is constructed based on a coplanar waveguide and stripline with a short‐end loop. The probe dimension is 10 mm × 25 mm × 0.6 mm. The prototype probe is electric field‐shield structure and has a very high unwanted electric field suppression ratio about 17.7 dB. The probe calibration factor from the simulation agrees well with the calibration factor computed from the measurement. The average probe factor is 38.8 dBS/m and probe sensitivity is 47.4 dB μ A/m.     

Study of geometric degeneracies in electromagnetic characteristics of magnetron‐type corrugated cavity

A geometric degeneracy that can occur in natural frequencies and external Q factors of magnetron‐type cavities is studied. We analyze the causes of its appearance and consider its feasibility to enhance the efficiency of the cavity design. Transcendental frequency‐independent equations, the solutions of which can be easily obtained, and efficient estimates based on rigorous analysis are suggested to predict the existence of the degeneracy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 12: 320–331, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mmce.10030     

Design and analysis of a quad‐band substrate‐integrated‐waveguide cavity backed slot antenna for 5G applications

A planar and compact substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity backed antenna and a 2 × 2 multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) antenna are presented in this study. The proposed antenna is fed by a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) to SIW type transition and planned to be used for millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) fifth generation (5G) wireless communications that operates at 28, 38, 45, and 60 GHz frequency bands. Moreover, the measured impedance bandwidth (|S₁₁| ≤ ? 10 dB ) of the antenna covers 27.55 to 29.36, 37.41 to 38.5, 44.14 to 46.19, and 57.57 to 62.32 GHz bands and confirms the quad‐band characteristic. Omni‐directional radiation characteristics are observed in the far‐field radiation pattern measurements of the antenna over the entire operating frequency. The reported antenna is compact in size (9.7 × 13.3 × 0.6 mm³) and the gain values at each resonance frequency are measured as 3.26, 3.28, 3.34, and 4.51 dBi, respectively. Furthermore, the MIMO antenna performance is evaluated in terms of isolation, envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain.     

A fast mode‐matching‐based analysis of lossy magnetron‐type cavity

A strategy of fast computer analysis of a magnetron‐type cavity is developed based on combination of rigorous mode‐matching formulation and its simplified versions. Numerical examples are given when varying the aperture opening of the grooves and the radius of the noncorrugated inner conductor, for TE‐modes corresponding to the first and second natural frequencies which are of most practical interest. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 10: 202–212, 2000     

Full‐wave analysis of H‐plane waveguide junction loaded with metallic posts

A hybrid method that combines moment method and mode matching technique is presented to study H‐Plane waveguide discontinuity loaded with metallic posts at the junction of two waveguides. By expanding Eigen modes in waveguides, applying continuity of tangential fields at the discontinuity and finally nulling the tangential electric field on the post surface, a system of algebraic equations is solved to obtain current distribution on the posts and consequently scattering parameters of the structure. Then, as an application, an in‐line dual‐mode rectangular waveguide bandpass filter is analyzed using the proposed method along with generalized scattering matrix method. The numerical results are in good agreement with existing full wave finite element method in high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) results and measurements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE , 2011.     

Miniaturization and bandwidth enhancement of a cavity backed circular microstrip patch antenna

The resonant frequency of a circular patch antenna with and without circular cavity is measured. The patch miniaturization in the presence of the cavity is proved. Different methods of reducing resonant frequencies and broadening bandwidth without significantly reducing antenna gain are presented. Capacitively loaded patch and slits on the patch stimulate the patch at lower frequencies and multiple resonances, thus help miniaturization. Finally ferrite loading on the feed probe further increases the bandwidth without significantly reducing the antenna gain. The method is much more improved than that for a resistive loaded patch and a deformed patch. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007.     

Phase error analysis of the effect of feed movement on bandwidth performance of a broadband X‐Ku band reflectarray

A new cell element is introduced for broadband reflectarray applications. The presented unit cell exhibits linear phase response which makes it a suitable candidate for broadband X‐Ku band applications. This cell element consists of three concentric rectangular loops etched on a two‐layer grounded substrate. The dimensions of the cell element have been optimized to achieve linear phase response in the operation band. A square offset‐fed reflectarray of 40 cm × 40 cm was designed and fabricated based on this unit cell with wideband performance at X‐Ku band. Considering three different feed positions, the whole reflectarray was simulated in CST and good agreement between simulated and measured results was observed. A maximum gain of 32 dBi was obtained which is equivalent to 58% aperture efficiency. Also, a remarkable value of 36%, 1.5‐dB gain bandwidth was measured which is higher compared to previously reported designs in the literature. Another investigation that is carried out in this development through theory and simulation is determination of the effect of feed movement along the focal axis on the operating band of the reflectarray. It is shown for the first time that changing the feed location leads to a considerable shift in the operation bandwidth and maximum gain of the designed broadband reflectarray. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2013.     

Design of a novel metasurface for dual‐band Fabry‐Pérot cavity antenna

A novel reflective metasurface which presents different reflection phases to different polarization waves is designed in this article. The metasurface is used as the ground plane of a Fabry‐Pérot cavity (FPC) antenna. The radiator of the FPC antenna is a dual‐band patch antenna which has different polarizations in different bands, so by tuning the reflection phase of the metasurface correctly, the FPC antenna can work in two frequency bands. A prototype antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the antenna can operate at 8.35‐8.56 GHz (2.5%) in x‐polarization and 9.5‐10.1 GHz (6.1%) in y‐polarization. The maximum realized gains of the antenna in two bands are 17.6 dB at 8.75 GHz and 19 dB at 9.8 GHz. The measured results agree well with the simulated results which confirm the correctness of the design.     

Modeling irregular boundary with transmission‐line modeling method

This work proposes a model to represent internal and external fractional boundary nodes without increasing the computational time and memory comparing to other techniques. The limiting effects on the simulation time steps are the same of the basic transmission‐line nodes. This model is also indicated for parallel processing, once it does not produce branching in the algorithm stream. The processing time is the same as a basic transmission‐line modeling (conventional TLM) mesh independent of the boundary complexity. The accuracy is higher than the one obtained with the basic TLM (full nodes). This model is suitable for hybrid and general TLM symmetrical condensed nodes. Validations are made against analytical results, numerical TLM results (conventional TLM), and other published results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2013.     

Design of dual‐functional substrate‐integrated waveguide cavity with integration of filter and antennas

A dual‐functional substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity which integrates a filter and two antennas is proposed in this article. Three slots are etched to divide a single cavity into four quarter‐mode subcavities. Two equal subcavities are utilized to design a second‐order filter. Mixed coupling is induced by this slot‐etched structure, where a controllable transmission zero can be generated in the lower or upper stopband. Two unequal subcavities are utilized to design two integrated antennas. By adjusting their areas, the frequency ratio of these two antennas achieves a wide range of 0.55‐1.81. In addition, the overall port isolation of higher than 21.0 dB is obtained by optimizing slot length. The proposed design has been validated by experimental results of a fabricated prototype. With advantages of low profile, light weight, suitable isolation, and flexible design, it has potential applications for modern wireless communication.     

Micro‐cavity design of bottom‐emitting AMOLED with white OLED and RGBW color filters for 100% color gamut

Abstract— Two optical structures used for a bottom‐emitting white organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) is reported. An RGBW color system was employed because of its high efficiency. For red, green, and blue (RGB) subpixels, the cavity resonance was enhanced by the use of a dielectric mirror, and for the white (W) subpixel, the mirror was removed. The optical length of the cavities was controlled by two different ways: by the thickness of the dielectric filter on top of the mirror or by the angle of oblique emission. With both methods, active‐matrix OLEDs (AMOLEDs) that reproduced a color gamut exceeding 100% of the NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard were fabricated. More importantly, the transmission of a white OLED through R/G/B color filters was significantly higher (up to 50%) than that of a conventional structure not employing a mirror, while at the same time as the color gamut increased from ～75 to ～100% NTSC.     

A compact feed horn with wide‐distributed operating bands of Ku/Ka/W

This paper presents a design of a compact tri‐band feed horn for reflector, which has sufficient wide‐distributed operating bands at 14.5, 35, and 94 GHz. A single cavity is used to downsize and simplify the whole structure, replacing multiple transition sections, or dielectric rods. To maintain a good isolation, two 3‐order low‐pass filters are applied in the waveguide ports of Ku/Ka‐band respectively, meanwhile retaining a good coupling and minimal destruction on transmission modes. The prototype of the proposed tri‐band feed horn is fabricated and measured, showing an adoptable candidate for multiband reflector antennas.     

Contrast behavior of a field lens with a wire‐grid PBS

Abstract— In an LCOS projection system, a wire‐grid PBS may be used to improve contrast and a field lens may be employed to simplify the projection lens. However, the combination of the two leads to a reduced contrast, which decreases with increasing field angle in one direction. In a representative arrangement, measured contrast with a mirror varied from over 10,000 in the center to 450 at the left and right edges. Contrast loss can be improved with a weaker field lens. The problem arises due to a phase delay between polarization states introduced by the wire grid. Polarization measurements show a +53‐nm phase delay with an axis parallel to the wire‐grid surface normal. Various compensation schemes are proposed in order to reduce the aforementioned loss of contrast.