The Area Assistance Scheme: Planning and Funding for Community Services

The State Government and local government have an effective mechanism for the funding of community facilities and amenities in urban growth areas (developers' contributions, Section 94, Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979).However with recent changes to ‘pick up’ funding arrangements of the Area Assistance Scheme (AAS) in New South Wales there is no longer an effective mechanism for the provision and funding of long term community services to complement this legislation.This paper explores the likely implications for the planning and provision of long term human services, for the State Government's policy of urban development and urban consolidation, and for the AAS itself.     

Livability in dense residential neighbourhoods of Dhaka

Prime cities in developing countries, like Dhaka experience haphazard and intense horizontal densification. The livability of dense neighbourhoods needs to be investigated, particularly, the role of housing and planning in mitigating density problems and capitalizing the advantages of high-density living. This article argues that housing form and planned community facilities giving respect to socio-cultural practices can significantly influence Dhaka’s livability. Also, a wider definition of housing should be adopted to facilitate improvements in livability. As well, an integrated approach of residential planning is important in intensified housing development projects or planning for dense areas, encompassing housing standards, community facilities, public transport, open space provision and socio-cultural habits. This paper recommends the Bangladeshi Government to ensure enforcement of residential plans, to establish density zones in Dhaka’s main urban areas to guide spatial and transport development and neighbourhood facility provision, and to give greater respect for cultural practices in neighbourhood planning.     

上海市居住区公共服务设施设置规划--以上海新江湾城规划管理为例

城市居住区公共服务设施的设置规划是城市建设规划中非常重要的组成部分,在详细分析了上海市城市居住区公共服务设施设置最新标准及上海杨浦区新江湾城总体规划后,通过对新江湾城新建居住区公共服务配套设施规划管理的分析,对上海居住区级公共服务设施的规划管理进行了探讨并提出建议.     

Delivering basic infrastructure services to the urban poor: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of bottom-up approaches

In the provision of basic infrastructure services to the urban poor, limited rigorous evidence on the most effective service delivery approaches is available. This meta-analysis synthesises the evidence on the effectiveness of bottom-up approaches that is characterized by the strong involvement of alternate service providers such as NGO's and CBO's in improving access to electricity, water supply, and sanitation services for the urban poor. Although bottom-up approaches are espoused, we find that they do not have a statistically significant effect. This trend was consistent for all dimensions of access: connectivity, affordability, adequacy, and effort and time. However, our findings also show that bottom-up approaches may be more effective in the water and sanitation sectors than in the electricity sector. When bottom-up approaches involve active participation from the community, the results are significantly positive. Our study suggests that innovations to bottom-up approaches that facilitate active community participation can be an effective way to increase access to basic services among the urban poor.     

The distribution of urban public services: the case of parks and recreational services in Ankara

The provision of urban services is a central issue in urban planning and development. The distribution of these services to guarantee their effective utilization is another focus of concern. As citizens are heterogeneous in character, their access to urban public services is affected by the distribution of those services. Access to some services with fixed facilities is limited by the location of the service within a city. In this study, which focuses on the city of Ankara, Turkey, the parks and recreational facilities are evaluated in terms of both service and user characteristics. Since the service has a merited reputation due to the public and its free provision, a local government aiming for a just distribution claims to distribute the service ‘equally’ on a geographical basis. This study evaluates the current policy and proposes distributional justice to achieve a truly equitable distribution, which is sensitive to the characteristics of different citizen groups, instead of the territorial justice (i.e. park distribution based on geography) that cannot satisfy the conditions of effective utilization.     

人群活动导向的老城区公服设施供给模式研究

在我国城镇化转向注重质量发展背景下,传统公服设施配置思路已难以适应居民多元化需求,尤其在用地紧张的老城区,公服设施需求与供给的矛盾十分突出。以广州越秀老城区为例,基于公服设施POI数据和步行轨迹大数据解析老城区现有公服设施存在问题,同时结合对越秀区梅花街道86位居民的访谈调研,以不同人群活动特征为出发点,通过测度设施布局与人群活动轨迹特征,提出有别于新区的老城公服设施优化策略。研究表明：现有相关设施配置标准更多是解决“有”与“无”的问题,而忽视设施实际设施使用效果;老城区设施规划应区别新区集中式设施服务中心,结合不同人群生活需求和出行特征,以点状分散、路径串联的模式优化设施布局,可以一定程度上改变老城区发展困境。     

Analyzing housing prices in Shanghai with open data: Amenity,accessibility and urban structure

Skyrocketing housing prices in China's megacities have generated broad concerns. By integrating open data from Lianjia.com, Dianping.com, Mobike.com, and Baidu Map POI, we analyze spatial patterns of apartment prices and their association with local attributes in Shanghai. We find that Shanghai's residential market still has a monocentric structure because of the centralized distribution of public transport facilities and amenities. Hedonic models further confirm that structural attributes, accessibility, as well as public and private service amenities significantly shape the real estate market. These factors also are differentiated so as to form a pattern of concentric rings. In the inner-city and expanded inner-city areas, public service amenities such as parks, schools, hospitals, and banks, as well as private service amenities such as entertainment, shopping, and residential service facilities, boost housing prices. In the suburbs, better access to bike sharing, bus stops, and metro stations are the top preferences for apartment buyers. Our study also indicates that the Chinese government needs to make public and private services more accessible, not only spatially in urban peripheries and villages, but also institutionally to lower income families who cannot afford apartments in expensive neighborhoods.     

Do residents of Affordable Housing Communities in China suffer from relative accessibility deprivation? A case study of Nanjing

Affordable housing has emerged as a key issue in urban development in a wide range of countries. Themes in research on affordable housing development across the world are reviewed. Affordable Housing Communities for low income households have been built on a large scale in developing countries such as China during the last two decades, mainly in urban fringe areas. Evidence on the impact of the location on access of residents to services is rare. Studying Nanjing, this paper compares spatial access to services between Affordable Housing Communities and Other Housing Communities by measuring distances and imputing walking time between residential land parcels and facilities. Affordable Housing Communities have significantly poorer access than Other Housing Communities, because of poor neighbourhood provision of low order services and poor access to high order services. A household survey of Affordable Housing Communities and Other Housing Communities records the daily lives, degrees of satisfaction and community attachments of residents. Residents in affordable housing have low degrees of satisfaction, weak community attachments and desire to move. The findings emphasize that service provision should be planned to keep pace with Affordable housing construction, so that these communities become better places to live.     

高容积率保障性住房建设规划策略——以上海市保障性住房三林基地项目为例

高容积率保障性住房具有其发展的必然性。上海市保障性住房三林基地项目规划在充分研究其现状的基础上,在不改变规划面积的前提下,以"H.沪尚社区"为规划理念,采取"大社区、小组团"模式,理性配比机动车停车需求,科学适配公共服务设施,如构建"15分钟服务圈"、配套设施"保质"规划、构建居住景观环境、"精细集约"的住宅户型平面设计及"新海派"的住宅立面形态控制等,对高容积率保障性住房建设规划提供了一定的借鉴。     

不同尺度弱势群体对公园绿地潜在供给 与实际游憩服务获得的响应差异及其影响 因素

社会分层和空间异质性加剧使得弱势群体获得公园 游憩服务的公平性问题日益凸显,探究弱势群体的公园绿地潜 在供给和实际游憩服务获得的差异仍是一项重要任务。选择中 国武汉市24个具有明显社会层级和空间异质性的小区,从居住 区和个人2个尺度研究了不同弱势群体获得公园绿地潜在供给 和实际服务的公平性差异,并分析了2个尺度中弱势因素对获 得游憩服务的交互影响,以及影响游憩服务获得的主要因素。 结果显示,老旧小区的公园绿地潜在供给以及实际游憩服务与 新小区没有显著差异,但生理弱势是影响居民获得游憩服务差 异的主要因子,而不同尺度的非生理弱势因素交互则会明显削 弱居民可获得的单次游憩服务量。此外,居住区尺度小区周边 设施对居民可获得的公园游憩服务的影响大于小区内部条件和 居民个人社会经济特征。研究结果明确了城市建成环境对不同 弱势群体获得公园游憩服务的公平性影响差异,对快速城市化 地区弱势群体公平获得公园游憩服务的改善具有重要帮助     

综合公园及其有效服务范围的空间布局分析

城市综合公园是居民日常娱乐休憩和社交的重要场所,对周围环境有重要影响,因此,城市综合公园及其服务范围的空间布局是城市规划与设计的重要专题之一。本着公园服务于人的基本原则和建筑物尤其是餐饮和购物点是人群日常聚集地的基本事实,本文结合建筑物及餐饮购物点的空间分布分析了深圳市综合公园空间分布合理性及其有效服务范围。结果表明综合公园分布较密的区域建筑物及餐饮购物点的分布也较为密集,且大部分公园周边有良好的使用人群密度,但有些建筑物和餐饮购物点较为密集的区域缺乏综合公园服务,说明深圳市现有综合公园的分布不够均衡,有些区域的居民没有享受到城市公共资源的服务,这些区域即是未来需要建设综合公园的重点区域。     

新时代街道和社区公共服务设施规划探索——从“服务短缺”到“治理协同”的重庆实践

街道和社区是居民日常生活的基本单元和社会治理的重要平台,街道和社区级公共服务设施是城市基本公共服务的重要载体。本文从“服务补缺”和“治理协同”的视角,揭示当前基层公共服务设施规划、建设、管理中的短板与问题,探索基层社会治理单元与基层公共服务单元相耦合的公共服务设施规划路径和实施政策机制,提出通过建设街道和社区综合服务中心,构建“20分钟街道公共服务圈”和“10分钟社区生活服务圈”,弥补基层公共服务设施建设的短板,优化城市基空间组织结构,促进城市规划与社会治理的结合。     

THE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL OF NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN PARTICIPATORY PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF THE NEW YORK HIV PLANNING COUNCIL

ABSTRACT: In addition to providing a wide range of essential services in local communities, service‐providing nonprofit organizations play an important role in shaping de facto local social policy through their participation in community‐based planning processes that guide or determine the distribution of federal funding for health and social services. This social policy role has become increasingly important in the United States as the federal government continues to privatize health and human services through providing grant funds to states and cities that are ultimately used to support local nonprofit health and social service organizations. The important role of service‐providing nonprofits in shaping local social policy has been understudied, as most studies on nonprofits and policy‐making focus on citizen advocacy organizations and their lobbying and protest activities, primarily at the national level. This study uses the case of the New York HIV Planning Council to address this gap in the literature, highlighting the benefits and pitfalls of an urban community planning process dominated by service providers from local nonprofit social service organizations whose own organizations are affected by the planning group's decisions. Factors that contributed to nonprofit providers' dominance as well as factors that limited their self‐interested behavior are reviewed. The relationship between the HIV nonprofit service system and the AIDS social movement is explored in light of theory on new social movements to help explain why nonprofit providers were sometimes able to promote attentiveness to the general public good while also advocating for their more self‐interested organizational needs.     

基于可持续社区建构的城市公共服务设施配置方法——以成都市新都城区为例

针对中国当前以市场为主导的 住区建设中原有基于“组团—小区—居住 区”城市住区层次架构的公共服务设施 配置方法失效问题,运用美国新城市主 义TND模型和英国可持续邻里相关理 论,结合成都市新都城区实际,提出基于 可持续社区建构的城市公共服务设施配 置思路,进而建构出由“划分社区类型— 建立社区层次—探寻公共服务设施布局 形态—分级配置”所组成的城市公共服 务设施配置方法。     

美国社区公园规划与管理模式

社区公园是城市公园系统中与居民日常生活联系最紧密的公园绿地类型之一。科学、完善的社区公园规划体系和管理模式有助于促进城市可持续发展和增进公众健康福祉。以美国多个城市为例,梳理归纳其城市公园与开放空间规划、城市公园服务分区规划和社区公园规划设计3个尺度的社区公园规划特色,并总结社区公园项目投资建设、公园评价和运营维护的管理内容。最后,分别从规划体系、投资模式、评估机制和公众参与4个方面对中国社区公园的规划与管理提出建议。     

Service Provision and Prosperity in Urban Communities in the Greater Cairo Region

It is widely argued that the Greater Cairo Region (GCR) in Egypt suffers from failing urban communities resulting partially from unresponsive services. The local discourse on urban services has not paid attention to the investigation of the provision process of services and its impact on community satisfaction and prosperity. In the Global South, there is an ongoing debate on the shortcomings of service provision and ways to improve them. Yet, emerging theoretical/conceptual approaches to the provision of urban services are not sufficiently comprehensive to explain processes of service provision worldwide and, arguably, cannot be because they cannot take account of local diversity. Consequently, this research investigates the impact of the process of service provision on community satisfaction and prosperity in GCR, Egypt. To help collect and analyze data, we constructed a conceptual framework of a potentially responsive process of service provision. We studied two privately developed middle- and upper-middle-income urban communities, using questionnaires with inhabitants and semi-structured interviews with relevant official representatives as well as documentary data sources. The research finds, in line with the Global South debate, that absent public participation, ineffective governmental institutions, pseudo-decentralization, and deficient regulations stand behind the failure of services, their lack of responsiveness, and low levels of community satisfaction. Yet, it also shows that community prosperity could be aided by, for example, private developers playing an active role in the provision process. Hence, community prosperity is not tied only to a specific set of institutional arrangements.     

The key to sustainable urban development in UK cities? The influence of density on social sustainability

High residential density is an important element of the compact city concept alongside mixed land uses, well-connected urban layouts, and easily accessible public transport networks. However, there is little consensus on how dense ‘high-density’ residential development should be, nor on what are the impacts of such urban environments on residents. This paper attempts to address this gap in knowledge by exploring the concept of density within the context of sustainability, calling on empirical evidence conducted in the UK by the CityForm research project. This research examined the relationship between elements of urban form (including density) and sustainability. This paper specifically makes reference to the relationship between density and aspects of social sustainability, specifically social equity (i.e. access to services and facilities), environmental equity (i.e. access to and use of green/open space) and sustainability of community (including perceptions of safety, social interaction and community stability). An extensive postal questionnaire survey and series of follow-up in-depth focus groups were conducted in a number of neighbourhoods in five UK cities to examine the hypothesis that high-density neighbourhoods were less likely to support socially sustainable behaviour and attitudes than low-density ones.     

从传统居住区规划到社区生活圈规划

社区生活圈规划的提出是我国城市发展进入转型时期的客观要求。从认识层面加深对社区生活圈的理解,是推进相关规划实践的重要前提。研究提出,社区生活圈是日常活动的空间范畴,社区生活圈的规划应面向生活空间而非抽象的功能地块。社区生活圈是配套服务的共享单元,社区生活圈的规划需要兼顾公共服务设施的可及性和可达性。社区生活圈也是邻里感知的社区领域,社区生活圈的规划在改善硬件服务水平的同时,也应关注营造和谐包容的社区感。社区生活圈的提出是城市规划工作适应时代发展的重要举措,也标志着新时代城市规划理念和方法的重要转型。     

Rethinking the Cost of Traffic Congestion,Lessons from Melbourne's City Link Toll Roads

This article explores patterns of access to services, amenities and facilities in two neighbouring New Zealand cities. An area‐level indicator of community resource access, based on priorities identified by caregivers of young children, is analysed alongside census data to examine associations with community resource access in each city. Analysis reveals variations in resource access between the two cities that could not be solely explained by population density. Associations were found between resource access and patterns of deprivation, population density, age, and families with children. Of particular note was a positive association between areas of higher levels of resource access and areas of higher levels of deprivation within cities. There were, however, higher overall levels of resource access in the city with a less deprived profile. These findings support action by both central and local government to ensure equitable resource distribution to promote local well‐being.     

Who gets to what? Access to community resources in two New Zealand cities

This article explores patterns of access to services, amenities and facilities in two neighbouring New Zealand cities. An area-level indicator of community resource access, based on priorities identified by caregivers of young children, is analysed alongside census data to examine associations with community resource access in each city. Analysis reveals variations in resource access between the two cities that could not be solely explained by population density. Associations were found between resource access and patterns of deprivation, population density, age, and families with children. Of particular note was a positive association between areas of higher levels of resource access and areas of higher levels of deprivation within cities. There were, however, higher overall levels of resource access in the city with a less deprived profile. These findings support action by both central and local government to ensure equitable resource distribution to promote local well-being.