Monitory Democracy as Citizen-driven Participatory Planning: The Urban Politics of Redwatch in Sydney

This article analyses a case of citizen-driven participation in urban planning in Sydney, Australia. Drawing on a case study of the local resident action group REDWatch the analysis is undertaken within the context of the hybrid forms of technocratic, participatory and neoliberal planning that are operating in the New South Wales planning system. Framed by the concept of monitory democracy, the analysis explores the four key features of monitory forms of civic action: (1) monitoring powerful social actors; (2) encouraging difference, disagreement, debate and change; (3) making formal power structures more transparent and accountable; and (4) fostering new forms of informal political power. The findings demonstrate that analyses of formal community consultation events and participatory planning policies are far too narrow to determine the civic utility of citizen participation in planning. Expanding the analytical borderland beyond the formal structures of the planning system exposes important informal citizen participation practices that are operating from outside of planning systems. Unlike formal state-driven participatory planning events and policies, these informal citizen-driven participatory planning practices can deal with planning hybridity and conflict, which are increasingly central to many contemporary planning systems.     

Civic Formation and a New Vocabulary for National Planning

The interest in spatial planning and territorial cohesion has prompted new scales of land-use planning interventions. This paper considers the experimentation and learning around the National Planning Framework in Scotland. This political instrument is predicated on active public participation to craft and legitimate a national planning agenda to re-position a devolved Scotland in a global context. The process involves a two-year programme of participatory activities. This paper conceptualizes this innovation through a discussion of the prerequisites for civic involvement at this national scale. It explores ideas relating to the need to develop a national vocabulary in the context of a small nation state. It highlights ideas relating to civic virtue and civic formation and the significance of an interest in public affairs, respect and trust, political equality, and a sense of public-spiritedness in preparing the way for active public engagement.     

The Gamification of Civic Participation: Two Experiments in Improving the Skills of Citizens to Reflect Collectively on Spatial Issues

For civic participation to lead to sustainable civic engagement, participants need to go through a process of collective reflection. Games have been put forward as tools to support this process. The commercialization of the Internet, mobile communication devices, and sensing technologies precipitated a substantial increase in the development and use of games, gamified environments, and playful experiences, to the extent that scholars speak of the gamification of society. The goal of this paper is to investigate the potential of gamification to improve the skills of citizens to reflect collectively on spatial issues in their daily environment. The paper presents two gamification experiments; B3-Design your Marketplace! and Cure for the Campus. It discusses the extent to which they support collective reflection operationalized as a process during which the players are triggered to (1) observe their environment; (2) categorize their observations; and (3) structure these categories. It analyzes the first results gained based on these two cases and discusses their limitations and further research directions.     

Diffuse Institutional Trust and Specific Institutional Mistrust in Nordic Participatory Planning: Experience from Contested Urban Projects

Trust is vital in participatory planning. To explore the complex relationships between participation and various dimensions of trust and mistrust, this article develops a framework of analysis distinguishing between specific and diffuse forms of institutional trust and mistrust, and illustrates its relevance via two case studies of urban and transport planning in Finland and Sweden. We explore the dynamic coexistence of mistrust towards the specific planning organisations in charge of the projects with the strong ‘diffuse’ trust in the generic institutions of representative democracy and Nordic planning. The proposed approach can help harness mistrustful civic vigilance for deliberative purposes.     

COMMUNITY ACTIVISTS' PERCEPTIONS OF CITIZENSHIP ROLES IN AN URBAN COMMUNITY: A CASE STUDY OF ATTITUDES THAT AFFECT COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

ABSTRACT: This article addresses the linkages and barriers between civic participation and political participation in urban communities, through a qualitative case study of the attitudes of community activists in a small urban community. Robert Putnam's theoretical model of civic and political involvement suggests a strong linkage between civic engagement and political engagement, while Nina Eliasoph's model suggests substantial barriers between participation in the local civic realm and participation in the local political realm. These competing models are given a preliminary test utilizing in depth interviews with a cross section of persons who are actively involved in the civic and/or the political realms. The data confirm Putnam's assertion of the strong linkage between the two, but they suggest that the two arenas are viewed as distinct by activists and that the rewards derived from civic engagement are quite different from those of political engagement. The analysis also suggests that community activists have strongly negative views of those who do not participate and that their suggestions for involving others have limited utility. This barrier may be the strongest of all in preventing both civic and political engagement in the urban community.     

新媒体与城市规划公众参与

随着新媒体技术的发展,社交网络、位置服务、移动终端等新媒体工具逐渐应用到城市规划实践。新媒体及其产生的“大数据”作为研究“人”的新工具,一方面形成了新的城市规划公众参与方式,另一方面为城市规划研究提供了新的分析工具。结合近年来的若干案例,初步分析了新媒体技术在城市规划公众参与,尤其是第三方参与中的应用,并提出了公众教育、舆论参与、信息分享、数据分析等应用模式。本文还以笔者参与的“钟鼓楼片儿区关注团队”、“梅州围龙屋关注团队”的实践为例,阐述了相关技术的实际应用方式。     

Including prospective tenants and homeowners in the urban development process in Finland

The twofold purpose of this paper is to establish the prospective inhabitants as a part of the development process, and to provide an overview of participatory planning in the context of Finnish urban residential public?Cprivate partnerships (PPPs). This overview examines how the future inhabitants of new residential developments can contribute to informed decision-making within a PPP framework. Communicative planning theory serves as a framework to compare the urban development process from the point of view of future inhabitants. Finnish case studies are used to compare the traditional public-led processes with processes based on PPPs. This comparison is discussed within the context of PPPs and how they may evolve further and develop into a public?Cprivate-people partnership (4P) model. The examination of the case studies suggests that involving future inhabitants as stakeholders in the urban planning development process would lead to and require new methods of participation. These methods potentially impact the PPP process as a whole and on several levels. In the Finnish examples discussed here, these range from elements of general planning to individual house design. The research, whilst drawing on the broad field of PPP research, is based on Finnish case studies only. However, this research suggests that the 4P approach is a practical model which may fill the gap between international PPP theory and local, practical solutions for the planning of urban development, both in Finland and elsewhere. Future research can look at this model in other PPP jurisdictions and contexts. The 4P model can be used to establish new methods to plan and develop local infrastructure which meets the needs of future inhabitants. The findings of this paper emphasise the crucial role of future inhabitants in the PPP process. The conclusions points out the possibilities for broad and open participation in urban planning and development processes. The 4P model is found to be a potentially valuable theoretical and practical concept for use in PPP urban developments.     

论公众参与的城市规划制度

在分析西方资本主义国家公众参与城市规划制度形成的社会、经济、政治背景下 ,结合我国社会经济政策的重大转变 ,阐述建立公众参与城市规划制度的必要性 ,提出公众参与城市规划的决策模式和制度框架 ,并对城市规划制度改革提出若干政策建议     

社区参与式规划的实现途径初探--以北京“新清河实验”为例

在城市规划和社会治理重心向社区下移的新阶段,公众参与具有前所未有的重要意义。如何在社区规划基础上探索覆盖面更广和更具有推广性的参与式规划途径,是当前规划理论和实践迫切需要解决的问题。将我国参与式规划归纳为组织化、个体.化和自组织三种类型,构建“参与动机-参与过程-参与结果”框架进行评估,进而结合北京“新清河实验”公共空间治理实践,利用在线地图互动平台探索了将组织化、个体化和自组织相结合的参与式规划模式,最后从规划程序、参与平台和实施单元等方面对实施路径进行总结。     

GIS in the Urban Landscape: reconfiguring neighbourhood planning and design processes

Landscape architects have been using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) primarily for large-scale applications such as regional, environmental, ecological and natural resources planning and management. GIS applications are explored for the smaller-scale urban landscapes of communities and neighbourhoods. It is described how a community-based GIS was used in a participatory neighbourhood planning process to enhance communication between planners, community groups and local residents. This case study, which reflects on the experience of a design team at the University of Illinois at Chicago, found that a community GIS was highly useful for urban landscape and design, particularly when augmented with a variety of other computerized and non-computerized techniques. In this case free-hand sketching by a trained artist and three-dimensional software that could create representations of the designs as they were in process were incorporated. This combination of tools proved effective for increasing community understanding and participation in the designing and revitalization of their neighbourhoods.     

GIS in the Urban Landscape: Reconfiguring neighbourhood planning and design processes

Landscape architects have been using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) primarily for large-scale applications such as regional, environmental, ecological and natural resources planning and management. GIS applications are explored for the smaller-scale urban landscapes of communities and neighbourhoods. It is described how a community-based GIS was used in a participatory neighbourhood planning process to enhance communication between planners, community groups and local residents. This case study, which reflects on the experience of a design team at the University of Illinois at Chicago, found that a community GIS was highly useful for urban landscape and design, particularly when augmented with a variety of other computerized and non-computerized techniques. In this case free-hand sketching by a trained artist and three-dimensional software that could create representations of the designs as they were in process were incorporated. This combination of tools proved effective for increasing community understanding and participation in the designing and revitalization of their neighbourhoods.     

初探由Remix网络游戏引发的城市规划公众参与

公众参与一词在我国城市规划领域出现的频率越来越高,Remix是一款关于公交线路设计的网络游戏。文章通过认识其吸引公众自觉参与到公交线路设计中的原因和实现公众参与的途径,分析其在公交线路规划决策中呈现出的优势和不足,进一步引发对我国城市规划公众参与发展的思考,包括缩小数字鸿沟、数据开放、规划公开、提供多样化的公众参与平台以及加强沟通、尊重公众意见。     

Citizen activism,conservative views & mega planning in a digital era

Scholarship on citizen activism in a digital era is growing exponentially in sociology, political science, and communications/new media studies. Theorists observe changing dynamics and power shifts within a public virtual sphere. In contrast, planning scholarship is sparse on how citizens use technology outside of official channels to participate and mobilize. To explore this under-studied phenomenon, a new conceptual framework is developed by synthesizing literature across disciplines to examine digital networked activism in planning and focusing on conservative activists’ fierce opposition to regional planning in Atlanta, Georgia and the San Francisco Bay Area. I find activists use new media in combination with traditional strategies to communicate, organize, market their cause and refine tactics. The new media facilitates their channeling of deeply held emotions into the production, performance and circulation of counter-narratives that destabilize the planning process as conventionally understood. Planners’ responses are largely reactive and catching up to the challenge. As a result, planners I interviewed are rethinking civic engagement in a digital era.     

From Geddes’ city museum to Farrell’s urban room: past,present, and future at the Newcastle City Futures exhibition

ABSTRACT

Genuine engagement about how best to achieve liveable urban futures should be part of planning’s raison-d’etre but it has a chequered history of delivery. Exhibitions harnessing the communicative power of mixed media and linked to a progressive and responsive programme of focused discussion and debate remain relevant to community consultation and civic engagement. Terry Farrell’s concept of the ‘urban room’ to involve citizens in engaging with the past, present, and future of towns and cities offers a contemporary refreshment of the approach propounded by Patrick Geddes from the early 1900s. The possibilities of creating novel and compelling opportunities for civic discourse in this guise are explored in this review article though the Newcastle City Futures pop-up exhibition and events held in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK in 2014. This event carries lessons for imagining how planners, developers, governments, and community groups may come together to critically and creatively forge future propositions for the urban condition.     

政府与社区主导型旧城更新公众参与比较研究 ——以北京旧城保护区更新实践为例

进入存量规划时代,城市更新为主 的城市规划将面向更加复杂的研究对象,从 物质空间规划转向到主体与物质空间相互 叠加的“社会+物质”空间规划。城市规划 公众参与作为协调多元主体需求和意愿的平 台和手段,变得越来越重要。以北京旧城保 护区更新实践的为研究对象,划分为政府主 导型更新和社区主导型更新两种模式,选 取四个典型案例,参考政治科学和政策科学 理论,将公众参与过程看作一个政治互动过 程,建构多主体博弈系统模型,研究不同价 值取向的多主体及其博弈过程,进而对其公 众参与系统进行对比分析与总结,并提出城 市旧城更新中公众参与的改进建议。     

话语分析视角下的规划争议观察及启发——以深圳湖贝古村的更新争议为例#br#

从话语分析的视角来看,作为公共政策的城市规划是各方在话语竞争后推导出的结果,因此对城市规划各参与者进行分析话语,能了解各方的价值取向,以及各方如何商讨、解决争议,推动规划从草案走向定稿。以深圳市湖贝村所在片区的城市更新规划争议为例,分析了由初步方案爆发争议到争议平息的过程中,增长联盟、反增长联盟、公共媒体三方面的话语。研究发现,由于公众参与的机制尚不健全,各方难以相互了解并进行充分的讨论,最终争议虽然平息,但问题并未解决。在此过程中,增长联盟采用了模糊表达、回避争议的话语表达;反增长联盟由于不受关注和话语主题分散,逐渐走向沉默;公共媒体由于视角单一,未能起到公共讨论平台的作用。认为,话语分析理论对城市规划争议甚至整个公众参与过程具有较强解释力,在实践中,应加强对公众参与的话语分析与合理引导,打通话语沟通的障碍,促进城乡空间共建共治。     

Integrating community engagement and children's voices into design and planning education

This article shares outcomes from a year-long participatory planning process – one that brought together children and youth engagement, city planning, campus planning, and a university environmental design course to explore child-friendly, dense and affordable housing for a city of approximately 100,000 residents. This process of engagement asked design students to include youth participation and child-friendly cities as an integrated component of sustainable cities. The article shows varying degrees of transformation, views of children as credible participants, and values gained from the project. Many undergraduates changed their thinking about the role of young people in design processes and outcomes.     

面向新时代国土空间规划的城乡绿地系统规划与管控路径探索

国土空间规划是中国新时代发展和生态文明建设背景下规划领域的重大变革,绿地系统规划作为其中的重要支撑专项之一,须充分响应生态优先、绿色发展理念,从"多规合一"和"城乡统筹"视角进行合理转变。以新时代国土空间规划为指引,从规划路径和规划管控两大方面,针对传统城市绿地系统规划如何适应当前城乡绿色空间优化需求进行规划模式探索。在规划路径方面,提出借助国土空间基础信息平台,确定规划的流程、层次、内容、技术。在规划管控方面,提出呼应"多规合一"发展要求,构建多民众参与、多部门合作、多渠道沟通的城乡绿地管控体系。通过构建科学合理的城乡绿地系统规划路径和稳定完善的管理机制,支撑新时代国土空间规划体系下绿色空间的城乡统筹和可持续发展。     

The economic geography of civic crowdfunding

Civic crowdfunding combines the power of private crowdfunding with grassroots organization to directly fund local public projects. This article presents an empirical analysis of fine scale geographic data on 18,000 donations to roughly 800 campaigns from a leading civic crowdfunding platform. These features of the dataset allow us to empirically assess distributional impacts of crowdfunding and how policymakers should interpret donations. There are several findings that have implications for the role of civic crowdfunding in urban transformation. First, neighborhood characteristics of projects, including median household income, do not impact the ability to raise capital, which addresses the concern that civic crowdfunding will exacerbate inequality in neighborhood amenities. The average distance of a donor to a project is over 300 miles and the median distance is 8 miles, indicating that while projects elicit donations from outside their community local donations are very important. Donors' neighborhood income does not influence whether they contribute to projects in low-income or high-income neighborhoods. The findings serve as a guide to future research on civic crowdfunding and inform how the expansion of this new funding mechanism can integrate into local government policy.     

超越“工具理性”——试析大众传媒条件下城市规划公众参与

通过对"郑东新区"和"钉子户"两个规划议题的分析,运用"交往规划"的相关理论,归纳了目前我国大众媒体中城市规划公众参与的特征——在整个参与过程中,公众的力量较实体环境下更强大、更主动、更多元,整个过程本身也更为动态和复杂。认为这一参与模式也是松散和脆弱的,自上而下和自下而上的参与体系并没有形成有效的沟通机制。基于这些特点,建议规划部门及规划人员及时调整自身角色,学会使用大众媒体的语汇,积极主动地融入大众媒体交流中,与其他公众参与者在沟通、理解的基础上达成合意,实现城市规划在方法论上的"交往理性"化。