基于ARM的电动汽车车载智能充电系统的研制

电动汽车以其高效率、低排放、多能源的特点有效地抑制了能源紧张和环境污染问题,但高效可靠的充电系统和车载能源问题成为其发展的主要瓶颈。对此,以ARM处理器为整个充电系统的控制核心,并结合嵌入式操作系统研制了一种车载智能充电系统。构建了嵌入式系统软硬件平台,详细阐述了车载智能充电系统的设计过程。理论和实验分析表明,该充电系统减少了电动汽车充电时间,性能优良、可靠性高。     

电动汽车的充电模式及充电设施建设运营模式研究

电动汽车是节能、环保和低碳经济的发展需求,而电动汽车电池既是发展电动汽车的核心,更是电力工业与汽车行业的关键结合点。在政府对电动汽车产业的大力推动下,我国电动汽车产业将步入快速发展期,这也极大地推动了电动汽车充电站和充电桩的建设,大量电动汽车的充电行为将会给电网带来较大影响。电动汽车的普及程度、类型、充电时间、充电方式以及充电特性的不同会使电动汽车对电网的影响发生变化。介绍了世界范围内电动汽车电池的四种充电模式：换电模式,有线慢充,有线快冲,无线充电。这四种充电模式目前处在不同的发展阶段,面临不同的问题,并各自具有不同的发展策略。对目前已经形成的电动汽车制造厂商主导模式、电网企业主导模式和第三方建设运营企业主导模式,进行分析研究和比较     

A distributed charging strategy based on day ahead price model for PV-powered electric vehicle charging station

This paper studies a distributed charging model based on day-ahead optimal internal price for PV-powered Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Station (PVCS). Considering the feed-in-tariff of PV energy, the price of utility grid and the forecast model of PV based on back-propagation neural network (BPNN), a system operation model of PVCS is introduced, which consists of the profit model of PVCS operator (PO) and the cost model of EV users. The model proposed in this paper can be designed as a Stackelberg game model, where the PO acts as the leader and all EV users participated are regarded as the followers. An optimization strategy based on heuristic algorithm and nonlinear constrained programming are adopted by the PO and each EV user, respectively. Moreover, a real-time billing strategy is proposed to deal with the errors from the forecasted PV energy and the expected charging arrangements. Finally, through a practical case, the validity of the model is verified in terms of increasing operation profit and reducing charging cost.     

A flexible distributed framework for realising electric and plug-in hybrid vehicle charging policies

Motivated by the problems of charging a number of electric vehicles via limited capacity infrastructure, this article considers the problem of individual load adjustment under a total capacity constraint. For reasons of scalability and simplified communications, distributed solutions to this problem are sought. Borrowing from communication networks (AIMD algorithms) and distributed convex optimisation, we describe a number of distributed algorithms for achieving relative average fairness whilst maximising utilisation. We present analysis and simulation results to show the performance of these algorithms. In the scenarios examined, the algorithm's performance is typically within 5% of that achievable in the ideal centralised case, but with greatly enhanced scalability and reduced communication requirements.     

电动汽车无线充电系统拓扑与控制策略研究

研究了新型电动汽车无线充电系统拓扑与控制策略。采用双闭环控制的AC/DC和双闭环控制的DC/DC结构,去除了传统控制系统中的无线信号反馈模块,并加入了功率因数校正(Power Factor Correction,PFC)和软开关技术。在MATLAB/Simulink环境下对充电控制系统进行了仿真,搭建了AC/DC、磁耦合和DC/DC变换电路,对蓄电池充电过程进行了仿真实验,并设计了充电系统PCB,最终搭建硬件平台验证了该方案的可行性和稳定性。     

基于负荷平衡的电动汽车模糊多目标充电调度算法

居民小区电动汽车（EV）的单相充电方式导致配电网出现三相不平衡和负荷峰谷差问题,因此提出基于负荷平衡的EV模糊多目标充电调度策略。基于三相网络,将总延迟时间和充电平衡作为目标函数,考虑三相不平衡度和负荷峰谷差等约束,建立静态和在线调度问题下EV充电调度模型。采用改进非支配排序遗传算法-Ⅱ（NSGA-Ⅱ）进行多目标求解,通过设计交叉算子、自适应调整变异概率和局部优化等来优化结果。通过设置一定容量的外部档案和拥挤距离判定来获得Pareto最优前沿,并用模糊隶属度方法得到折中最优解。最后,通过算例分析可同时活动充电点和三相不平衡度的不同取值对优化结果的影响,并与无序充电进行比较,验证了所提模型和策略的有效性。     

电动汽车充放电机变换器解耦控制系统设计

充放电机变换器是实现网侧电能和蓄电池储能交换的关键装置,同时可以消除谐波、实现单位功率因数运行,是一个多输入、多输出的非线性系统。在同步旋转坐标系中,三相电压型PWM变换器的d、q轴电流之间存在耦合,导致有功电流和无功电流不能独立控制。采用交叉解耦控制虽可以获得较好的稳态性能,但暂态性能较差,影响充放电机的工作性能。所采用的状态反馈解耦控制策略电流超调量小,调节时间短,非常适用于充放电机的变换器。仿真实验验证了控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

电动汽车充电桩控制系统的设计

针对电动汽车充电速度慢以及充电桩控制系统不稳定等问题,设计基于MSP430F149单片机的电动汽车充电桩智能充电控制系统,阐述该系统硬件电路以及软件的设计。并设计一种带放电去极化的三段式可变脉充电方法,提高充电速度的同时消除快速充电产生的极化。同时结合免疫反馈和模糊控制,设计一种模糊免疫自适应PID控制器来提高控制性能。通过仿真,并与传统PID以及模糊PID的控制性能进行对比,模糊免疫自适应PID控制系统的控制性能得到大幅的提高。     

充电中断情景下电动汽车充电站两阶段多目标区间选址优化决策

考虑到充电站选址用户需求量的不确定性和突发状况的复杂性特点,以充电站选址服务效益最好、充电站风险最小以及预选址-增建选址两阶段经济成本最低为目标,基于传统p-median模型和多目标应急选址模型,构建两阶段多目标区间p-median模型.第1阶段在需求和设施损坏存在不确定因素的情况下,基于不确定需求模型模拟充电站遭...     

共享充电桩下负荷时间分布均衡的小区电动汽车充电方案优化

针对电动汽车充电负荷增加、电网安全性降低,以及停车困难小区只能使用共享充电桩等问题,提出了一种充电桩选择与电动汽车充电优化的组合模型。该模型以共享充电桩之间充电时间标准差和全天充电负荷标准差之和最小为目标。考虑到电动汽车充电桩分配方案以及电动汽车充电方案两者的重要程度并不相同,提出了一种随着迭代次数的增加,变化概率不断改变的动态概率遗传算法。将改进后的遗传算法求解该模型,通过求解一个算例,进一步阐述所提算法的原理和过程,验证了该算法的可行性和有效性。     

Locating electric vehicle charging stations with service capacity using the improved whale optimization algorithm

This study proposes an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (IWOA) that, on the basis of Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) designed by Mirjalili and Lewis (2016), introduces Gaussian mutation operator, differential evolution operator, and crowding degree factor to the algorithm framework. Test results with nine classic examples show that IWOA significantly improves WOA’s precision and computing speed. We also model the locating problem of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations with service risk constraints and apply IWOA to solve it. This paper introduces service risk factors, which include the risk of service capacity and user anxiety, establishing the EV charging station site selection model considering service risk. Computational results based on a large-scale problem instance suggest that both the model and the algorithm are effective to apply in practical locating planning projects and help reduce social costs.     

微服务架构在电动汽车智能充电服务与运营平台系统中的应用

随着微服务技术的兴起和发展,越来越多的应用系统采用了微服务架构来实现对外服务。描述了微服务框架在电动汽车智能充电服务与运营平台中的应用,并介绍了一种适用于微服务的开发框架。该框架基于轻量级开源微服务框架组件Spring Cloud,其提供一系列的微服务基础设施进行支撑,对电动汽车充电服务运行平台中各组成结构都提供快速简单微服务组件,以提高系统开发效率,降低业务之间耦合度,实现系统的技术隔离、高性能并发处理、独立分布式部署运行、灰度发布、服务降级等,大大提高了电动汽车充电服务运营平台的高效性。     

Electric vehicle smart charging and vehicle-to-grid operation

Electric vehicle (EV) charging must be optimised for grid load while guaranteeing that drivers' schedules and range requirements are met. A system encompassing EV owner input via a mobile application, an aggregation middleware, a charge scheduling and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation algorithm and a radio-frequency identification reader is proposed. The algorithm's parameters and effectiveness are presented and discussed using simulation results. Simulation results show the algorithm to effectively optimise charging and V2G operation for a given electricity price curve. The proposed system is shown to alleviate grid load during peak hours, take advantage of off-peak charging benefits and generate revenue for the parking garage operator.     

网络信息安全面临的主要威胁及对策

由于互联网络的发展,计算机网络在政治、经济和生活的各个领域正在迅速普及,全社会对网络的依赖程度也变越来越高。但伴随着网络技术的发展和进步,网络信息安全问题已变得日益突出和重要。因此,了解网络面临的各种威胁,采取有力措施,防范和消除这些隐患,已成为保证网络信息安全的重点。     

推荐系统安全问题及技术研究综述

从托(shilling)攻击的分类、攻击模型、影响程度评价、检测和防御等几个方面进行系统评述,着重分析了托攻击所面临的关键议题.最后指出了推荐系统托攻击的研究难点和研究方向.     

Robust control for electric vehicle powertrains

This paper considers the application of robust control methods ($mu$- and ${rm H}_{infty}$-synthesis) to the speed and acceleration control problem encountered in electric vehicle powertrains. To this end, we consider a two degree of freedom control structure with a reference model. The underlying powertrain model is derived and combined into the corresponding interconnected system required for $mu$- and ${rm H}_{infty}$-synthesis. The closed-loop performance of the resulting controllers are compared in a detailed simulation analysis that includes nonlinear effects. It is observed that the $mu$-controller offers performance advantages in particular for the acceleration control problem, but at the price of a high-order controller.     

电动汽车充电站信息管理系统的设计与实现

本文重点讨论了电动汽车充电站信息管理系统的设计,从而对电动汽车蓄电池进行快速、有效的充电控制具有十分重要的现实意义。为电动汽车的市场普及创造了条件,对整个社会的能源节约和环境污染提出了一个新的突破口。     

A predictive discrete event approach for the optimal charging of electric vehicles in microgrids

Distributed generation, renewables (RES), electric vehicles (EVs), storage systems and microgrids are increasing widespread all over the world owing to the necessity of applying policies for sustainable development. In particular, the progressive shift from traditional vehicles to EVs is considered as one of the key measures to achieve the objective of a significant reduction in the emission of pollutants, especially in urban areas. One of the major problem to be solved to make EVs a viable solution for the sustainable mobility is the development of effective facilities for vehicles. In this context, besides to technological aspects, one of the most important issues is the definition of fair and efficient policies for the sequencing and scheduling of the vehicle charging. In fact, scheduling problems are widely recognized as representing one of the most challenging class of optimization problems. Besides, the additional presence of specific features concerning vehicle charging systems (like controllable execution times, presence of intermittent energy sources, etc.) make even more difficult the vehicle charging problem. In this framework, despite the fact that optimization problems regarding energy systems are generally considered within a discrete-time setting, in this paper a discrete event approach is proposed. The reasons for this choice are essentially two. The first one is the necessity of containing the number of the decision variables, which grows beyond reasonable values when a small-time discretization step is chosen. The second is the impossibility of an accurate tracking of process and events using a discrete-time approach.The considered optimization problem regards the charging of a series of vehicles by a charging station that is integrated in a microgrid. Such a microgrid includes also renewable and traditional energy sources, storage systems and a local load. The objective function to be minimized results from the weighted sum of the (net) cost for purchasing energy from the external grid, the cost related to the use of fossil fuels, and the overall tardiness of the services provided to the customers. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested on a real case study.     

一种交流便携式电动汽车充电箱的系统设计

介绍了一种低成本的交流便携式电动汽车充电箱的设计,针对需求设计了基于Freescale K60微控制器的系统解决方案,详细介绍了该系统主控单元的软硬件设计和控制基本原理。该系统设计紧凑、安装和操作简单、对场地条件要求低,适用于家庭电动汽车应用的推广和普及。     

Optimal energy management for an electric vehicle in eco-driving applications

This paper considers an energy management problem for an electric vehicle compliant with online requirements for ‘eco-driving’ application. Eco-driving techniques are discussed and formulated as an optimal control problem that consists of the minimization of the vehicle consumption over a time and distance horizon. Then, a closed-form solution of the optimal trajectories is presented. Numerical and experimental results assess the validity of the proposed eco-driving system.