Sensing multiple semantics of urban space from crowdsourcing positioning data

Urban spaces have multiple functions, and the main functions of these space change with human activities during a day; thus, there are dynamic semantics of spaces in a city. Knowing the dynamic semantics of urban spaces, which are implied in spatiotemporal patterns of human activities, can help urban planners and managers understand how a city performs over time and space. The very large amount of multidimensional user-generated data makes it possible to disclose the spatiotemporal patterns of human activities from multiple perspectives. In this paper, using Beijing as a case study, we extract the dynamic semantics of urban spaces through the spatiotemporal patterns of human activities discovered from crowdsourced positioning data. A high-order decomposition method, tensor factorization, is used to explore the crowdsourced positioning data. The decomposition results reveal five hourly patterns, four daily patterns and six spatial patterns of urban dynamics in Beijing, showing that urban dynamics in Beijing vary noticeably over different hours, days and space. The human activities implicated by hourly and daily patterns are inferred through empirical knowledge, and the activity semantics of spatial patterns are further disclosed by using the interaction relations among three dimensions stored in the core tensor. The k-means clustering method is executed to aggregate similar spatial units into one group. Five clusters of regions with similar activity semantics are discovered, the function semantics of clusters are clarified with point of interest (POI) data.     

可达性·愉悦性·可持续性——论城市道路交通环境设计的社会学价值

目前，我国的城市道路交通环境设计重功能、重景观，而忽视了其所应具有的可达性、愉悦性与可持续性等社会属性。道路交通环境的规划建设切实关系到社会公平、人的自由全面发展及社会资本积累等几方面的社会问题，应针对不同的交通方式制定不同的设计原则，以增进社会的可持续发展。     

城市机动性--城市研究的新概念框架

对城市中日常出行和交通运输问题的认识,正在摆脱工程师的技术观念束缚,成为社会科学的一项研究内容.社会学、地理学、心理学、经济学等多学科的研究方法催生了一个新的概念:城市机动性.城市的交通出行不仅是一个技术问题,而且是一个社会问题.对这一问题应当通过人们的城市生活方式,在空间中的表现,环境导向认知等方面进行研究.城市机动性的概念促使城市研究学者采用一个更加整体和系统化的方法来对待交通问题:城市交通不能脱离技术条件的支持(交通运输)、城市社会活动的组织(布局结构)、城市居民的日常活动(城市社会活动),空间质量(城市景观)以及城市决策者的管理措施(城市政策).城市机动性因此提供了一个概念性的框架.在此基础上可以发展建立新的概念与认识,如"交互的机动性"和"多类型的机动性"的概念.     

Identification of Potential Over-Supply Zones of Urban Shopping Malls: Integration of Crowdsourced Data and Weighted Voronoi Diagram

The market saturation issue of urban shopping malls has attracted considerable attention in China in recent years. In order to rapidly identify potential over-supply zones and inform policy-makers, this study developed a new model by integrating a weighted Voronoi diagram and crowdsourced data. The model was then tested in the city of Hangzhou, China. First, crowdsourced data such as user reviews of shopping were collected to measure the weights of malls. Second, by using population and floor space as parameters, an over-supply index was established for over-supply zone delimitation. This study offers a fast and low-cost approach for measuring consumption activities at a fine scale, and shows the merits of integrating classical analysis models and big data. Moreover, long-term user reviews and recommendation datasets with timestamps could be used to monitor the status of market health. From a bottom-up perspective, the market boundary map and over-supply index could constitute an important database for policy formulation through crowdsourced data.     

Does exposure to richer and poorer neighborhoods influence wellbeing?

Geographical differences in wellbeing have attracted increased attention in the science of happiness literature and recent research has become particularly interested in high-resolution spatial differentiation within cities. This study contributes to this literature by analyzing the relationships between subjective wellbeing and relative income at the neighborhood level using activity-travel survey data from 2010 in Hong Kong. In contrast to previous studies, the analysis concentrates not only on life satisfaction but also on pleasure derived from daily activities in the city, and considers relative income in people's residential neighborhood and the neighborhoods where they conduct different types of daily activity. The results suggest that social comparisons with regard to income matter to life satisfaction as well as emotional wellbeing, that the effects occur for both the residential neighborhood and the urban places where daily activities are undertaken, and that downward income comparisons tend to have stronger effects on wellbeing than upward comparison. One theoretical implication that follows from the analysis is that the impact of social comparison in the science of happiness needs to be theorized as dynamic, mobile and contingent upon people's daily trajectories through time and urban space.     

城市人居环境建设中环境友好理念的引入

我国城市人居环境建设面临着人地关系紧张、城市生态环境的恶化、城市交通运输梗塞、城市文化消失等问题.应将环境友好理念引入城市人居环境规划、建设和管理中,并以此为基础,制定具体的工作内容和方法.     

城市低收入人群日常活动时空集聚现象及因素——广州案例

城市规划者需要关注的不仅仅是空间结构本身的问题,更需要关注空间提供的服务和满足人的活动需求以及需求的公平性问题。居民日常活动时空关系研究为城市空间研究提供了新的视角。本文以广州市为案例,研究居民日常活动的时空关系,发现低收入人群存在明显的日常活动时空集聚现象,考虑在家因素的全天活动地主要集聚在老城中心区和新中心区外围,而排除在家的家外活动空间则与居住地关系密切,且活动范围较小。同时,低收入人群内部也存在一定的分化,围绕传统老城中心住区、传统工人新村、城中村和保障性住区等几类居住空间形成了低收入人群时空集聚区。影响低收入人群活动时空集聚的主要因素包括:城市社会空间格局、个人能力、时空可达性等。此外,不同低收入人群面临不同类型的时空排斥问题,需要在城市规划中分别加以考虑。     

气象因素对城市燃气日用气量的影响

气象是城市燃气日用气量的重要影响因素.本文以我国华北某城市为例,分析了温度、湿度、风速、云量等气象因子对城市燃气日用量的影响作用,通过相关分析和因子舍选,最终确定日平均温度、日平均相对湿度、日照时数为城市燃气日用气量的关键影响因素,该研究对于城市燃气用气规律分析和负荷预测工作具有指导意义.     

俄罗斯专家眼中的莫斯科市2010—2025年城市总体规划

《莫斯科市城市总体规划（2010—2025年）》以构建有利于人类生命活动的可持续发展城市环境空间为主题,旨在为城市居民提供更优越的社会城市空间保障。其规划指导思想包括：生态保育、城市安全、保护文化和自然遗产、建设社会意义重大的民生工程、保障城市交通系统发挥正常功能等。本文从莫斯科市的城市发展道路、城市建设格局、社会基础设施建设、交通网规划、历史文化和生态环境保护等方面,剖析在经济增长和制度转型的过程中莫斯科市作为首都城市的总体规划,比较新版城市总体规划与历版总体规划的继承关系与进步之处,并通过俄罗斯建筑与城市规划专家提出的观点,较为全面和深入地了解莫斯科市未来城市发展计划。     

'Divided Cities' as a Policy-based Notion in Sweden

It is argued in this paper that Swedish policies are undergoing changes in relation to 'geographical thinking'. Traditionally, urban issues have played a less significant role in the national policy domain than have regional issues. The shift towards a greater emphasis on urban issues is based mainly on arguments for equality, indeed on the same basic arguments that have been pushed for decades by advocates of the regional policy domain. The concept of distance, however, is changing from notions of physical distance in regional policy to social distance in the field of urban policy. Three years ago, the Swedish Social Democratic Government set up several committees and commissions. Their purpose was to analyse thoroughly issues concerning housing, immigration, immigrant policies, and social exclusion in the metropolitan areas. These commissions comprised Members of Parliament and experts from universities and central and local public authorities. Most of these commissions have now finalised the work and made their policy recommendations. One of the commissions-the Commission on Metropolitan Areas-called its latest report, published in September 1997, Divided Cities. The commission's main conclusion was that the three major metropolitan areas in Sweden are clearly segregated according to ethnic and socio-economic criteria, but that economic and social segregation-not ethnic-is the basic underlying nature of the division of population groups. Some of the data analysed by the commission are presented here, but some further empirical findings have been added that place their analyses into a different perspective. As we are now witnessing a partial retreat from general welfare policies with more emphasis being placed on selective policies, one of the selective programmes is presented-an area-based policy-that aims to counteract ethnic residential segregation and social exclusion processes. Finally, issues of city planning in the production and reproduction of segregation processes in contemporary Sweden are discussed.     

城市道路交通噪声的危害及防治

分析了城市道路交通噪声对人体健康、社会经济的危害,介绍了减少交通噪声的几种控制措施,提出了尽早控制城市道路交通噪声及多种措施相结合进行综合防治的观点。     

北京城市公园春季人工声景构成及其 变化

声景是生态学的一个新兴领域,通过声学手段反映生态系统质量、研究生物活动规律。选择北京五环内的10个城市公园,采集公园内春季的声音数据,并基于城市公园声景声谱图,结合功率谱密度的计算,研究北京城市公园人工声的构成及其昼夜变化规律。结果显示:1)北京城市公园人工声主要分布于低频0.2~2.5k Hz;2)春季北京公园内的人工声主要有38种,包括6种交通声、5种话语声、8种机械电子声和19种活动声,话语声出现最久;离散型人工声有13种,连续型有25种,以连续型人工声为主;3)城市公园中的人工声以话语声和活动声为主,在综合性公园、社区公园、游园及专类公园中话语声出现最久;在郊野公园中,交通声出现最久;4)不同公园的人工声昼夜变化规律一致,昼间的人工声构成显著多于夜间。结果表明:人类活动对城市公园的声景产生较大影响,人工声在城市公园的整个声景中占有主要地位,人工声来源较为广泛,且以活动声和交通声为主。     

大数据支持下的城市设计实践——衡山路复兴路历史文化风貌区公共活动空间网络规划

基于2016年上海城市设计挑战赛衡复项目专业组一等奖获奖方案,从设计理念、技术路线、规划策略等方面说明大数据支持城市设计的途径.首先,分析衡复地区现状特征,提出庭院街区的概念.使用大数据分析居民活动的时空特征,为五个庭院街区划分提供了直接依据.然后,依据共享的规划理念,在大数据和传统定量分析方法结合下进行了慢行系统规划,包括日常步行线路规划、特色旅游步行线路规划及自行车骑行线路规划.最后,将慢行系统与地区内公共资源进行叠加,将公共空间与人的活动紧密结合,完成公共活动空间网络规划.方案探索了以规划设计理念先行、大数据分析验证;大数据与传统定量分析方法支持方案生成和复核的两种大数据支持城市设计实践的技术途径.     

Multidisciplinary research: should effort be the measure of success?

Energy demand reduction and flexible demand from dwellings will play a critical role in achieving a low-carbon future. There remain many unanswered questions around the interaction of people with their environment and the technical systems that service them and, as a result, multidisciplinary research is a principal component of research funding internationally. However, relatively little published work considers the operational issues in undertaking epistemologically diverse, academic research projects. This paper makes a contribution by quantifying the operational effort involved in data collection on a large multidisciplinary project and connecting the operational issues encountered to knowledge production. It is found that the cost of the data gathering is £46,000/home, and participants can give upwards of 217 hours of their time per house engaging with data-gathering activities. The rate of knowledge production is found to be approximately three publication/full-time equivalents (FTE) over the lifetime of the project and the risk to generating interdisciplinary insights is shown to be dependent on largely unforeseeable operational issues that compound the characteristic differences in the collection of the data utilized by social and technical research communities.     

Conception of an underground parking system

Because of daily traffic congestion and/or frequent traffic accidents, roads in Japan's urban areas do not necessarily meet the basic requirements of providing safe and smooth traffic functions. In addition, chronic illegal on-street parking exacerbates an already difficult situation. In Tokyo, the lack of sufficient parking facilities already is causing severe social problems. This problem must be solved by building more parking areas; however, the increasing urbanization and high urban land prices make this difficult to do. Therefore, future parking facilities will need to integrate various uses of urban space and should be identified as a part of the traffic infrastructure. This paper proposes a tunnel-type parking system that can be constructed in underground space that is not utilized efficiently under present circumstances.     

社会分层视角下广州职住空间失配的趋势演化

区别于一般意义上的职住总量平衡,在城市多中心体系发育不完善的背景下,结构性的居住—就业组合问题更为隐蔽,其负面影响也更为广泛而深刻。基于社会分层视角,整合居住人口、企业从业人口的空间数据,开展广州城市职住人口分布、不同职业群体的交通特征及社会隔离、职住均衡度等多维分析。研究发现,广州职、住人口均集中于城市主城区和外围各中心地段;中心地段既是峰值人口密度分布地,也是多元融合区域,但以行业累计的职住失配程度也相对较大,呈现由内向外递减的趋势;相对于较低职业阶层人口,较高职业层级的人口主要集聚于市中心;城市空间结构具有城市主城区就业比重高而外围居住比重高的特点,由此进一步提炼广州职住匹配演化的社会分层空间模式。城市职住匹配的关键在于完善外围次级中心的就业吸纳能力和设施服务能力,一方面满足市民对于便捷交通、职住均衡的诉求,另一方面推动城市多中心培育,从空间维度完善城市功能组合关系。     

多源数据支持下的宜昌市城市慢行 廊道选线及设计研究

高速城市化进程加速了城市居民的生活节奏，同时 也引发了城市交通拥堵、居民出行品质下降等问题。当前，城 市建成环境是推动高质量发展、创建高品质生活的重要载体， 而慢行廊道的建设是城市空间品质提升的重要途径。但城市慢 行廊道的规划建设多是以自上而下的方式，缺少从人本尺度出 发的精细化空间识别与选线效能评估。基于此，以宜昌市旧城 区慢行廊道建设项目为例，结合市民出行特点与需求、城市物 理空间环境等因素，充分考虑其通行性、景观性、舒适性、经 济性，基于“5D理论”运用城市街景数据、POI数据、交通 数据和热力图数据等对城市建成环境品质进行系统性测度，实 现宜昌城市慢行廊道选线适宜性评估。并根据研究结论，从城 市慢行系统交通组织、空间构成及基础服务设施维度提出相应 设计策略。旨在将宜昌打造为通达舒适的标杆慢行廊道，为城 市慢行系统的建设实践提供新的解决方案。     

Optimizing schedule for improving the traffic impact of work zone on roads

Many different types of construction projects set up work zones on roads. Especially in urban areas, lane closures as a result of work zones have a considerable impact on local traffic. However, for a construction project that consists of several work zones and several work crews, the traffic impact may be improved by appropriate scheduling. Therefore, this paper proposed a scheduling model based on the route-changing behavior of road users. The proposed model calculates the traffic delay of vehicles by microscopic simulation, and applies team ant colony optimization to search for a near-optimal schedule. The project planner then ensures that the contractor executes the activities according to the near-optimal schedule. The proposed model is applied to schedule a sewer system construction project in a city. The results of our study indicate that with our proposed model the total traffic delay is reduced by 11.1% when compared with a schedule proposed by the project planner.     

基于地理学思维的人口专题研究与城市规划

人口调查研究是城市规划中的重要工作,但一直难有创新发展。近10年来,随着中国城市规划对"城市研究"的重视,人口专题研究得到发展。地理学者参与了大量的人口专题研究,运用其所擅长的空间思维和空间分析工具,对传统的人口结构分析进行了发展,结合社会发展形势,拓展了人口专题研究的内容。本文从人口统计、人口迁移、人口空间分布、人口结构、人户分离和职住分离、人口预测等方面讨论了新时期人口专题研究的重要问题,以期对当前的城市规划工作有所裨益。