On-line driver workload estimation. Effects of road situation and age on secondary task measures

In order to develop a driver-car interface that adapts the presentation of messages generated by in-vehicle information systems to driver workload, two experiments investigated potential determinants of driver visual and mental workload as indicated by performance on two secondary tasks. Experiment 1 suggested that road situation is a major determinant of visual and mental workload of the driver and that the processing resources of older drivers are somewhat more limited than those of younger and middle-aged drivers. Familiarity with the area of driving (when guided) and time of day (associated with traffic density) showed no secondary task effects. Experiment 2 showed that the categorization of road situations, proposed in Experiment 1, could underlie adaptation of visually loading messages to the workload incurred by driving. This was not found with respect to mentally loading messages.     

Evaluating the effects of bilingual traffic signs on driver performance and safety

Variable message signs (VMS) can provide immediate and relevant information to road users and bilingual VMS can provide great flexibility in countries where a significant proportion of the population speak an alternative language to the majority. The study reported here evaluates the effect of various bilingual VMS configurations on driver behaviour and safety. The aim of the study was to determine whether or not the visual distraction associated with bilingual VMS signs of different configurations (length, complexity) impacted on driving performance. A driving simulator was used to allow full control over the scenarios, road environment and sign configuration and both longitudinal and lateral driver performance was assessed. Drivers were able to read one- and two-line monolingual signs and two-line bilingual signs without disruption to their driving behaviour. However, drivers significantly reduced their speed in order to read four-line monolingual and four-line bilingual signs, accompanied by an increase in headway to the vehicle in front. This implies that drivers are possibly reading the irrelevant text on the bilingual sign and various methods for reducing this effect are discussed.     

Detection of new in-path targets by drivers using Stop & Go Adaptive Cruise Control

This paper reports on the design and evaluation of in-car displays used to support Stop & Go Adaptive Cruise Control. Stop & Go Adaptive Cruise Control is an extension of Adaptive Cruise Control, as it is able to bring the vehicle to a complete stop. Previous versions of Adaptive Cruise Control have only operated above 26 kph. The greatest concern for these technologies is the appropriateness of the driver’s response in any given scenario. Three different driver interfaces were proposed to support the detection of modal, spatial and temporal changes of the system: an iconic display, a flashing iconic display, and a representation of the radar. The results show that drivers correctly identified more changes detected by the system with the radar display than with the other displays, but higher levels of workload accompanied this increased detection.     

DRIVABILITY: a new concept for modelling driving performance

Various types of driver models have been proposed in the literature, such as taxonomic, functional, and motivational. Recently, the promising Michon model was extended, leading to the widely used GADGET matrix. Nevertheless, the correlation of such models to actual road accidents and their causes has so far been weak. In addition, the use of those models for predicting driver behavioural adaptation has not proven feasible. This paper introduces a new concept for modelling driver's performance, that of DRIVABILITY. DRIVABILITY is defined as a combination of permanent and temporary factors that affect a driver's performance. Furthermore, this paper proposes a DRIVABILITY index and a methodology to measure it, in order to move from over-simplistic, hierarchical modelling to a multi-dimensional sphere. The usability of the newly proposed concept is shown through its application in three different example cases, including a system monitoring driver hypovigilance, a system for driver basic training, and an elderly driver's assessment scheme.     

基于方差检验的并行负载抖动检测

负载抖动是影响负载模型准确性和代表性的关键因素。本文通过两个负载抖动例子给出负载抖动的定义，研究了抖动日志对负载模型的影响情况，提出了一种通过分析总资源向量和最大资源向量的方差检测负载抖动的算法，研究时间刻度参数△t对算法的影响情况，并给出了其较合理的取值范围。     

规则引擎在教师工作量管理系统中的应用研究

教师工作量的计算是高校教师工作量管理系统中最为复杂并且最为重要的功能。基于规则引擎的工作量计算具有安全、稳定、透明、易于管理与维护等特点。对基于规则引擎的教师工作量计算进行详细设计．并对规则引擎在教师工作量管理系统中的作用进行分析。     

考务工作量快速统计中的Excel数据应用

考务工作量的统计是整个监考工作的一个重要环节,笔者通过具体的考试安排案例,阐释剖析一下如何利用Excel排序、透视、分列、润色等数据功能,更经济地统计出监考工作量。     

Establishment of overall workload assessment technique for various tasks and workplaces

A model for assessing workloads called overall workload level (OWL) was developed by introducing linguistic variable sets and applying the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to estimate the external workload imposed on a human operator in man–machine systems. To do this, a five-point linguistic variable set scale was constructed and their hierarchical prioritization procedures were set up. The task and workplace variables (e.g., physical, environmental, postural, and mental job demand workloads) which can obtain the operator's perception of workload are selected as workload factors and the AHP technique is used to collect different weights. Finally, OWL is calculated using a computer-assisted system to determine the level of overall workload impinged on an operator. The OWL was implemented in an actual industrial environment from a physiological and epidemiological viewpoint to determine the validity of the model. Furthermore, the results obtained by applying OWL were compared to the results obtained by applying the overall workload (OW) of the NASA task load index (TLX). The results show that there is a close linear relationship among the physiological measurements, the severity of injury and illness rates, OW, and OWL. Thus, this approach can be used for problem identification and for solving widespread occupational workloads.

Relevance to industry

The determination of workloads imposed on a human operator plays an important role in designing and evaluating an existing man–machine system. Therefore, a model for assessing workloads was developed to estimate the external workload imposed on a human operator in man–machine systems. This model can be used for problem identification and for solving widespread occupational workload.     

CITECT驱动程序结构及其重用性的研究

本文通过对CITECT驱动程序的工作方式分析．讨论了CITECT软件与其提供的驱动程序之间交换数据和命令的方式．研究了基于二进制代码的CITECT驱动程序的可重用性。     

Learning from errors in a driving simulation: effects on driving skill and self-confidence

Two experiments investigated the effect of making errors during training (error training) on a driving simulator versus learning from examples of errors (guided error training) on driving skill and confidence. Experiment 1 indicated that compared with errorless learning (where participants drove through a training run not designed to elicit errors), error training led to significantly better transfer to driving tests that were analogous to those situations encountered in training and more effective use of strategies for coping with a novel driving situation. Error training also reduced self-confidence in driving skill at the end of training relative to errorless learning. Experiment 2 provided weak evidence of the superiority of guided error training over errorless learning (where the driver in the video did not make any errors) on analogous tests, and no evidence of transfer to a novel test. Furthermore, guided error training did not influence self-confidence in driving skill. The potential value of driving simulators in providing active processing during driver training is discussed, along with the effects of passive and active exposure to errors on driver confidence.     

Apache Struts MVC框架研究

本文介绍了Web项目开发中应广泛用中的MVC设计模式,以及基于MVC的struts MVC。首先介绍了为什么使用MVC．然后深入探讨了struts MVC框架,以及struts与当前其他框架的比较,演示了struts MVC的工程实现。     

Information fusion for robust ‘context and driver aware’ active vehicle safety systems

Although there is currently significant development in active vehicle safety (AVS) systems, the number of accidents, injury severity levels and fatalities has not reduced. In fact, human error, low performance, drowsiness and distraction may account for a majority in all the accident causation. Active safety systems are unaware of the context and driver status, so these systems cannot improve these figures. Therefore, this study proposes a ‘context and driver aware’ (CDA) AVS system structure as a first step in realizing robust, human-centric and intelligent active safety systems. This work develops, evaluates and combines three sub-modules all employing a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)/Universal Background Model (UBM) and likelihood maximization learning scheme: biometric driver identification, maneuver recognition, and distraction detection. The resultant combined system contributes in three areas: (1) robust identification: a speaker recognition system is developed in an audio modality to identify the driver in-vehicle conditions requiring robust operation; (2) narrow the available information space for fusion: maneuver recognition system uses estimated driver identification to prune the selection of models and further restrict search space in a novel distraction detection system; (3) response time and performance: the system quickly produces a prediction of driver’s distracted behaviour for possible use in accident prevention/avoidance. Overall system performance of the combined system is evaluated on the UTDrive Corpus, confirming the suitability of the proposed system for critical imminent accident cases with narrow time windows.     

Windows NT环境下地址翻译器(NAT)的设计与实现

地址翻译是一项重要的安全技术。介绍了地址翻译的原理及其在网络防火墙中的应用 ,同时提出了在WindowsNT下实现一个地址翻译器 (NAT)的方法     

Windows平台下的设备驱动程序开发

以目前Windows平台下主流的WDM（Windows Driver Model）驱动程序模型作为切人点进行分析,然后介绍了相关驱动程序的开发、调试工具,最后以项目要求为例说明驱动程序开发的选择。     

改进的会话外观模式在J2EE中的应用与研究

结合J2EE的Delegate、ServiceLocator和ValueObject模式的各自优点来改进经典会话外观模式的不足，设计出一种新的会话外观模式。通过J2EE在线考试系统的设计与实现，发现本架构具有良好的扩展性和复用性，能更好地应用于分布式系统。     

基于J2EE的公安厅审计信息系统的设计与实现

随着信息技术的发展和进步,电子政务得到迅速发展,针对当前审计业务中繁重的工作任务、办事效率低等问题,为了解决公安厅审计办公中涉及的繁重的工作任务从而提高工作效率.采用J2EE平台并结合工作流技术,采用一种新的工作流模型设计并实现公安厅审计信息系统中审计业务功能部分,进而采用J2EE平台设计了整个系统的三层架构并实现整个系统的其他部分,开发出具有跨平台的、功能完善的、界面友好的、安全稳定的公安厅审计信息系统,从而使系统具有较高的运行效率、良好的可扩展性和可维护性.     

电子商务中的MVC设计模式应用

MVC模式是指把一个应用的输入、处理、输出流程按照Model、View、Controller的方式进行分离.将MVC设计模式运用于Web应用,使得数据处理逻辑与它的表现形式分离,编写好业务逻辑以后,可以由控制器根据不同的显示要求应用不同的视图构造页面,使之可以满足不同的格式要求及不同类型客户端输出.因此,MVC模式在电子商务中有极大的应用价值.本文将分析MVC模式的组成和形系结构,并通过一个Web应用例子体现了MVC模式的实现.     

基于MVC的Struts框架研究

Struts是一种当今流行的基于MVC模式的开放源代码框架,Struts为每个专业的Web应用程序做背后的支撑,为应用创建一个扩展的开发环境.     

MVC模式在中小型连锁超市信息管理系统的应用

讨论了中小型超市的运营特点,以及设计中小型超市信息管理系统时需要解决的几个关键问题。针对这些关键问题,提出采用MVC架构进行整个信息管理系统的设计和实现,并使用DAO模式分离业务逻辑与数据处理,从而使整个系统具有良好的运营性,可扩展性和易维护性。     

X线机控制台软件系统的研究与应用

简要的介绍了MVC模式的基本思想。基于MVC模式设计的X线机控制台软件实现原理。然后结合X线机具体功能模块讨论了该系统在MVC模式下的设计和实现。在软件的设计过程中,摆脱了传统的嵌入式开发模式,充分应用现代软件工程思想,将业务逻辑和数据分开,方便系统的升级和维护;系统的整体采用轮询等待方式,中断触发。与PC机通讯采用232通讯协议,与逻辑板软件通讯采用485通讯协议。该控制台很好的完成了对X线机的控制。提供给用户的界面友好,操作方便,高效。对X线机的控制准确,反应迅速。