低碳城市规划的创新理念初探

对国内外低碳城市的理论与实践研究进行了总结,归纳了世界各主要国家应对气候变化的行动方案,并在对国内外城市规划应用实践研究的基础上,阐述了我国在城市规划领域内,需从目标、动力、理念、空间、设施及管理上6个层面更新传统思维,指出我国城市规划发展方向是应合理化国内的城市空间规划;优化实现可持续发展的土地和自然资源的使用;促进国家和地方的平衡发展;确保空间和环境质量和高品质生活的多样性。     

A multi-layer approach for estimating the energy use intensity on an urban scale

Various governments are planning their cities to be climate responsive by reducing the energy consumption and carbon emissions according to different scenarios whilst maintaining good indoor comfort conditions. A robust and reliable tool that can estimate the Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of a city is required. This paper presents a new bottom-up engineering-based multi-layer approach able to analyse the energy performance of existing settlements of every size by retaining as much information as possible about their complexities. The process involves i) creating a 3D model of the urban area, ii) building up templates representing different building characteristics such as functions, the age-band of the buildings and operating schedules, iii) running dynamic thermal simulations and iv) displaying the EUI or total energy demand in the 3D model which can be post-processed for further analysis. This approach offers a flexible simulation process according to various purposes, which is particularly useful in decision-making for urban energy retrofitting or planning for new areas. The hourly high-resolution outcomes would benefit the detailed analysis of energy efficiency strategies in order to achieve carbon reduction. The application of this approach is demonstrated for the case of Yuzhong district in Chongqing municipality, China.     

The effect of Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort in the city of Baghdad

Todays, most Iraqi cities suffer from extremely hot-dry climate for long periods throughout the year. However, most urban patterns that exist inside these cities are not suitable for this harsh conditions and lead to an increase in the value of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) index. Consequently, this will increase outdoor human thermal discomfort as well as energy consumption and air pollution in cities. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of UHI mitigation strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort in three different common types of urban patterns in the biggest and most populated city in Iraq, Baghdad. Three different mitigation strategies are used here – vegetation, cool materials, and urban geometry – to build 18 different scenarios. Three-dimensional numerical software ENVI-met 4.2 is utilised to analyse and assess the studied parameters. The input data for simulations process are based on two meteorological stations in Baghdad: Iraqi Meteorological Organization & Seismology, and Iraqi Agrometeorological Network. All measurements are taken in a pedestrian walkway. The results of different scenarios are compared based on their effect on human thermal comfort. Outdoor thermal comfort is assessed according to Predicted Mean Vote index, as mentioned in ISO 7730 standard. This study provides a better understanding of the role of UHI mitigation strategies on human thermal comfort in the outdoor spaces of Baghdad's residential neighbourhoods. This can help generate guidelines of urban design and planning practices for better thermal performance in hot and dry cities.     

TOBUS — a European diagnosis and decision-making tool for office building upgrading

The TOBUS (a decision-making tool for selecting office building upgrading solutions) methodology and software have been developed as a result of a 2-year European research project, involving eight European institutions, in the frame of the JOULE III programme of the European Commission (EC), Directorate General XII. A structured diagnosis scheme enables architects and engineers to simultaneously handle the entire complex process of office building refurbishment or retrofit with respect to deterioration, functional obsolescence of building services, energy consumption and indoor environmental quality. The software tool can then be used to define the most appropriate and cost-effective actions, to elaborate consistent refurbishment scenarios and calculate a reasonable investment budget in the early stages of a refurbishment project. This paper provides an overview of the work performed in TOBUS and an overview of the methodology and final deliverables of the project.     

DEM在山地城市控制性详细规划中的应用

数字高程模型（DEM）是用有序数值矩阵来表达地面高程的数据结构。DEM不仅在水文水资源、土地利用、土地评价等方面得到广泛的应用,在城市规划领域也发挥着重要的作用。本文以攀枝花市高新区控制性详细规划为例,针对山地城市规划中需要面对的地形影响、划分台地和土方计算等具体问题,提出了DEM应用的技术路线,具有较强可行性,为山地城市规划提供了定量化的分析手段、直观的表达方式和可快速调整的辅助设计途径。     

The relationship between the characteristics of transportation energy consumption and urban form

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the characteristics of transportation energy consumption and urban form elements that were actively argued along with Environmentally Sound and Sustainable Development (ESSD). This paper can be divided into two parts: an examination of the theories and a practical analysis of domestic, small-, and medium-sized cities. Firstly, in the examination of theories, we surveyed the arguments about the sustainable urban form. Secondly, we made some hypotheses about the relationships between transportation energy consumption, city size, density, and center distribution pattern. Thirdly, we tested those hypotheses and examined the suitability of policies for each alternative for small- and medium-sized cities in Korea. The main themes in this paper are as follows. Firstly, how does the city size, density, etc. affect the transportation energy consumption? Secondly, in an overcrowded Korean situation, which alternative is the more suitable sustainable urban form from the point of transportation energy consumption, i.e., concentration or decentralized concentration? Thirdly, we examined the argument that a densely centralized development can reduce the need for travel, increase the transit use, and decrease automobile use. From the results of the analysis, we found that as the population increases, transportation energy represented by yearly gasoline consumption per automobile and the average yearly energy consumption as a result of surface transportation per 1,000 persons tends to decrease. Further, if the degree of city’s concentration represented by Gini coefficient is high, energy efficiency tends to decrease. Besides, the influential factors on the transportation energy consumption among the indicators of urban form could be road ratio and density. Whereas the road ratio is not related to the transportation energy consumption, road density is. From the analyzed results, we can deduce planning implications concerned with Korean cities. Firstly, Korean cities are already highly centralized so a decentralization policy should be carried out to increase transportation energy efficiency. In any case, in the case of high-density cities, multinuclei cities are better than mononuclear ones. Further, to increase the transportation energy efficiency, policies for high road densities through the construction of new roads in spite of narrow road widths are more effective than those for high road ratio-widening existing roads.     

LCA在城市规划中应用的可能性分析

城市生态环境的恶化，迫使世界各国把LCA运用到城市规划中来，而城市自身的属性、城市规划中已有的研究成果及理论为LCA的运用奠定了基础，LCA可作为城市规划领域内的评价工具与方法学。     

城市规划管理体制如何应对全球气候变化?

城市是全球温室气体排放的重要源头,通过规划、建筑设计施工、交通、城市产业结构调整、能源供求规划等领域,城市的建设过程可以提供有效及必要的控制温室气体排放的手段。城市规划的思维也要因此而作出改变,向如何可以通过城市发展创新模式和决策,在"减缓"(mitigation)和"适应("adaptation)两大战略方向应对气候变化。本文先对全球气候变化问题,特别是其对城市发展建设带来的挑战作出表述,同时也分析了当前世界上其他城市的应对方法及手段作为参考。最后,本文建议以低碳城市为目标的整合城市规划决策体制框架,对目前传统城市规划过程作出目标及方法上的修改,以达到控制气候变化及温室气体排放的城市规划目的。     

3D spatial-temporal GIS modeling of urban environments to support design and planning processes

Visualization methods have been used by planners for many years, especially in the form of 3D visualization in design and 2D GIS in visualization and spatial analysis. The existing range of visualization methods, however, focuses primarily on the static state: it provides a representation of the urban environment at one particular point in time, usually using the most recent data-set available. This study attempts to build a 3D spatial-temporal GIS model of an urban environment to help study changes in the physical form of cities. The model treats time and space as mutually constitutive factors, thus allowing us to visualize the dynamic transition of an urban landscape: the way an urban area evolves over a period of time, including the growth and changes of street patterns, the sizes and shapes of buildings, and area density, as well as the general life cycle of a city as a whole.     

A methodology for the development of urban energy balances: Ten years of application to the city of Madrid

This paper presents a methodology for the development of urban energy balances, which has been applied to the city of Madrid for the last ten years and is consistent with the guidelines of the International Energy Agency. The methodology is structured into three major modules: energy imports into the municipality, energy generation from either internal or external sources, and final energy consumption.The paper shows results for the most recent year for which data are available, as well as historical series for the period 2006–2015. It also includes a comparison of the main energy indicators with the national situation.The experience acquired during the ten years performing the energy balance in Madrid served to improve both the greenhouse gases and the air pollutant emission inventories, keeping their consistent with the energy balance, as well as to diagnose the city's current energy situation. This assessment was used to define a series of policies, energy saving and diversification measures, collected in different municipal plans, with the aim of decreasing the external energy dependence and the energy consumption, thereby lowering greenhouse gases emissions. Maintaining the same methodology and updating the historical series each year also allowed tracking the city's energy policy, as well as the evolution of the main energy indicators (i.e. per capita consumption and energy intensity). The methodology could be replicated in other cities worldwide, yielding improvements in their urban emission inventories.     

面向城市地下空间规划的三维GIS集成技术研究

随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市地下空间的开发利用已经成为城市发展的重要方向。为了提高城市地下空间综合规划的合理性,本文研究了基于三维GIS的地下空间辅助规划方法,提出了地下空间辅助规划的体系架构,实现了地下空间综合规划相关影响因素及各专项规划内容的集中统一管理,针对各类数据的不同特点,形成了综合应用多种方法的三维建模体系,设计并开发了三维可视化的地下空间辅助规划系统,实现了城市地下空间规划数据的三维集成展示,并根据实际应用的需要,开发了一系列的辅助规划分析功能,为城市地下空间科学合理的规划提供辅助决策依据。     

Are there urban contexts that are favourable to decentralised energy management?

The question posed in this article is whether there are territorial and urban contexts that are favourable to developing decentralised energy management and to understand their specific characteristics. The empirical study is conducted on 20 European cities that are engaged in energy transition. Firstly, this work reveals the different strategies implemented by these localities in terms of energy production, distribution and consumption. It then analyses the relationships between energy management methods and the socio-demographic, economic, geographic and town-planning characteristics of the cities studied. The article thus highlights which city models are more or less favourable to certain types of local energy actions and projects.     

信息流视角下长三角城市群空间组织辨析及其规划启示——基于百度指数的城市网络辨析

通过统计长三角江浙沪皖26城市彼此间互联网用户对其他城市搜索的"百度指数",模拟测度城市间以民众关注度为主的信息流强度.基于此构建"长三角"地区的城市网络模型,结合企业组织视角的城市网络对比分析其结构特征,并在分析结果的基础上,解析和探讨《长江三角洲城市群发展规划 (2016--2020)》中"一核五圈"的空间格局,得出以下规划启示:首先,相比企业组织的城市网络,信息流视角下的城市网络结构与城市行政等级结构的关联性更低;其次,城市群的外部范围、内部组织等虽有清晰的界限划定,其各城市的实际功能联系却是紧密交织并不断拓展的,将逐渐演化为动态、开放的网络体系;再次,"长三角城市群"规划范围内部发展不平衡、不充分的问题仍存在,需针对不同外围后发城市提供相应对策支持,加强其与核心城市的互动联系,从而进一步提升城市群的整体竞争力.研究提出,随着网络大数据的广泛应用,基于信息流的城市网络研究将更加全面和准确,可为宏观层面的城市区域规划提供一定的科学依据,引导城市与城市群以更加开放的思维做规划、谋发展.     

A Web-based Public Participation GIS for assessing the age-friendliness of cities: A case study in Tehran,Iran

Senior citizens are commonly regarded as the vulnerable class of society; requiring elderly-friendly urban environments as well as particular municipal services to respond to their specific needs. This study proceeds to design a PPGIS (Public Participation GIS) by means of integrating VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information), GIS and MCDA (Multicriteria Decision Analysis) techniques aiming to evaluate the age-friendliness of cities. The proposed PPGIS assesses the age-friendliness of cities through integrating certain criteria weights determined by the elderly with VGI collected by regular citizens. The system was used to create the age-friendliness map of district # 6 of Tehran, Iran. The resulting map shows that the center of the district is more age-friendly than the other areas. Based on the evaluation results, the majority of citizens found the system to be a suitable tool for evaluating the age-friendliness of the city, collecting VGI related to the elderly’s urban environment and helping urban planners improve the age-friendliness of the city. Nonetheless, a rather small percentage of citizens concur that: (i) the PPGIS is a suitable tool for persuading citizens to participate in the city age-friendliness assessment and that (ii) the PPGIS provides a reliable way for assessing the age-friendliness of cities.     

Research information: Designing the green skyscraper

The high density, high rise city is explored as a 'green' option for urban settlements. A new kind of skyscraper is presented as requiring reduced land consumption, reduced overall energy use and reduced transport demand. Ken Yeang considers the planning and design considerations for creating the bioclimatic, lower energy skyscraper.     

丘陵城市建筑高度控制规划方法构建——以长沙岳麓山及其周边地区高度控制规划为例(2003-2016)

建筑高度的控制在丘陵城市形态控制中扮演着至关重要的角色,但因其规划编制方法缺乏系统性,而使得建筑高度常面临不断被调整的尴尬与困境。通过研究长沙丘陵城市十余年的高度控制规划的编制与实践,指出针对丘陵美景资源的不同,需控制的城市地块也不同,可分为谷地影响区、山麓影响区、山脊影响区、山丘影响区等。并因此可形成不同的控制主体,包括山景界面、天际线、山景通廊、城市肌理、丘陵特色街道以及城市节点等。通过对控制主体的选择和组合,形成不同地块的具体建筑高度控制区间,构建丘陵城市建筑高度控制的基本路径,包括高度控制地块划分、控制主体确定、控制方法选择、控制方法评价、高度控制值初定及修正。结论指出,为了有效建设丘陵特色的城市,须对丘陵城市进行分级及分类控制,以完善城市设计对于"控规"中建筑高度专项规划的指导和衔接作用。     

基于BIM技术的城市规划微环境生态模拟与评估

“生态城市”理论提出将城市规划与生态学有机结合才能使城市生态得到可持续性发展。城市规划微环境生态模拟与评估正是在这种理论指导下,解决城市规划在微观层面生态指标量化的一种重要技术手段。本应用研究的主要技术思路是在可计算化的三维信息模型基础上,综合利用气象数据和外部环境数据,进行规划微环境生态模拟与评估,目的是为城市规划管理和城市规划设计提供辅助决策支持。     

民用建筑能耗的宏观影响因素研究

根据统计年鉴中的能源数据统计,对民用建筑能耗进行了估算,分析了城市宏观影响因素与民用建筑能耗的理论。以广东省城市情况为例,以数据分析了城市常住人口、城市生产力、第三产业发展和居民消费水平等宏观因素与建筑能耗的关系,并对各因素对建筑能耗影响大小进行了排序。     

Acknowledgement of Referees

The management of land resources, particularly the role of planning regulations, is critical in defining what land can be used in urban development – and this throws up certain key questions: How can one best manage land resources available? How can one address future urban development needs on the basis of existing land from a sustainable perspective? In this article we propose to question the extent of planning theories in the light of concrete urban development using land availability information. By using comprehensive national data we explore the case of Luxembourg, a small European country facing exacerbated pressures for metropolitanization. We use scenarios that go from a lesser to a greater degree of sustainability in order to project and articulate different configurations of land consumption based on a critical literature review (Smart Growth, New Urbanism, and transit oriented development (TOD)). We explore how modelling might be used to help inform spatial planning for urban growth. This framework is intended as an approach that would be applicable to other urban settings by using data that can be found in any typical municipal authority along with implementation in a geographical information system (GIS). The results create a tool which is useful for planning, monitoring or forecasting land consumption. The results also clearly show the limited impact of planning practices in terms of sustainability using land availability.     

Multiple resources and their sustainable development in Urban Underground Space

Traffic congestion and ground space scarcity are increasing the need to find more space in the urban underground. The demand-driven “top-down” planning of Urban Underground Space (UUS) is common worldwide. As natural resource, the endowments of UUS are different in different regions. Consideration of UUS resource endowments, which can be called “bottom-up” thinking, should be integrated into planning. The evaluation method of UUS resource and investigation results in typical cases are being presented in the paper. It is important for urban development to utilize the underground space. Meanwhile, we should also be aware that there are multiple valuable resources in urban underground. Besides space, there are also water, energy and geo-materials. The paper will discuss how to consider these different resources in urban development. There might be conflicts between the developments of different urban underground resources. The paper investigated the interactions between these developments, revealed some serious impacts and typical conflict modes. The identification of conflicts is a basis for the coordination and synergy of these developments. For sustainable development of city, it is needed to understand and scientifically evaluate the multiple urban underground resources, then holistically plan and manage the developments. Structure and properties of urban underground geological body determine the engineering conditions of UUS and resource attributes of urban underground. Since 2003, China has been conducting pilot projects of Urban Geological Investigation (UGI) programs in some large cities. The paper will also show how to consider the influence of geological conditions in urban underground resource evaluation and UUS planning.