消费时代城市公共空间的特点及其理论批判

公共空间,是城市物质环境与社会生活中最基本、最重要的元素之一。随着当代城市的发展模式由生产驱动向消费驱动的转型,"私有化、商品化、符号化"成为当今消费时代下城市公共空间的三大特点。这些深刻的变化引发了对当代城市公共空间的理论批判与质疑:不少研究者指出公共空间正日益成为"纯粹的消费场所",一方面,其为公众服务的社会功能已明显"失落"了;另一方面,也有研究者指出当代公共空间仍然具备促进社会"融合"和提升公共生活"多元化"的能力,因此,公共空间并未失落,而是处于"演变"之中。总的来看,这些看似不一致的观点各自揭示了当代城市公共空间真实的一面;因此,采取一种"兼收并蓄"的态度有助于人们更全面地认识消费时代城市公共空间的本质,从而采取更切实有效的策略对公共空间进行设计与管理。     

街道设计导则创新与规划转型思考

街道是城市最能体现市民为本的公共空间,也是政府应该提供的基本公共产品.上海作为超大规模城市,在发展历程中较早遇到了街道空间活力缺失的问题,并较早地开始了规划实践探索.《上海市街道设计导则》的发布,预示着在国内外理论与实践研究的基础上,基于发展历程及现实诉求的研判,结合地域复杂的实际情况,上海已初步形成以人为本的理念创新、多元设计的方法创新以及推动实践的应用创新一系列成果体系,同时也激发起一场全国性的街道规划理念、方法、技术、机制的复兴创新行动,为未来规划行业的创新变革起到助推作用.     

基于公共健康的开发控制研究

回顾现代开发控制的起源、建立与发展，梳理了现代开发控制的制度框架，指出开发控制通过四种方式促进公共卫生与健康：规划法规建筑条例控制，城市规划与用地布局引导，行政许可提前干预，协议性条件的应用。然后，对比国外现有的实践与理论，分析我国现有开发控制制度的困境并提出了优化建议：一是完善与公共卫生相关的城乡规划管理条例和建筑条例；二是提出“卫生约”的理念，并据此调整规划的编制技术体系；三是提出“建筑使用”许可制度；四是优化土地出让及规划许可条件。     

郑州市老城区居民游憩绿地体系规划

该项目以居民出行500m见绿地为命题,从城市总体规划、城市绿地系统规划、城市控制性详细规划以及城市绿地方案设计等各个层次探索大城市老城区居民游憩绿地的规划设计方法,以期提供具有前瞻性又切实可行的规划成果,有效地改善老城区市民的生活环境.     

Liveable Cities in Japan: Population Ageing and Decline as Vectors of Change

The challenge of creating liveable cities is emerging as a major policy priority around the world. Globalization, the emerging network society, increasing mobility, and the environmental, economic, health and social imperatives to create more sustainable and liveable cities have combined to increase pressures, primarily on local governments and actors to reinvigorate urban governance, urban planning and urban design. One essential aspect of this project is the improvement and vitalization of urban spaces. In this regard, Japan has significant challenges, stemming from its distinctive history of urban space management, its low proportion of public space in cities, and its aging and imminently shrinking population. At the same time, however, Japan has important opportunities and strengths stemming from its legacies of urban built form, the exceptional vigour of its place-based communities, and its rapidly aging and imminently shrinking population. This paper explores some of the opportunities and challenges facing attempts to build more liveable cities in Japan.     

Urban streets: Epitomes of planning challenges and opportunities at the interface of public space and mobility

Today's urban streets are usually planned for purposes of mobility: pedestrians, as well as a variety of vehicles such as cars, trucks, and sometimes bicycles, are usually factored into an urban street plan. However, urban streets are also increasingly recognized as public spaces, accommodating street vending, food trucks, markets, artistic interventions, political expressions, comfortable benches, green spaces. Although these are mostly not new activities to appear on streets, they are now given particular attention in public discourses, urban planning, media and academia, as public space in cities has become a more contested resource among different uses and ownership-constellations. Growing and diversifying urban populations are generating a particular strain on urban streets worldwide. In short, urban streets epitomize the challenges and opportunities that accompany the negotiations of space and uses attributed to mobility and public space in cities. They necessarily unite stationary and mobile functions – though this is not usually given room for in planning. Moreover, these functions are rarely studied from more than one perspective at once, which limits the analytical and creative thinking that inspiration is drawn from. In order to address these limitations, in this article we rely on insights from three theoretical fields - namely planning regulation, transitions and governance - and illustrations from concrete examples, to explore what urban planning might have to focus on to address the tensions in linking stationary and mobile functions in urban streets.     

美国社区公园规划与管理模式

社区公园是城市公园系统中与居民日常生活联系最紧密的公园绿地类型之一。科学、完善的社区公园规划体系和管理模式有助于促进城市可持续发展和增进公众健康福祉。以美国多个城市为例,梳理归纳其城市公园与开放空间规划、城市公园服务分区规划和社区公园规划设计3个尺度的社区公园规划特色,并总结社区公园项目投资建设、公园评价和运营维护的管理内容。最后,分别从规划体系、投资模式、评估机制和公众参与4个方面对中国社区公园的规划与管理提出建议。     

Urban Space Production in Transition: The Cases of the New Urban Areas of Hanoi

In recent decades, hundreds of master-planned new urban areas (NUAs) have developed on the urban fringes of expanding cities in Vietnam. They are promoted as a new urban planning concept in the post-reform policies. This article discusses the NUAs' planning concepts based on qualitative case studies of four NUAs in Hanoi, and on an examination of the 1990–2000 urban policies. It sheds light on transitional planning and urban space production processes in Vietnam and discusses urban quality in a rapidly urbanising Asian context. The article argues that NUAs are products of a hybrid, transitional system in which local government and the public sector form an alliance with the private sector to serve private interests in urban development. At the same time, NUAs are hybrid products of government-led, entrepreneur-driven planning and self-organising space production by the residents. The self-organising space production activities contribute to the urban quality of these new urban spaces, while the production of privatised, commodified spaces by corporate actors poses a threat to community life.     

Innovations in the Management of Public Space: Reshaping and Refocusing Governance

Attempts to explain recent changes in the nature and governance of public spaces, however defined, have become prominent in cultural geography, social sciences and urban design. This article aims to contribute to that discussion by examining ongoing changes in the management of public spaces across England and analysing how local authorities are responding to English government policies and initiatives that explicitly link the quality of public spaces, especially ordinary streets and squares, to a broader urban policy agenda. Looking at the way centrally defined policy initiatives are taking root at local level, and on the basis of an extensive survey of current and emerging public space management practices in England, the article makes the case for an understanding of changes in the nature of public space and its governance that is better anchored in the institutional context in which those changes take place. It also suggests that a policy focus on the quality of ordinary public spaces, with its implicit assumptions on how their users perceive quality and react to it, is creating a new field of policy with its own stakeholders, power relations, and governance mechanisms.     

A design framework for small parks in ultra-urban,metropolitan, suburban and small town settings

Public parks contribute to neighbourhood quality of life, promote a more public daily life, serve as important focal points for neighbourhoods, and provide access to nearby nature as part of the built environment. Parks have a special role in the range of public space as a part of sustainable land use planning and development. Good design helps position them for relevant cultural and ecological roles. This research identified design principles that good, small urban parks share – including accessibility, specificity, authenticity, functionality, and adaptability – applicable in smaller cities, towns, and lower density areas. The framework was subsequently tested using interviews, remote and observational analysis in locations representing this variety of settings in the Southeastern, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeastern United States.     

健康城市视角下的城市中心区滨水空间:理论机制、科学证据、关键要素

城市中心区滨水空间是陆地与水体交接的过渡区域,是多种景观资源和城市功能的混合体,是承载和激活城市居民公共生活的重要场所。其品质对广大市民的健康和福祉有着重要且深远的影响。尽管现有文献从不同的方面指出了城市滨水区各类环境要素可能对健康和福祉有显著的影响,但是我们掌握的知识仍然较为零散,缺少从健康城市这一视角下系统审视和评价这些环境要素影响的研究。针对此问题,从健康城市滨水空间的理论机制、科学证据和关键要素特征3个方面展开分析,提出一系列规划、设计和管理建议,希望为建设健康城市和健康滨水空间提供科学支持和实施建议。     

Democratic design experiments in urban planning – navigational practices and compositionist design

In the field of urban planning, public participation and inclusion of citizens have been practised and researched for many years. However, a focus on co-creative urban planning practices seems to have gained more focus over the last decade and calls for new urban planning practices, which allow experimentation and imagination, and at the same time take its outset in the existing networks in the city (such as visions, strategies, regulations and practices) when planning for the future. In this article, we investigate how a compositionist design programme can be translated into the practices of urban planners. We find that the notion of ‘democratic design experiments’ in many ways meet the demands of the increasingly complex field of urban planning and set out to explore how such a design programme can be applied in practice. We suggest ‘navigational practice’ as a way of describing how urban planners deal with ‘drawing things together’ in urban space and introduce ‘sensitivity’, ‘staging’ and ‘mobilization’ as interconnected elements of this practice. We exemplify the significance of these navigational practices by analysing two democratic design experiments in the area of urban waste management in Copenhagen. The article concludes that compositionist design is a powerful contribution to the framing of urban planning projects and that navigational practice can be a productive way of operationalising democratic design experiments in the urban context.     

聚焦公共空间艺术，提升城市软实力--关于上海城市公共空间规划与建设的思考

公共空间是承载社会生活、体现城市文化的重要元素。通过公共空间建设,盘活存量空间资源、激发城市活力、提升城市品质,是新时期上海实现发展转型、建设国际大都市的重要举措。从公共空间现状和发展趋势的评估分析入手,借鉴国际大都市发展经验,通过对城市公共空间网络、袖珍广场、活力街巷、文艺复兴、街区更新等规划设想和举措,探索加强公共空间建设,提升城市软实力的思考和建议。     

立体化超高密度亚热带城市的老年群体休憩用地使用偏好研究

香港的一项调查显示,公共空间的使用频率从年轻人到长者逐渐增加。就老年群体而言,小型公共空间的规模、数量、可达性、品质和设施等均会对其使用产生一定影响。本文对香港湾仔和沙田两个地区50处小型休憩空间的分布可达性与流量潜力、规模、品质及其使用进行了比较,通过网络分析技术、无监督机器学习分类、三维室内-室外完整步行网络、现场调研以及精细化模拟步行路径选择度等研究方法发现,小型休憩用地的面积、可达性等都对其设计品质和长者的使用情况有显著影响。以香港为例,本研究对老年群体的休憩用地使用偏好进行了探索,以期对内地城市老龄化视角下的公共空间系统规划提出启示。     

城市设计导则的再认识

作为城市设计由设计语言转译为管理语言的主要成果,城市设计导则是城市设计导控作用得以发挥的媒介,它将对未来城市空间的美好预期与日常的规划管理联系起来,其质量直接影响城市空间的品质。本文从释义、本质与作用、编制与表达等方面对城市设计导则进行深入研究与论述,以期为促进我国城市设计的实践提供有益参考。     

历史城市保护中的整体性城市设计思维初探

历史城市保护是一项具有社会实践性特征的复杂工作,既需要不断推进城市保护理念的提升,还需要不断加强保护规划的实施以及控制机制的完善。城市设计作为一种关注市民生活品质、有效改善城市空间环境质量的综合技术方法,还逐渐体现为一种控制引导城市空间发展的公共策略。二者之间的相辅相成与内涵共生,使作为延续城市历史文脉、改善空间环境品质、塑造宜人景观风貌为核心的整体性城市设计思维与方法逐渐成为历史城市保护中的重要技术工具和实现途径,对历史城市保护工作方法的完善起到了重要的作用。本文通过对中西方城市设计思想的梳理以及对历史城市保护工作影响的概述,明晰了积极探索面向历史城市保护与发展的整体性城市设计思维的重要意义。     

Why underground space should be included in urban planning policy – And how this will enhance an urban underground future

Cities worldwide tend to overlook an invaluable asset that lies beneath their surfaces. Most cities and urban regions are unaware of the benefits underground space use has to offer, both for climate inflicted and spatial constraints: In many cities, infrastructure development is being outpaced by population growth. Climate change effects are requiring radical new approaches in terms of coping with for example excessive rainfall. The available space at the surface is rapidly being used up and the biggest danger is that built-up spaces are taking over the public green spaces of cities thereby threatening livability and quality of life. Urban underground space forms a societal asset, which is often unappreciated and underestimated in terms of the role it can play within dynamic city environments and associated challenges.This paper will explore the ways in which urban underground space can be optimally integrated into the dynamic urban context. It also explores the often contradictory functions that make underground space use complicated from a planner’s perspective. The first-come-first-served strategy of underground space use has left many cities wondering how they are going to cope with the self-inflicted “chaos” under the surface. The often mono-functional uses of the underground lead to sub-optimal space use. Most cities and urban regions are unaware of the benefits underground space use has to offer. In guiding the future use of urban underground space, a comprehensive policy framework guiding its development is lacking on which decisions can be based. This often leads to the non-sustainable use of this important asset. It will be argued that both vision and planning are needed to be able to make the best use of this underrated underground real estate.The authors will also debate that just understanding the potential of underground space is not enough. Realising its actual potential and facilitating its development will require a spatial dialogue between many stakeholders, including planners, engineers, developers and public decision makers.     

Underground urbanism: Master Plans and Sectorial Plans

The urbanization process leads many urban areas and megacities to be densely built and to overcome their physical and operational limits; in several cases, urban population density is growing faster than their infrastructures. Considering land use constraints, for mitigating some disagreeable living conditions and for creating new population opportunities, city planners have different opportunities involving the two opposite vertical directions: upward, erecting higher buildings or downward, developing a more intense use of the underground space. Both directions are characterized by positive and negative aspects and require suitable local condition to be built.In this paper, main issues related to the urban underground planning procedures are highlighted, taking also in consideration that after some very old visionary approaches, no relevant debates and concrete results have been further developed. Several underground-related technicalities are described and analyzed, mainly at sectorial level (f.i. mass transport systems, infrastructures for energy and water supply, storage facilities) however, experiences of a global urban planning – involving a holistic approach inside a City Master Plan – are still very few (Helsinki). A collection of some best practices is reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis is devoted to the integrated planning approach and the related tools for the subsurface space assessment: the role of different planning tools for the rational use of the underground space in urban areas is analyzed and a variety of planning levels are discussed, from the more general one – the Master Plan – to the more sectorial ones. Moreover, the more recent visions for future cities – Smart, Resilient, Low-carbon and Post-Carbon Cities – are producing relevant and very useful technical and management solutions and the role of Integrated Mater Plans in this transition is further discussed.     

为城市活力与未来而设计——城市地下公共空间规划与设计理论思考

与现代主义盛行时期对城市公共空间有所忽视的大不相同,从70年代起,与城市未来生活密切相关的城市公共空间越来越引起建筑师和城市规划师的重视,城市地下空间通过整合城市街区、广场及外部空间,可以形成充满活力的城市外部公共空间,通过对城市未来发展的前瞻性分析,和对城市形态与功能的特征分析,从理论上探讨地下公共空间的作用和未来发展的可能性,以实现让城市公共生活回归城市新空间,新公共空间回归生活.     

健康生活导向下的西方城市公共空间发展研究

以健康生活导向视角追溯西方发达国家城市公共空间发展历程,基于各自不同历史背景、医学模式、公共空间类别及健康生活实现方式,将其归纳为3个重要阶段:神圣敬畏的"公共园林"启蒙期、改善公共健康的城市公共空间发展期、开启多元健康的生活方式成熟期;由此揭示健康生活导向下西方城市公共空间呈现从"单一维度"到"多维融合"、从"消极被动补给"到"积极主动引导"、从"公共"到"共享"的3个发展转变趋势。旨在推动我国以人民健康幸福生活为导向的公园城市建设健康有序发展。