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1.
This article proposes a sequential game methodology to analyse the long-term climate policy prospects. Players can sequentially choose the best policy, among a series of policy options, while reacting to past moves of the other players. In order to illustrate the game methodology, a numerical optimisation exercise is made, based on a simple integrated assessment model. The non-cooperative equilibrium arising from a five-stage sequential game with two large players (Annex B and non-Annex B regions), which tries to replicate the Kyoto and beyond Kyoto scenarios, is studied.  相似文献   

2.
The ability to significantly contribute to the frequency regulation and provide valuable ancillary services to the transmission system operator (TSO) is one of the present wind farm (WF) challenges, due to the limitations of wind speed forecasting and insufficient power reserve in certain operating conditions notably. In this work, the feasibility of WFs to participate in frequency restoration reserve (FRR) through yaw control is assessed. To this end, a distributed yaw optimization method is developed to evaluate the power gain achieved by yaw redirection based on wind turbine cooperation and compared with a greedy approach. The method relies on a static wake model whose parameters are estimated in a systematic way from simulation data generated with FAST.Farm. Through a case study based on a scaled version of the Belgian Mermaid offshore WF, it is demonstrated that the requirements of the TSO are fulfilled both in terms of response time and level of power reserve for most wind directions. The assessment is limited to wind speeds below the rated speed of the considered wind turbines.  相似文献   

3.
This paper will describe the possibilities of coordinated control and management for different wind farm concepts to guarantee that operational set points of active and reactive power, specified by the Spanish transmission system operator (TSO), are reached. This coordinated control has been designed and implemented by a hierarchical and robust control structured from a central control level to each wind farm control board and finally to an individual wind turbine level. This article will demonstrate that both technologies, fixed and variable speed based wind farms can contribute to power and voltage control. In particular, this paper will deal with the use of under-load tap changing transformers in the point of common coupling of the wind farm with the grid, and the reactive power compensation by means of convectional mechanical switched capacitors enhancing the integration of the fixed speed wind farms in the power system.  相似文献   

4.
Poland has entered the preaccession phase of the integration process with the European Union (EU). The Polish electric power sector is proving its capability of meeting the challenges posed by the accession and, in the process, may facilitate unavoidable transformation in other areas of the Polish economy. The currently implemented legislation related to the electric power sector in Poland conforms to the IEM 96/9UEC Directive. As a consequence of Polish electric power sector restructuring, separation of generation, transmission and distribution was introduced in 1990. The generation subsector consists of over 30 generation companies, with a total installed capacity amounting to 34000 MW and with gross annual electricity generation amounting to 142 TWh. The transmission subsector is represented by the Polish Power Grid Company as transmission system operator (TSO) and is preparing itself to play the role of the operator in the balancing market. The focus is on a phased opening of the internal electricity market for internal competition, restructuring and privatization of the electric power sector, and fuel supply sectors  相似文献   

5.
赵衡  左其亭 《水电能源科学》2014,32(1):137-140,106
针对人水关系的博弈本质,利用博弈均衡概念建立人水关系博弈均衡模型,剖析了合作博弈与非合作博弈均衡模型的区别,并结合实例研究给出了人水关系的博弈均衡解。对比分析表明,博弈均衡由人文系统和水系统的净收益共同决定,在一定时空条件下人水系统的整体收益达到最大时才能达到博弈均衡,博弈均衡模型在一定程度上反映了实际水资源利用状况,为解决人水关系矛盾和区域水资源高效利用提供了新的思路和方法。  相似文献   

6.
多微网系统可以提高分布式电源消纳率和系统供电稳定性,分布式电源出力的不确定性却给多微网的日前调度带来挑战.文章综合考虑多微网系统中分布式电源出力不确定性和各微网间的非合作博弈行为,提出了一种针对多主体决策的非合作鲁棒博弈优化模型,并采用列约束生成算法对所构建模型进行求解,从而得到各微网在非合作博弈模式下的鲁棒Nash均...  相似文献   

7.
Vertical unbundling in the electricity sector is a hot political topic in the European Union. The European Commission has decided that the ownership unbundling of transmission networks from other stages in the value chain is the most effective way to ensure fair network access and infrastructure investment. While this European unbundling debate has not ended yet and most countries still do not have an independent transmission system operator (TSO), the Dutch government has already taken one step further. In 2008, it decided that distribution companies should be completely separated from commercial activities that are part of the same holding (generation, trade and supply). This governmental decision has been fiercely debated. Although the goal is to improve competition as well as security of supply, these benefits are uncertain. Nevertheless, it is certain that ownership unbundling comes at a cost. In this paper we present an ex ante cost-benefit analysis of the Dutch unbundling act. We conclude that it is unlikely that this act is welfare enhancing: divorce comes at a price.  相似文献   

8.
Power system "operating reliability" is at the core of responsibilities that have been entrusted by French law to the Reseau de Transport d'Electricite (RTE), in its capacity as France's transmission system operator (TSO). The Power System Reliability Audit Mission is responsible for two main complementary activities: 1) carrying out power system reliability audits and 2) drafting of a yearly power system reliability report. In this section we present the principles, on which the control of system reliability is based, the procedure for creating the yearly reliability report, the procedure for the elaboration of the reliability audit plan, and the procedures governing the reliability audits.  相似文献   

9.
Under the uncertainty of the value of Energy Performance Contracting Projects (EPCPs), this paper develops a revenue-sharing bargaining model between an Energy Service Company (ESCO) and an Energy-Using Organization (EU). Based on the model the paper analyzes the impacts of energy prices, risk-adjusted discount rates and accidents on the ESCO’s bargaining strategies. The research shows that the greater the probability of adverse circumstances is, the higher is the revenue share (of the EU), and the more disadvantageous is the ESCO’s position in the game. Furthermore, we design a forecast–commitment contract between an ESCO and an EU and analyze the optimal product’s energy savings commitment strategy of the ESCO to cope with uncertain energy savings and contract risk. The research illustrates that by introducing penalties and commitments, the contract can eliminate the impact of the uncertain energy savings on the contract execution to a certain extent; when the EU takes a greater commitment risk, the ESCO is willing to provide a higher commitment, thus enhancing the strategy value of the bilateral relationship and reducing the contract risk. Finally, the policy recommendations about improving shared savings contract standard, third-party energy savings measurement and verification mechanism and arbitration mechanism of EPCs are provided.  相似文献   

10.
It is puzzling today to explain diversity and imperfection of actual transmission monopoly designs in competitive electricity markets. We argue that transmission monopoly in competitive electricity markets has to be analyzed within a [Wilson, R, 2002. Architecture of the power markets. Econometrica 70(4), 1299–1344] modular framework. Applied to the management of electricity flows, at least three modules make the core of transmission design: (1) the short run management of network externalities; (2) the long run management of network investment; and (3) the coordination of neighboring transmission system operators (TSOs) for cross-border trade. In order to tackle this diversity of designs of TSOs, we show that for each of these modules, three different basic ways of managing them are possible. Among the identified 27 options of organization, we define an ideal TSO. Second, we demonstrate that (1) monopoly design differs from this ideal TSO and cannot handle these three modules irrespective of the “institutional” definition and allocation of property rights on transmission, while (2) definition and allocation of property rights on transmission cannot ignore the existing electrical industry and transmission network structure: they have to complement each other to be efficient. Some conclusions for regulatory issues of TSOs are derived from this analysis of network monopoly organization.  相似文献   

11.
Taiwan is on the brink of embarking on an ambitious reform in the electricity sector. The future electricity market of Taiwan will be operated under the framework set out in the Electricity Act Amendment. Independent system operator (ISO) will be the core body of the future market operations and its establishment will therefore be the key to the liberalization. This paper presents the proposed implementation plan based on diverse factors considered by the officials. A three steps phased introduction of Taiwan ISO is discussed. During the proposed Phase I interim market arrangements, Taipower's System Operation Department will assume the role of System Operator for the market. The dispatch rules are largely based on the existing Taipower internal procedure. As competition increases, the need for increased transparency will necessitate the establishment of a fully independent ISO in Phase II to provide the real time dispatch services. This will be completed within 2 years after the passage of the Electricity Act Amendment Bill. In the last phase of the deregulation process a multilateral market arrangement for managing energy imbalance and transmission constraints will result in better outcomes in relation to the policy objectives of security and economic efficiency. The 2-year timeframe stipulated in the Electricity Act Amendment Bill is a challenge for the Government and the industry. However, a smoothly functioning Taiwan ISO will bring benefits to the industry and the country in general.  相似文献   

12.
气候变化坎昆会议成果及分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
郑爽 《中国能源》2011,33(2):31-32
于2010年12月11日清晨落幕的联合国气候变化公约第十六次缔约方大会及《京都议定书》第六次缔约方会议低开高走,在会前各界预期较低的情况下达成了包括一揽子内容的《坎昆协议》,得到国际社会的赞扬和一些国家的积极评价。坎昆会议取得的成果有利于国际社会恢复对多边体制的信心,但《坎昆协议》是中间产物,一些关键问题有待后续谈判最终落实确定。本文描述了坎昆成果的内容及各方反应,对《坎昆协议》进行了分析并提出了日后谈判面临的问题。  相似文献   

13.
In this work, a microeconomic model describing interactions between a manufacturer, retailer and bank is created and investigated. The manufacturer produces a single product, the retailer buys the good in order to resell it to the third party for a profit, and the bank lends the money. For the first time, a non-cooperative hierarchical game approach will be applied to a three-dimensional model with five bounded controls. The best optimal strategy for each player will be found analytically with the use of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. A simulation software package is developed to demonstrate the performance of our proposed optimal algorithms.   相似文献   

14.
Dan-Ioan Gota  Henrik Lund 《Energy》2011,36(11):6413-6419
This paper presents a model of the Romanian energy system with the purpose of providing a tool for the analysis of future sustainable energy strategies. The model represents the total national energy system and is detailed to the level of hourly demand and production in order to be able to analyse the consequences of adding fluctuating renewable energy sources to the system. The model has been implemented into the EnergyPLAN tool and has been validated in order to determine if it can be used as a reference model for other simulations. In EnergyPLAN, two different future strategy scenarios for the Romanian energy system are compared to the actual data of Romania of year 2008. First, a comparison is made between the 2008 model and the 2013 strategy scenario corresponding to the grid of the Romanian transmission system operator (TSO) Transelectrica. Then, a comparison is made to a second strategy scenario in which the installed nuclear capacity is reduced by 50%.  相似文献   

15.
16.
师鹏飞  杨涛 《水电能源科学》2011,29(11):25-27,93
以深圳市为例,将GDP、SSO、TSO、RP作为影响因子,构建了各影响因子的预测模型,利用蒙特 卡洛随机模拟方法定量分析了影响因子的不确定性水平,进而建立了BP神经网络用水量预测模型,预测 了2011~2015年深圳市用水量。结果表明,2011~2015年深圳市的用水量会保持缓慢增长,但增速会减 小并趋于稳定,预计2015年用水量会出现饱和,饱和点之后用水量将不会再增加。  相似文献   

17.
有序加权平均算法在区域水资源配置中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
构建多层次协商评价决策模型,采用有序加权平均算法对区间值形式的各类信息进行集成协商确权,解决了多层次评价问题的区间值因素权重计算。实例计算结果表明,该方法较好地解决了区域水资源配置中各因素权值计算,并可应用于其他工程类综合评价。  相似文献   

18.
Sarah A. Emerson   《Energy Policy》2006,34(18):3377-3386
The countries of the OECD have built significant strategic oil stocks over the past 30 years, and others like India and China have begun substantial programs as well. The operating environment for using those stocks in an emergency, however, has changed considerably during those years. The original plan for a multilateral draw down of strategic reserves has been amended and repeatedly modified as events have warranted, but there remains a great deal of uncertainty as to how and when strategic stocks should be used. This paper discusses the track record of using strategic reserves and concludes with recommendations for new guidelines for their use, which will strengthen their utility to both the policymaker and the marketplace.  相似文献   

19.
This paper analyzes the taxation of polluting firms in a model where the government and firms bargain over emissions and profits taxes. We demonstrate that under reasonable assumptions, the bargaining position of firms is a determinant of the profits tax yet has no impact on the emissions tax. The emissions tax is affected by market structure, firm technologies, and environmental awareness. An emissions tax may not be imposed in some circumstances, although it would raise public revenue and reduce pollution. In that case, the transfer of profits taxes to people can be used to address their environmental suffering. We then extend the model to consider that the government spends a fraction of tax revenue to partner with firms in pollution abatement. Public environmental spending will increase with the demand for polluting goods and facilitate a cut in the emissions tax, which leads to a higher output level and less abatement effort at firms.  相似文献   

20.
Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships can overcome many of the problems which exist with the transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) from developed to developing countries, but as yet they have not been explored in detail in the negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Technology transfer is an important part of the UNFCCC, but the mechanism for achieving this is problematic. Developed countries prefer a market approach whereas developing countries tend to negotiate for direct grants. Multi-stakeholder partnerships offer a pathway through which technology is transferred and developing country capacity enhanced, while the interests of developed country private enterprise innovators are also protected. We present opinions and a case-study on multi-stakeholder partnerships and discuss some of the advantages that multi-stakeholder partners canoffer.  相似文献   

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