浅谈“智慧城市”与智慧城市空间布局的关系

目前的“智慧城市”实践多处于概念构建期,人们对其理解往往局限于技术层面,从城市实体空间布局的角度研究“智慧城市”是一个值得引起关注的论题.通过理解智慧城市的概念和特征,分析智慧城市建设的作用和目标,探讨智慧城市与城市空间布局的关系,进而提出智慧城市建设应着重把握的几个问题.希望对知识信息时代智慧城市基础设施建设,乃至于空间发展模式的更深入、广泛的思考和研究有所启示.     

基于城市规划视角的我国智慧城市建设思考分析

城市规划与智慧城市都旨在使城市得到健康可持续的发展,为城市居民创造更美好的生活.城市规划发展历程中的诸多理念都与智慧城市的内涵、目标相通,从已趋成熟的城市规划体系入手确实可以为新兴的智慧城市建设带来一定的启发.基于以上分析,分别对智慧城市的规划方式、规划理念、规划决策、组织机制、城市形态和城市管理这一建设全过程的各个方面所得的借鉴意义进行了详细阐述.     

“智慧城市”背景下的城市规划刨新

“智慧城市”是在全球广泛展开的未来城市发展的新理念和新实践,必然会对城市规划这一控制土地和空间资源的重要公共政策产生影响,并要求城市规划做出相应变化与之接轨.通过阐述“智慧城市”的内涵及其对城市规划的意义,从理念与实践两大视角重点分析了“智慧城市”背景下的城市规划创新,以期突破传统的城市规划实践的局限性,进而实现智慧的城市规划.     

Smart City implementation and discourses: An integrated conceptual model. The case of Vienna

In recent years many initiatives have been developed under the Smart City label in a bid to provide a response to challenges facing cities today. The concept has evolved from a sector-based approach to a more comprehensive view that places governance and stakeholders' involvement at the core of strategies. However, Smart City implementation requires lowering the scale from the strategy to the project level. Therefore, the ability of Smart City initiatives to provide an integrated and systematic answer to urban challenges is constantly being called into question. Stakeholder involvement in both the projects and the city strategy is key to developing a governance framework that allows an integrated and comprehensive understanding. This can only be done if Smart City strategies take the stakeholders' opinion into account and seek a compromise between their views and the implementation of the strategy.Multiple attempts have been made to analyse Smart Cities, but tools are needed to understand their complexity and reflect the stakeholders' role in developing Smart City initiatives and their capacity to face urban challenges. This paper pursues two objectives: (A) to develop a conceptual model capable of displaying an overview of (a) the stakeholders taking part in the initiative in relation to (b) the projects developed and (c) the challenges they face; and (B) to use this model to synthesise the opinion of different stakeholders involved in Smart City initiatives and compare their attitudes to the key projects implemented in a corresponding SC strategy. The methodology combines project analysis with surveys and interviews with different groups of key stakeholders (governments, private companies, universities and research centres, and civil society) through text analysis. The conceptual model is developed through discussions with different European stakeholders and is applied to the case of the Vienna Smart City strategy.     

感知智慧城市概论

文章分析了智慧城市的发展历程、阐述了智慧城市的概念,提出了智慧城市的整体架构,研究了智慧城市的建设内容及关键技术,探讨了智慧城市建设未来展望。     

From Jacobs to the Just City: A foundation for challenging the green planning orthodoxy

Now that Jane Jacobs' ideas are seen as urban planning orthodoxy, it is unclear how her institutional goal of progressive change for the field will carry forward. In the 1960s, Jacobs created the conditions for institutional change by offering a thorough critique of the “Radiant Garden City Beautiful” orthodoxy of urban planning and presenting a solution for the problems that she saw with this approach. She argued that the top-down, design-oriented planning of her time hurt the lives of individual residents and diminished society as a whole. Her solution was a new way of seeing the city: as a functional and efficient social system. Since the 1990s, a global planning orthodoxy – of which Jacobs' ideas are part – developed around the “Smart Sustainable Resilient City.” This orthodoxy has been subject to critique, but Susan Fainstein's Just City theory offers tools for comprehensively challenging the approach and a solution for addressing the problems. In order to demonstrate the need for institutional change within the Smart Sustainable Resilient City orthodoxy, I use the Just City theoretical perspective to interpret the results of an analysis of green gentrification in New York City between 1990 and 2014. I argue that the over-valuation of Jacobsian diversity within the current urban planning orthodoxy generates unjust outcomes. The just green city, then, requires de-emphasizing Jacobs' intellectual project in favor of her far more important institutional project.     

City profile: Jaipur

Jaipur is the tenth largest metropolitan region in India, grown to be a popular tourist destination and a centre of business, commerce, and education. It has been the central focus of the state governments' visioning strategies by virtue of it being an urban heritage and the capital of state of Rajasthan, hence the efforts have been made to develop it into the ‘world-class’ city. After the inclusion of Jaipur City in the Smart City Program, the city is expected to undergo massive urban restructuring. This paper presents an outline of the history and planning of Jaipur, followed by an exploration of emerging urban and infrastructural challenges with a focus on management and governance.     

Incorporating a Systemic and Foresight Approach into Smart City Initiatives: The Case of Spanish Cities

At the dawn of the twenty-first century, cities face serious societal, economic, environmental, and governance challenges. Under the term “Smart City,” numerous technology-based initiatives are emerging to help cities face contemporary challenges while the concept itself is evolving towards a more holistic approach. Nevertheless, the capability of smart initiatives to provide an integrated vision of our cities is still very limited. Eventually, many of these initiatives do not fulfill satisfactorily their initial objectives because they fail to understand the complexity, diversity, and uncertainty that characterize contemporary cities. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to display an urban functional system, capable of interpreting the city in a more holistic way, and to incorporate foresight tools so as to formulate Smart City visions in a more participatory way with the involvement of local stakeholders.     

区域转型背景下环珠江三角洲地区城市总体规划探讨——以广东省肇庆市城市总体规划为例

产业结构升级转型、产业转移、区域一体化发展,是当前珠三角地区发展最为重要的特征.环珠江三角洲地区的城市应抓住珠三角区域转型的发展机遇,充分利用自身土地资源较为丰富、具有承接产业转移的良好条件,在总体规划中重点处理好工业发展与城市服务业发展空间、城镇建设与生态保护、区域一体化和城市特色保持的关系,通过实施"精明增长"策略、产业的"平行推进"策略和"特色提升"策略,克服区域转型发展带来的产业规模扩大、生态环境压力增大、城市特色同质化等问题.     

智慧城市始于智慧设计

在智慧城市设计的各个领域中,科技最受关注,而空间设计最不受关注。但从城市建设的角度来看,现实应该正好相反。成功的智慧城市首先需要从根本上保持大城市始终具有的基本特质,它们必须是可以反复记录人类生活复杂性和多样性的载体。当前城市中的智能化数字网络必不可少,也应该加以整合,但我们更应该重点关注卓越的实际城市场所营造。目前,多伦多可能是全球最受瞩目的智慧城市创意试验场,基于此,主要详细介绍Sasaki事务所在多伦多大都市区设计的2个案例研究。     

Smart City appropriation by local actors: An instrument in the making

The literature on Smart Cities lacks of research on how actors understand and appropriate the Smart City. This paper questions in an innovative way their appropriations of the phenomenon. Smart City is considered as an instrument, following the theory of Lascoumes and Le Galès (2007). Is the Smart City a functional instrument: a kind of evidence and a pragmatic solution at disposal or a public policy instrument: not neutral, provoking debates and influencing policies? An empirical analysis is carried on based on a survey among 193 Belgian actors active in the domain. The results show that the Instrument theory is relevant to analyse the actors' appropriation, which do not follow a homogeneous trend. In fact, each actor follows his own logics which will be interesting to study.     

智慧城市刍议

城市信息化经历了数字城市、信息城市阶段,目前正迈向智慧城市。本文首先论述了数字城市、信息城市到智慧城市的演变过程,指出了智慧城市是城市信息化的高级阶段。然后阐述了什么是智慧城市,介绍了智慧城市的相关概念,如智能建筑、智能交通系统、韩国U-City;分析了智慧城市的特征,如感知、自动反应、主动服务、辅助决策等。最后从基础设施、应用创新、产业发展三个方面提出了智慧城市的发展对策,即建设智慧的城市基础设施,开展"智慧城市"创新应用,发展"智慧城市"相关产业。     

国内外智慧城市研究热点及趋势(2010-2019年)——基于CiteSpace的图谱量化分析

自2010年IBM正式提出“智慧的城市”概念,我国学者对智慧城市领域相关课题展开了广泛的讨论,并积累了一定的实践经验。基于Citespace软件,对中国知网与WoS(Web of Science)数据库中主题含“智慧城市(smart city/smart cities)”的期刊文献进行图谱量化分析,从关键词、共被引、作者合作网络、研究热点及趋势、中外研究内容比较等,对2010-2019年施引文献与被引文献进行梳理。选取国外实践中具有代表性的新兴技术、初性、人本观念与算法等四方面综述了主要内容,以期对近10年国内外智慧城市发展进行回顾的同时,对中国未来智慧城市的研究和实践提供借鉴。     

Current trends in Smart City initiatives: Some stylised facts

The concept of Smart City (SC) as a means to enhance the life quality of citizen has been gaining increasing importance in the agendas of policy makers. However, a shared definition of SC is not available and it is hard to identify common global trends. This paper provides with a comprehensive understanding of the notion of SC through the elaboration of a taxonomy of pertinent application domains, namely: natural resources and energy, transport and mobility, buildings, living, government, and economy and people. It also explores the diffusion of smart initiatives via an empirical study aimed at investigating the ratio of domains covered by a city’s best practices to the total of potential domains of smart initiatives and at understanding the role that various economic, urban, demographic, and geographical variables might have in influencing the planning approach to create a smarter city. Results reveal that the evolution patterns of a SC highly depend on its local context factors. In particular, economic development and structural urban variables are likely to influence a city’s digital path, the geographical location to affect the SC strategy, and density of population, with its associated congestion problems, might an important component to determine the routes for the SC implementation. This work provides policy makers and city managers with useful guidelines to define and drive their SC strategy and planning actions towards the most appropriate domains of implementation.     

A conceptual framework for the alignment of infrastructure assets to citizen requirements within a Smart Cities framework

With the predicted world population growth of 83 million people per year (increasing 1.09% year on year) compounded with a strong trend for migration to urban centres, there is a developing interest by academics, industry and government to the digitalisation of the built environment and its potential impact on private enterprises, public services and the broader context of society. The governments around the world and others are aiming to guide and standardise this process by developing an array of standards to support this digitalisation, most notably on Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Smart Cities Framework. Furthermore, the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) is creating a highly flexible, dynamic and accessible platform for the exchange capture and of information. There is a risk that this information on the built environment is quickly becoming unmanageable, and the value of that information is quickly becoming lost. This paper presents a smart asset alignment framework that creates an alignment between the information captured at the infrastructure asset level and citizen requirements within a Smart City framework. The framework contributes to the debate on designing and developing Smart City solutions in a way that will deliver value to the citizens.     

城乡规划与智慧城市理论研究评析

本文通过梳理智慧城市在城乡规划专业领域的理论研究,从规划编制、空间组织、规划管理、评价体系四个方面阐述在规划领域产生的变革,最后从价值取向、公众参与和应用研究三个角度提出对智慧城市热潮的思考。     

浅谈西部城市群空间结构发展研究——以成渝城市群为例

城市群在区域经济的竞争中扮演着越来越重要的角色,其发展已上升到国家宏观战略层面。西部大开发是未来中国经济发展的一个重要关键点,是中国未来十年甚至是几十年经济发展的高点。到目前为止,国内学者对长三角城市群、珠三角城市群和京津冀城市群的研究成果较多,而对西部城市群的研究相对较少。成渝城市群作为现阶段中国西部地区规模最大、发展基础最好的城市群,既是当前西部大开发的重点城市群,又是未来十年甚至是几十年我国经济重要的增长点。通过对比分析研究,该文拟从城市群空间结构的角度,分析成渝城市群的空间分布特征、存在的不足和城市群潜力,并找出优化城市群空间结构的对策。     

From smart to empathic cities

This paper acknowledges the contemporary neoliberal mode of operation of Smart Cities. The pitfalls of Smart Cities concerning its propensity towards techno-centric and efficiency-focused governance are identified, with diminutive emphasis on social equity and human-centric urban growth. Thus, the paper elaborates upon an alternative mode of person-environment-interaction based approach towards placemaking: Empathic Cities. This approach implies embracing a shift from efficiency to sufficiency and wellbeing embedded regenerative perspective for conceiving the built environment. First, the variable dimensions of urban growth and governance, which gave rise to the smart city, are contextualized. The embedded neoliberal operational agenda of smart cities are established. On this basis, the underpinnings of an empathic city are established by acknowledging the shift from technocentric to human-centric and from product-based to context-based smart city and wellbeing perspectives. Strategies toward urban development are proposed, such as embracing a regenerative perspective wherein the city and its constituents need to be understood as interdependent systemic elements while embracing a human-centric and ethical approach. Additionally, a transition from efficiency to sufficiency-oriented practices and a shift towards inclusive modes of participatory governance are proposed as fundamental principles for an empathic future of the built environment.     

From smart to empathic cities

This paper acknowledges the contemporary neoliberal mode of operation of Smart Cities.The pitfalls of Smart Cities concerning its propensity towards techno-centric and efficiency-focused governance are identified,with diminutive emphasis on social equity and human-centric urban growth.Thus,the paper elaborates upon an alternative mode of person-environment-interaction based approach towards placemaking:Empathic Cities.This approach implies embracing a shift from efficiency to sufficiency and wellbeing embedded regenerative perspective for conceiving the built environment.First,the variable dimensions of urban growth and governance,which gave rise to the smart city,are contextualized.The embedded neoliberal operational agenda of smart cities are established.On this basis,the un-derpinnings of an empathic city are established by acknowledging the shift from techno-centric to human-centric and from product-based to context-based smart city and wellbeing perspectives.Strategies toward urban development are proposed,such as embracing a regen-erative perspective wherein the city and its constituents need to be understood as interdepen-dent systemic elements while embracing a human-centric and ethical approach.Additionally,a transition from efficiency to sufficiency-oriented practices and a shift towards inclusive modes of participatory governance are proposed as fundamental principles for an empathic future of the built environment.     

“生成”、“创造”以及形式化的悖论——关于《城市并非树型》的形而上学批判

通过对《城市并非树型》的反复阅读,作者指出: 尽管亚历山大有着把握现象的敏锐性,但《城市并非树型》缺乏缜密的分析,在城市空间的“生成”和“创造”问题上,仍然采用的是一种以数学为基础的分析方法, 从而导致了在认识论和方法论之间存在着明显的矛盾。