An assessment of Public Participation GIS and Web 2.0 technologies in urban planning practice in Canela,Brazil

Recent advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Web 2.0 technologies provide new ways of creating sophisticated Web applications that strengthen social interactions based on comments on online maps, which have the potential to improve Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) practices. In this paper, we address this promising approach to analyze the impact of collaborative Web 2.0 tools applied to PPGIS applications in urban planning actions. We develop a Web 2.0 PPGIS application through free, easy-to-use tools, which consist of a Web mapping service, with eligible geospatial data layers, where users explore and comment. A database stores the contributions in a format supported by GIS. We also set up a prototype version in Canela (Brazil), to test its usability. The results showed that it is a valuable approach for engaging the public. It could promote communication among users and decision makers in a more interactive and straightforward way. Besides, it is easy to set up and understandable by non-experts. The Web 2.0 PPGIS may serve as a social tool for any spatially-related issue involving community members in any context.     

A new clustering and visualization method to evaluate urban heat energy planning scenarios

Spatial visualization is a very useful tool to help decision-makers in the urban planning process, i) to define future energy transition pathways, ii) to implement energy efficiency strategies and iii) to integrate renewable energy technologies in the context of sustainable cities. There is thus a need to develop new tools to understand the energy consumption patterns across cities. Statistical methods are often used to understand the driving parameters of energy consumption but rarely used to evaluate future urban refurbishment scenarios. Simulating whole cities using energy demand softwares can be very extensive in terms of computer resources and data collection. A new methodology, using city archetypes, is hence proposed to simulate the energy consumption of urban areas and to evaluate urban energy planning scenarios. The objective of this paper is to present a solid framework and innovative solution for the computation and visualization of energy saving at the city scale. The energy demand of cities, as well as the microclimatic conditions, are calculated by using a 3D model designed as function of the real city urban geometrical and physical characteristics. Data are extracted from a GIS database. We demonstrate how the number of buildings to be simulated can be drastically reduced thereby significantly decreasing the computational time and without compromising the accuracy of the results. This model is then used to evaluate the influence of two sets of refurbishment solutions. The energy consumption are then integrated back in the GIS to identify the areas in the city where refurbishment works are needed more rapidly. The city of Settimo Torinese (Italy) is used as a demonstrator for the proposed methodology, which can be applied to medium-sized cities worldwide with limited amount of information.     

Housing the elderly: segregated in senior cities or integrated in urban society?

Ageing is driving the demand for housing for seniors in the Netherlands. The current urban planning ??cluster policy?? is mainly conducive to the construction of luxury inner-city apartments for seniors. Much less attention is given to the demand for dwellings for seniors outside the cities and for low- and middle-income households. Should the government accommodate this demand by constructing accessible dwellings? And would a ??senior city?? be a suitable framework for this purpose? The issue is whether senior citizens actually want to live together in a district, village or city. Would they want to move there if these senior cities were some distance away from other (age) groups, family, friends and services such as shops and care? We question whether the demand for senior cities is sufficiently strong to warrant abandoning the European planning principle of clustering. Doing so would lead to fragmentation of the landscape and less support for services in urbanized areas. The impetus for this study came from the major shortage of accessible housing in the Netherlands and a recent initiative to build a senior city of 1,500 dwellings in the province of Flevoland.     

图析作为城市认知与设计工具的回顾性重构

围绕经典形态学派研究时期、城市重构与新城发展研究时期、当代全球化多元主题研究时期3个阶段梳理了图析（mapping）的发展历程。聚焦全球不同地区,分阶段分析相关研究和设计实践的制图语境、制图者身份与代表人物、研究方法与技法、对城市认知与设计的意义。研究发现：1）人类对城市在认识论层面,由城市作为建筑向城市作为复杂系统转变;2）制图者早期主要为设计师,如今主要为跨学科学者共同体与多元利益主体;3）mapping操作方法与技术有地图剖解、比较、拼贴与组合等多样方式;4）mapping在城市认知与设计过程中,可作为处理空间信息的管理工具、呈现与交流的工具以及启发设计的工具。通过呈现mapping作为城市认知与设计工具的近百年图景,以期为城市设计科学研究提供系统方法,为城市设计实践提供从认知向设计转化的可能路径。     

大理市下关城区建筑高度控制规划研究*

大理是国家历史文化名城、云南旅游度假胜地,下关是大理旅游集散服务基地,苍山环绕,洱海映衬,具有优质的外部空间环境,塑造具有高原山水特征的城市形象对下关城区至关重要.城市建筑高度是影响下关城区风貌特色的关键因子之一,基于现状调研及分析,本研究首先总结下关城区现状城市建筑高度的基本特征,其次广泛吸收借鉴国内外有关城市建筑高度控制方法研究,尤其是针对自然山水资源丰富、历史文化厚重的地区,提炼出“基准模型＋修正模型”高度控制框架,通过GIS多因子叠加技术和CAD视线剖断面分析技术,最后将该方法体系应用于下关城区建筑高度生成过程中,生成建筑高度控制引导表及控制分区图,为下一步控制性详细规划制定建筑高度指标提供参考意义.     

高密度城市气候评估方法与应用

高密度城市和建筑群可对气候产 生重要影响,例如热岛效应、空气污染和暴 雨等。科学准确地评估城市对气候的影响并 据此提出规划改善对策已成为建设生态城市 和宜居环境必不可少的重要内容。本文对可 用于城市气候评估的模型进行了归纳总结, 发现以CFD耦合模型和WRF为代表的中尺 度气象模型具有优势,前者更适合建筑、城 市设计和详规尺度;后者更适合城市总规尺 度;利用GIS平台将气候评估结果与城市信 息数据库进行叠加分析或者绘制城市气候图 可以更好地对接规划实践需求。     

Can global cities be ‘age-friendly cities’? Urban development and ageing populations

Understanding the relationship between population ageing and urban change has become a major issue for public policy. An emerging theme has concerned the need to develop supportive urban communities for older citizens. This paper provides a critical perspective on what has been termed the development of ‘age-friendly cities and communities’ by exploring such policies in the context of urban change arising from globalisation, urban regeneration and austerity. A key argument is that research and policies on age-friendly cities require stronger integration with analyses of the impact of global forces transforming the physical and social context of cities. This theme is developed by examining: first, the arguments behind the development of the ‘age-friendly’ approach; second, the pressures affecting urban environments, and their relevance for the ‘age-friendly’ debate; and third, challenges for improving the urban environment for older populations. The article concludes by discussing the need to combine a conceptual model of ‘age-friendliness’ with analysis of the economic and social forces transforming urban environments.     

DEM在山地城市控制性详细规划中的应用

数字高程模型（DEM）是用有序数值矩阵来表达地面高程的数据结构。DEM不仅在水文水资源、土地利用、土地评价等方面得到广泛的应用,在城市规划领域也发挥着重要的作用。本文以攀枝花市高新区控制性详细规划为例,针对山地城市规划中需要面对的地形影响、划分台地和土方计算等具体问题,提出了DEM应用的技术路线,具有较强可行性,为山地城市规划提供了定量化的分析手段、直观的表达方式和可快速调整的辅助设计途径。     

公众参与地理信息系统在风景园林规划中的应用

"公众参与地理信息系统"(PPGIS)源于美国国家地理信息与分析中心(NCGIA)的两个会议,PPGIS利用GIS技术扩大政策制定、城市规划、风景园林等领域的公众参与程度。简要回顾了PPGIS的理论,介绍了PPGIS在风景园林中的应用范围和平台框架;选取PPGIS分别应用在城市公园效益、国家公园规划、区域景观评价项目的 3个案例,阐述PPGIS在拓展公众对项目信息的获取途径、收集公众参与产生的数据、反馈公众意愿中的技术方法,总结了PPGIS的优势与局限性,并提出其未来研究的关键问题。     

Mapping urban public spaces based on the Nolli map method

In 1748, Giambattista Nolli published a large map of Rome, which accurately depicted the form and system of public space in the city. This graphic presentation has become a powerful tool for urban space research. However, given the increasingly abundant types of contemporary urban spaces and diverse functions of public buildings, the application of the drawing principle of the Nolli map to contemporary cities remains uncertain. Taking the Laochengnan area in Nanjing as an example, this study investigates the mapping of urban public spaces based on the Nolli map method. On the basis of a field survey, the public and private spaces in the blocks are identified. By comparing the graphic information of the Nolli map and that of the Nolli-type map in terms of public, private, and green spaces, this work also reveals the similarities and differences between traditional and modern urban spaces. Urban spatial mapping methods, including the figure-ground map, street map, and Nolli-type map, are explored and compared using complementary mapping techniques. The practicality and effectiveness of each technique are also discussed. Results show that the Nolli map method is effective in mapping contemporary urban public spaces and provides an effective tool for urban designers and architects to depict and analyze urban public spaces.     

Integrated urban microclimate assessment method as a sustainable urban development and urban design tool

In the past decades, urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon in the city and its corresponding issues including the mitigation methods have become the main research topics in the area of urban climatology. Researchers have conducted various investigations and measurements in the urban environment. Prediction models such as impact mitigation strategies, urban air temperature predictions, improved weather forecasting and air quality forecasting have been developed as a result. With the current issue of sustainable urban development in the cities, urban planners are beginning to look into different aspects of urban climatic parameters and incorporate them as the design parameters. However, it is rather difficult for the planners to attempt to design without engaging the urban climate scientists. Presently, Geographical Information System (GIS) is a platform commonly used in various geographical related research and applications, including those relating to urban climate research, as it can be used to analyze different urban climatic parameters. Although it is, by all standards, an appropriate urban design tool, urban planners tend not to embrace this technology. This paper shall present an idea to overcome this challenge by means of developing a user friendly urban design platform that takes after GIS. This paper will also discuss the plan for advancement of the urban design tool from the current situation to the future.     

规划管理单元划分和管理图则编制研究——以浙江省台州市为例

该文以浙江省台州市为例,通过多角度分析现状城乡规划编制和管理中所面临的问题,借鉴多个城市的成熟经验.全面梳理整合已编规划,充分协调各方意见,最后构建了一个针对城乡规划管理实际需求、具有较强操作性的"管理平台".研究构建的"管理平台"主要包括三部分内容:确定地域划分体系、划分规划管理单元、编制各单元的管理通则.     

城市公园系统公共服务格局分析——以无锡市传统中心区为例

城市公园系统的空间布局与市民生活品质息息相关,运用GIS地理信息技术分析城市公园公共服务格局,切实将城市居民的休闲需求与城市公园系统的空间布局紧密结合,形成科学的、对城市公园系统空间布局具有引导性的评价指标,并将评价指标具体运用于无锡市传统中心区城市公园系统研究中。希望从规划专业角度提供科学的政策建议,推动政府将有限的资金及优惠政策投入相对需求最为迫切的区域,不断完善城市公园绿地分布。     

行政干预与自然引导:中韩两种环形城市空间的形成过程对比研究

我国郑州市郑东新区和韩国世宗市是同时期建设的新都市(区),且都采用了环形城市空间的规划理论。本文以这两个城市(区)为研究对象,从行政干预和自然引导两个侧面出发,从环形城市空间规:划的稳定性以及环形城市空间自然要素的生态性实现等方面,对郑东新区和世宗市的环形城市空间的规划建设过程进行了对比研究,以其差异性和实施方法为重点,讨论世宗市的环形城市建设实践对优化我国环形城市规划和建设途径的启示。     

城市与市民关系的变化及城市规划的变革

针对目前城市规划的重点在于物质规划,而忽视其本质社会规划的现象,总结了由古至今城市与市民关系的演变过程。提出了要建立良性互动的城市与市民关系应以人为本,对当前的规划体制与模式进行变革。同时,规划的三个主体应各司其责,其中公众参与是引导城市可持续发展的一种有效途径。     

新老城区的整合与联动发展——浙江桐庐滨水发展轴城市设计

针对近年来国内城市新区发展往往与老城相脱节,导致许多弊端的现状,对浙江桐庐滨水发展轴城市设计案例进行介绍,从城市设计的层面对城市建设中新老城区的联动发展进行了思索和探讨。调查分析了桐庐的城市现状和自然条件,确定了滨江区域的发展目标,认为应将桐庐滨江区域发展放到城市整体发展的高度,将其建设成为新的、多样化、集约化的城市中心,并从功能、交通、景观环境等多角度对新老城区进行整合,从而令新老城区之间紧密结合、相互促进,形成整体效应。这一研究工作为国内城市新区发展提供了新的尝试。     

Community planning and urban design in contested places. Some insights from Belfast

Although social conflict due to the presence of different groups divided by cultural, religious or ethnic issues plagues many contemporary cities, community and participatory planning methods still pay little attention to segregation in contested spaces as a specific matter of concern. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap through the development of a novel tool to be implemented during community planning processes in contested cities, particularly in (visual) mapping processes. The pilot area for developing the lexicon has been selected within the city of Belfast, which has been struggling for years with problems related to inter-religious sectarian conflicts. The material effects on the urban structure of the long process of defensive planning during the so-called Troubles and within the post-conflicts peace programmes have been investigated by analysing urban artefacts including edges, borders, barriers, doors, visual control points. The paper suggests that a simple, recognizable lexicon may contribute to honing community planning methods in contested places by integrating the traditional methodology of visual mapping with a tailored taxonomy of elements of urban conflict, which may be used at many stages of the planning process, including developing a visual map, design and planning, and developing and implementing an action plan.     

基于整体模型的城市GIS数据共享交换平台

针对传统的城市GIS数据交换平台只能共享空间数据的弊端,本文采用面向对象技术,设计了一种包含地理要素自身信息和要素间关联信息的城市GIS整体数据模型,并对整体数据模型应用中的关键技术:GIS整体数据转换技术进行了研究。结合无锡市地理信息共享交换平台项目的建设,给出了模型在基于中心数据库模式的城市GIS数据交换平台系统中的具体应用过程,以期对其他城市同类系统的建设提供一定的参考价值。     

公众参与地理信息系统与城市规划民主进程

公众参与地理信息系统(PPGIS)经过十几年的发展,在国外有着大量的研究和实践。它在增强空间信息利用、刺激技术创新、促进公众参与、鼓励积极的社会变革等方面的潜力已经形成共识。国内对PPGIS的研究比较少,研究角度也限于技术层面。通过对PPGIS诞生的深厚历史背景进行剖析,分析了PPGIS的发展和规划民主化进程的密切关系。     

城市区域风险评估及消防站规划分析

城市区域风险评估是城市消防规划和部署消防力量的基础。以韶关市规划中心城区为例,从消防安全重点单位、用地性质、人口密度和交通可达性4个方面,采用AHP法构建火灾风险评估指标体系,应用GIS对地块各指标按权重进行叠加分析,得到城市火灾风险等级图,并以此对消防站规划布局进行了优化分析。