Bayesian神经网络在EPR法检测汽轮机转子钢热脆化性能中的应用

为提高电化学动电位再活化法(EPR)检测汽轮机转子钢(30Cr2MoV)热脆性的检测精度,利用Bayesian神经网络建立了预测模型。根据EPR法测定的60组不同苦味酸电解液温度下,30Cr2MoV转子钢的活化峰电流密度与再活化峰电流密度比(Ia/Ir)的数据、电解液温度、转子钢化学成分J参数和晶粒度参数(N),采用Bayesian正则化训练的神经网络,建立了转子钢脆性转变温度(FATT50)与电化学特征值、电解液温度、转子钢化学成分J参数和晶粒度参数(N)之间的映射模型。利用训练好的网络预测了新的转子钢材料的脆性转变温度。结果表明:网络的训练误差和检验误差都在±20℃范围内,小于多元线性回归法得到的误差。因此,Bayesian神经网络能较准确地用来预测转子钢材料的脆性转变温度。图3表3参13     

用化学腐蚀法检测老化30Cr2MoV汽轮机转子钢热脆化程度的研究

根据试验用30Cr2MoV汽轮机转子钢化学成分和材料性能等特点,尝试了用硝酸和醋酸的混合液作为蚀刻液对老化汽轮机转子钢进行化学腐蚀实验.得到腐蚀晶界沟槽宽度与韧脆转变温度(FATT50)的关系,并讨论了影响FATT50的其它影响因子.用MINITAB软件对影响FATT50的所用参数进行多元线性全回归分析,建立了FATT50的预测模型.用预测模型计算各钢样的FATT50,所得FATT50的预测值与测量值之间的误差范围在±15℃之内,预测精度较高.     

30Cr2MoV钢在硫酸酒精溶液中的电化学行为研究

通过在硫酸酒精中进行30Cr2MoV汽轮机转子钢的动电位阳极极化实验,找出最佳实验条件。分析特征电化学参数与材料化学成分含量、晶粒度、温度以及FATT之间的相关性。为进一步进行研究找出最适宜参数。     

汽轮机转子材料的FATT和△FATT

本文针对汽轮机转子材料的断口形貌脆性转变温度,结合以往做过的工作,探讨了:(1)汽轮机转子材料 FATT 研究的重要性;(2)FATT 的影响因素;(3)FATT 与强度和断裂韧性的关系;(4)转子材料的△FATT.认为 FATT 理论和试验方法在汽轮机转子材料上的实际运用,能丰富并深化人们对转子材料性能的认识,从而使转子材料的安全可靠度能得到进一步的保证.     

老化30Cr2MoV汽轮机转子钢FATT预测模型的建立

实验选用化学腐蚀法预测老化30Cr2MoV汽轮机转子钢的热脆化程度,用苦味酸添加十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作为蚀刻液进行化学腐蚀实验.通过正交实验确定较理想实验条件,并在此实验条件下,对12个具有不同韧脆转变温度的试样进行不同温度下的腐蚀实验,找出各温度下晶界宽度参数与FATT50之间的对应关系,确定回归参数,用统计分析软件SPSS对所得数据进行多元线性回归分析,得出老化汽轮机转子钢FATT50的预测模型,经验证明该模型预测精度在±200C之内,精度较高.     

常规与超净化3．5％NiCrMoV钢汽轮机低压转子的性能对比

由156吨钢锭制造的超净化3．5％NiCrMoV钢低压转子，其潜在的，表征回火脆性大小的J－因子的测算结果为2．5，而常规纯净度40炉次J－因子的平均值则是27．2，超净化钢展示出了良好的纯净度，低的FATT，高的持久强度与好的低周疲劳性能，该转子热处理到720MPa-780MPa的0．02％屈服强度时，中心至表面的性能均匀，延伸率为22％，断面收缩率为73％，表面的FATT是－112至－128℃，中心的FATT是－50至－97℃，而对于有相同屈服强度等级的常规转子，拉伸性能与超净化转子大致相同，但是，其FATT比超净化钢高，中心是－79－－86℃，而表面是－21－－43℃。韩重还进行了10，000小时的等温时效，对超净化钢的回火脆化敏感性进行了评价。发现经时效处理后其FATT没有发生变化。     

浅析工业汽轮机转子材料的FATT

本文简述了工业汽轮机转子材料FATT的测定方法,重点讨论了FATT的影响因素、FATT和高温性能的关系以及FATT概念的说明。     

新焊接转子材料25Cr2Ni2MoV钢的试制及其性能试验

回顾了上汽厂汽轮机低压焊接转子材料的发展,介绍了屈服强度≥700MPa的新焊接转子材料25Cr2Ni2MoV的基本特性,通过模拟轮盘锻件试制和解剖试验,测定了新材料的显微组织、力学性能、FATT、室温断裂韧度和钢的连续冷却转变曲线,进行了时效试验、应力腐蚀试验和焊接工艺试验等,结果表明该材料具有良好的淬透性和综合性能,能满足百万等级超超临界汽轮机及核电低压焊接转子的设计和使用要求.     

3.5%NiCrMoV钢低压整锻转子性能试验总结

前言 随着汽轮机功率的增大,低压转子的直径和重量也愈大,这就要求转子材料有高的强度、塑性,韧性和高的淬透性,以保证整个截面得到所需的组织及均匀的机械性能。并且要求低的FATT值,以及高的纯洁度。 目前国外汽轮机低压转子最常用的材料为3.5％Ni-Cr-Mo-V钢。为了满足国内大机组锻件的用材,推荐选用世界各国通用的25Cr_2Ni_4Mo V 钢用于汽轮机低压转子与发电机转子。     

叶轮开槽和提高抗拉强度对2％CrNiMoWV合金钢转子锻件FATT的影响

2％CrNiMoWV是一个经不同方法淬火，用于HP／LP单缸汽轮机的材料，在高、中压部分需要高的持久强度，而在低压段需要良好的韧性，本项目的首要目的是要研究在淬火前对2％CrNiMoWV钢低压部分（LP）预先开槽后，在降低LP段FATT方面存在的潜力。第二个目的是确定当抗拉强度比以前更高的情况下（≥827MPa）该合金钢的使用可能性。制造三根HP／LP一体化转子在HP段的直径为949mm，低压段的直径为1431mm。这三根转子由两个2300mm直径的160吨电渣重熔钢锭制成。在预备热处理后这些转子锻件进行调质热处理前的加工，其加工包括对LP段的开槽，用以改进中心孔的FATT。转子在垂直旋转状态下，从955℃奥氏体化的温度的不同的方式淬火，并回火到规定的抗拉强度。结果表明，对于2％CrNiMoWV钢来说，开槽是一种行之有效的加工工艺。转子开槽可降低LP段中心孔FATT约19℃，抗拉强度对FATT的影响估计约是0．028℃/MPa。这些转子的持久强度值处在其它2％CrNiMoWV转子的数据带中，并高于油淬1％CrMoV钢数据带的上边界。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.