转谷氨酰胺酶的性质、制备及在食品加工中的应用

转谷氨酰胺酶是催化蛋白质分子之间交联的一种酶，对蛋白质的成胶能力、热稳定性、持水能力等功能特性有独特的改善作用。目前从微生物Streptoverticillium spp．中分离转谷氨酰胺酶和在食品工业中的实际应用都已经实现，因为从微生物制备可以实现大规模的工业化生产，成本低廉，为转谷氨酰胺酶在工业上的应用奠定了基础。现在转谷氨酰胺酶广泛地应用于海洋食品、面条／面团、奶制品、烘焙食品等食品加工领域，通过温和的酶反应可以明显地改善食品的硬度、弹性、热稳定性和持水能力。主要讨论了转谷氨酰胺酶的性质、分离和在食品加工中的应用。     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶的特性及其在食品工业中的应用

谷氨酰胺转胺酶可以催化蛋白质分子内或分子间的酰基转移反应，通过形成的交联键改善蛋白质的功能性质。本文介绍了谷氨酰胺转胺酶的作用机理及谷氨酰胺转胺酶在食品工业中的应用。     

Determination of microbial transglutaminase in meat and meat products

Transglutaminase is an enzyme that can be used to cross-link pieces of meat, fish or meat products. The resulting product gives the optical impression of an intact chunk of meat. The usage of transglutaminase as a food additive is permitted in some countries. However, its utilisation has to be declared to ensure transparency for consumers. This paper describes two orthogonal analytical methods suited for the detection of technological relevant transglutaminase concentrations (around 25?mg pure enzyme in 1?kg of product) in meat and meat products. The mass spectrometry-based approach relies on a previous digestion with Achromobacter lyticus protease and LC-MS/MS separation and detection. Sufficient selectivity was obtained by monitoring four different peptides. The orthogonal (complementary and independent), ELISA-based approach relies on two commercially available bacterial transglutaminase-specific antibodies, combined to a sandwich ELISA. The two methods were tested by analysing some 60 samples obtained from the market.     

Microbial Transglutaminase: General Characteristics and Performance in Food Processing Technology

The enzyme microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) (EC 2.3.2.13) catalyzes acyl transfer reactions, deamidation, and inter and intramolecular crosslinks between amino acid residues of glutamine and lysine. Its application in foods alters the technological properties of food proteins, such as their emulsifying capacity, gelation, viscosity, water holding capacity, and foam formation and stability. The commercial application of the enzyme in Brazil is limited almost entirely to the restructured meat industry and dairy beverages, but several studies have demonstrated its potential for commercial application in vegetable products such as soy, which is little exploited in the market. The application of this enzyme to vegetable derivatives allows for the development of new products or improvement of the functional properties of traditional foods. The objective of this article is to offer a comprehensive overview of the general characteristics and function of the enzyme microbial transglutaminase, with emphasis on its application in foods.     

Whey filtration: a review of products,application, and pretreatment with transglutaminase enzyme

In the cheese industry, whey, which is rich in lactose and proteins, is underutilized, causing adverse environmental impacts. The fractionation of its components, typically carried out through filtration membranes, faces operational challenges such as membrane fouling, significant protein loss during the process, and extended operating times. These challenges require attention and specific methods for optimization and to increase efficiency. A promising strategy to enhance industry efficiency and sustainability is the use of enzymatic pre-treatment with the enzyme transglutaminase (TGase). This enzyme plays a crucial role in protein modification, catalyzing covalent cross-links between lysine and glutamine residues, increasing the molecular weight of proteins, facilitating their retention on membranes, and contributing to the improvement of the quality of the final products. The aim of this study is to review the application of the enzyme TGase as a pretreatment in whey protein filtration. The scope involves assessing the enzyme's impact on whey protein properties and its relationship with process performance. It also aims to identify both the optimization of operational parameters and the enhancement of product characteristics. This study demonstrates that the application of TGase leads to improved performance in protein concentration, lactose permeation, and permeate flux rate during the filtration process. It also has the capacity to enhance protein solubility, viscosity, thermal stability, and protein gelation in whey. In this context, it is relevant for enhancing the characteristics of whey, thereby contributing to the production of higher quality final products in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Determination of microbial transglutaminase in meat and meat products

Transglutaminase is an enzyme that can be used to cross-link pieces of meat, fish or meat products. The resulting product gives the optical impression of an intact chunk of meat. The usage of transglutaminase as a food additive is permitted in some countries. However, its utilisation has to be declared to ensure transparency for consumers. This paper describes two orthogonal analytical methods suited for the detection of technological relevant transglutaminase concentrations (around 25?mg pure enzyme in 1?kg of product) in meat and meat products. The mass spectrometry-based approach relies on a previous digestion with Achromobacter lyticus protease and LC-MS/MS separation and detection. Sufficient selectivity was obtained by monitoring four different peptides. The orthogonal (complementary and independent), ELISA-based approach relies on two commercially available bacterial transglutaminase-specific antibodies, combined to a sandwich ELISA. The two methods were tested by analysing some 60 samples obtained from the market.     

复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白对新型鸭肉火腿保水特性和感官品质的影响

为研究复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白对新型鸭肉火腿保水特性和感官品质的影响,通过单因素和L9（34）正交试验,以蒸煮损失、低场核磁共振自旋-自弛豫时间（T2）和感官品质为参考指标,确定最适添加量。结果表明：单独添加复合磷酸盐或大豆分离蛋白可以显著改善新型鸭肉火腿的蒸煮损失（P＜0.05）,添加大于0.5%的谷氨酰胺转氨酶会显著降低鸭肉火腿的保水性（P＜0.05）。通过正交试验优化得出的最佳添加量为：复合磷酸盐0.3%、谷氨酰胺转氨酶0.4%、大豆分离蛋白4%。应用此工艺,能够明显改善鸭肉火腿的保水特性和感官品质。     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶及其在肉品加工中的应用

谷氨酰胺转氨酶是一种能催化赖氨酸的ε-氨基与谷氨酸的γ-羟酰胺基形成价键而导致蛋白质聚合的酶。本文综合已有文献对谷氨酰胺转氨酶的来源、性质、作用机理及在肉品加工中的应用进行了阐述,并对其作用产物的生物利用性进行了探讨。     

Application of microbial transglutaminase in meat foods: A review

Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is an enzyme isolated from a variant of Streptomyces mobaraensis that forms covalent cross-links between protein molecules. Studies are being conducted since last two decades on utilization of MTG in meat foods to improve their characteristics, such as gelation, water-binding, emulsion stability, purge loss, cooking loss, etc. MTG is one of the important topics of interest in meat processing industry due to its advantages in practical utilization and commercial exploitation. This review will discuss about the overall applications of MTG in manipulating the functional properties of meat and meat products by means of various processes such as restructuring, value addition, etc.     

不同水解度的豆饼粉对轮枝链霉菌发酵生产谷氨酰胺转胺酶的影响

谷氨酰胺转胺酶在食品行业应用广泛,其可用轮枝链霉菌发酵生产.豆饼粉是一种廉价的富含蛋白质的工业原料,直接用作氮源不能被轮枝链霉菌利用.本文使用pH-STAT法,将豆饼粉水解成DH为3%、5%、7%、9%和12%等一系列的酶解液,并将其用作轮链霉菌的氮源.研究发现,在培养基中添加质量浓度为20 g/L、DH=5%的豆饼粉酶解液可显著提高谷氨酰胺转胺酶的产量,其酶活为4.2 U/mL,具有一定的应用价值.     

Effects of Microbial Transglutaminase on the Wheat Proteins of Bread and Croissant Dough

ABSTRACT: Transglutaminase is a crosslinking enzyme that is finding increasing use in foods, yet the molecular changes responsible for its effects are not fully understood. Proteins were extracted from bread and croissant doughs that had been treated with transglutaminase and compared to those from control doughs by size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Transglutaminase increased the amount of protein extracted in the gliadin fraction in both bread and croissant doughs. In croissant doughs, a corresponding decrease in the protein extracted in the albumin to globulin fraction was seen. In each case, crosslinking of the high molecular weight glutenins was observed. The possible role of each of these changes on the functional properties of baked products is discussed.     

Physicochemical properties and application in film preparation of prolamin from distiller's grains

Prolamin of sorghum-based distiller's grains was extracted and its physicochemical properties were further determined. The prolamin was found to be rich in acidic amino acids, resulting in an isoelectric point of pH 4.0. High content of α-helix structure endowed the protein good thermostability with a denaturation of 123.47 °C. The prolamin was resistant to pepsin but susceptible to trypsin in vitro digestion. The nutritional evaluation score was low and the protein does not belong to a good source of food protein due to the low digestion and lack of essential amino acids. The prolamin exhibited low water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, foam properties, and emulsifying properties. Moreover, the protein possessed good film-forming properties, and the characteristics of high temperature resistance, low water-holding capacity and oil-holding capacity of prolamin can endow the protein film with excellent properties of water blocking, oil blocking, and high thermal stability.     

可得然胶功能性质及其在食品中的应用研究进展

可得然胶是一种微生物胞外多糖,具有良好的凝胶性、持水性、增稠性及冻融稳定等特性,在食品工业中得到广泛的应用。随着可得然胶应用研究的不断深入,近年来有关可得然胶的报道越来越多。本文综述了可得然胶的来源、化学结构及功能特性,重点阐述了可得然胶在各类食品加工领域应用的最新进展,以期为可得然胶进一步在食品加工中的应用提供理论参考。     

骨蛋白水解物功能性质的研究

将骨蛋白利用碱性蛋白酶进行水解来达到改善骨蛋白的功能性质,以便于扩大骨蛋白在食品工业中的应用。本试验将制备的骨蛋白用碱性蛋白酶水解不同时间,用pH-Stat法测定其水解度,并测定不同时间的水解产物的持水性和持油性,并测定在不同的pH条件下的乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性以及起泡稳定性。试验结果表明,骨蛋白的水解物具有较好的持油性、乳化性及起泡性,尤其是3h的水解产物,但是乳化稳定性和起泡稳定性差。     

Effect of pressure-shift freezing treatment on gelling and structural properties of grass carp surimi

The damage of conventional freezing (CF) to the quality of surimi products is an urgent problem in the food industry. In the study, the effect of different freezing treatments [CF, pressure shift freezing (PSF), pressure-shift freezing pretreatment (Pr-PSF), unfrozen control] on gelling properties [gel strength, texture profile analysis (TPA), color], water-holding capacity (WHC) and protein structure characteristics of the grass carp surimi gel were evaluated and compared. Compared with other freezing treatment groups, surimi gel strength was increased three to four times after PSF treatment, which was mainly caused by the change in the microstructure and the WHC of the surimi gel. The study showed that PSF treatment could significantly improve the quality of the surimi gel and overcome the negative effect of freezing on the surimi gel. This indicates that PSF technology has a wide application prospect in the surimi gel processing industry, food processing and related material fields.Industrial relevance: PSF can enhance the commodity value of low-value freshwater fish products and has potential in surimi gel new product development. The development of new products and the use of new resources are very important in addressing the global food crisis and resource shortages. In addition, PSF units with self-cooling systems offer opportunities for scale-up and commercialization.     

Effects of microbial transglutaminase added edible coatings based on heated or ultrasound-treated whey proteins in physical and chemical parameters of frozen Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

The effects of the addition of transglutaminase to heated or ultrasound-treated whey protein coatings on quality parameters of frozen Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were evaluated. The influence of the type of denaturation treatment (heating or sonication) was also studied. The addition of microbial transglutaminase to the coatings did not significantly modify the yields, drip losses, colour and chemical composition of the fish fillets. The yields were higher in the samples protected with heated coatings than in those with ultrasound-treated ones. Transglutaminase addition to heated whey protein coatings delayed lipid oxidation. Ultrasound-treated coatings with or without enzyme addition were equally effective for lipid oxidation reduction after frozen storage of Atlantic salmon than heated-treated transglutaminase-added coatings.     

低场核磁共振技术在肉品科学研究中的应用

低场核磁共振技术因具有快速、无损、精确的特点在食品科学研究中得到了广泛应用。本文主要介绍了低场核磁共振技术的基本原理,并从测定肉中水分、蛋白质、脂肪、保水性和质构特性等不同方面,综述了其在肉品科学研究中的应用,旨在为推动低场核磁共振技术在肉品工业中应用提供理论参考依据。     

The effect of transglutaminase from Streptomyces sp. CBMAI 837 on the gelation of acidified sodium caseinate

The influence of the transglutaminase (TG) from a newly isolated Brazilian Streptomyces sp. CBMAI 837 and sodium caseinate concentration (4% and 8%, w/w) on acid-gel properties was studied. Standard gels with and without commercial transglutaminase samples were tested in parallel. The mechanical properties of the samples (stress and strain at rupture and elasticity modulus) were evaluated using uniaxial compression measurements. Texture parameters showed that the commercial TG gels had greater values of elasticity modulus, while addition of the Streptomyces sp. CBMAI 837 TG to the gel led to the formation of less elastic, but more deformable gels. The electrophoresis results showed that the commercial TG enzyme in this system promoted higher molecular mass protein polymers than the enzyme from Streptomyces sp. CBMAI 837. Microscopy and water-holding capacity (WHC) observations showed that all the gel characteristics could be associated with specific interactions promoted by each TG tested.     

Physical properties of yoghurt manufactured with milk whey and transglutaminase

The effect of milk protein polymerization prior to the yoghurt fermentation process was evaluated by enzymatic reaction with microbial transglutaminase (Streptoverticillium mobaraense). Yoghurt samples were manufactured with 100% milk or by substituting milk with 20 or 30% of liquid milk whey, aimed at determining the use of natural milk whey in dairy products. Transglutaminase was added at a protein ratio of 0.5 U g⁻¹ to all samples and evaluated regarding rheological behavior, syneresis index and texture profile. The addition of enzyme transglutaminase contributed to syneresis prevention and increased the consistency index in yoghurt samples manufactured with milk whey. Yoghurt manufactured from 70% milk plus 20% milk whey, followed by enzymatic treatment, presented similar characteristics to traditionally manufactured yoghurt (C 100), with no alteration in the syneresis of the samples (p > 0.05) and presented texture parameters similar to the control yoghurt (C 100).     

转谷氨酰胺酶在凝固型麦冬酸奶中的应用研究

转谷氨酰胺酶可催化蛋白发生交联作用,从而改善酸奶的质构特性。在单因素试验的基础上,以感官评分为响应值,利用响应面法对凝固型麦冬酸奶工艺进行优化,构建数学回归模型。结果表明,麦冬酸奶制作工艺的最佳条件为：转谷氨酰胺酶添加量0.3 g/L,白砂糖添加量6%,麦冬提取液添加量9 mL/100 mL牛奶,发酵时间7 h,发酵温度42 ℃。在此条件下,麦冬酸奶的持水力为93%,胶体脱水收缩敏感性为40.3%,硬度为494.19 g,稠度为2 055.63 g·s,粘结性为-161.83 g,粘性指数为-585.13 g·s,感官评分平均值为89.7分,本研究为麦冬酸奶的开发与生产提供了一定的研究基础。