聚醚接枝聚羧酸系高效减水剂合成

采用烯丙基聚氧乙烯醚（APEG）、甲基丙烯酸（MAA）、马来酸酐（MA）以及甲基丙烯磺酸钠（MAS）为单体,以过硫酸铵为引发剂,在水溶液中共聚合成聚醚接枝的聚羧酸系减水剂．考察单体摩尔比、引发剂用量、聚合温度以及聚合时间等因素对减水剂分散性能的影响．研究结果袁明：最佳合成工艺条件为n（MA）：n（MAA）：n（APEG）：H（MAS）=2．5：3．0：1．0：0．5,引发剂用量为单体总质量的5％,聚合温度为90℃,反应时间4～5h,合成的减水剂其水泥争浆流动度可达235mm,说明研究合成的聚羧酸系减水剂对水泥具有较好的分散性．     

聚羧酸减水剂的合成及其分散性能

以甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(PMA45)、甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、甲基丙烯磺酸钠(MAS)为单体,以过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,采用水溶液自由基聚合法合成了聚羧酸高效减水剂(PC),分析了合成过程中不同单体摩尔比、相对分子质量(简称分子量,以下同)大小对其分散性能的影响。结果表明,单体和引发剂的用量同时影响聚羧酸减水剂分子量和分散性能;当n(MAS)∶n(MAA)∶n(PMA45)=0.5∶3.75∶1,APS用量为单体总质量的0.4%时,产品聚羧酸特性黏度为45.09 mL/g;当水灰质量比为0.25,聚羧酸减水剂掺量为水泥质量的0.2%时,净浆初始流动度达到最大269 mm,30 m in经时流动度为281 mm。     

水溶液中共聚合成MPEGAA-AA-AMPS聚羧酸高效减水剂及其性能

以自制的活性大单体聚乙二醇单甲醚丙烯酸酯(MPEGAA)、丙烯酸(AA)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为原料,在水溶液中共聚合成了MPEGAA-AA-AMPS高效减水剂。重点考察了单体的摩尔比、引发剂(APS)用量、反应温度和反应时间等合成条件对MPEGAA-AA-AMPS高效减水剂的影响。结果表明:最佳的高效减水剂的合成条件是:n(MPEGAA)∶n(AA)∶n(AMPS)=1∶4.3∶1.10,引发剂APS用量为单体总质量的5%,聚合温度和反应时间分别为80℃和5 h。在该条件下合成的MPEGAA-AA-AMPS高效减水剂,其分散性和保塑性理想,减水增强效果明显。     

衣康酸酯类聚羧酸系减水剂的制备及表征

以衣康酸聚乙二醇酯大分子单体(IAPEG)、丙烯酸(AA)、马来酸酐(MA)和甲基丙烯磺酸钠(MAS)为原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,经水溶液聚合制备了一种聚羧酸系减水剂(PC)。通过红外光谱对共聚物的结构进行了表征,采用凝胶渗透色谱仪对共聚物的相对分子质量及其分布进行了测定,讨论了聚合条件对减水剂性能的影响,得到最佳反应条件为:n(IAPEG)∶n(MA)∶n(AA)∶n(MAS)=1.5∶4.0∶6.0∶3.0,引发剂用量为单体总质量的10%,反应温度80℃,反应时间5 h。在该条件下合成的减水剂可以降低溶液的表面张力,促进水泥颗粒的分散,使水泥浆体具有较好的流动度。添加减水剂混凝土的减水率为39.2%,7 d抗压强度比(添加减水剂混凝土抗压强度/基准混凝土抗压强度)为191.4%,28 d抗压强度比为154.7%。     

不同聚醚类聚羧酸减水剂对水泥水化的影响

不同区域的水泥、外加剂有各自地域特性,普遍存在聚羧酸减水剂与水泥的相容性的问题.采用异戊烯醇聚氧乙烯醚(TPEG)、丙烯酸(AA)为聚合单体、在引发剂(双氧水、抗坏血酸)的作用下、协同链转移剂(巯基乙酸)调整聚羧酸减水剂分子量,在水溶液中自由基聚合合成聚醚类聚羧酸减水剂.通过两种不同配方的聚醚类聚羧酸减水剂,比较不同配方减水剂与不同区域水泥的相容性,考察不同聚羧酸对水泥水化历程的影响,诠释减水剂的作用机理.     

MAPEG-HEA-SMAS三元共聚物高效减水剂的制备与性能

以马来酸聚乙二醇单酯(MAPEG)、丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)、甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)为原料通过共聚反应制得MAPEG-HEA-SMAS三元共聚聚羧酸高效减水剂,考察了单体摩尔比、引发剂用量、反应温度等合成条件对减水剂性能的影响,并用IR对减水剂的分子结构进行表征,以GPC表征减水剂的相对分子质量(简称分子量,下同)及其分布,通过SEM观察了掺入减水剂的水泥石微观结构。结果显示,当n(MAPEG)∶n(HEA)∶n(SMAS)=1.0∶1.5∶1.0,聚合反应温度为88℃,聚合反应时间为7.5 h,引发剂用量为单体总质量的3.5%,PEG相对分子质量(简称分子量,下同)为1 000时,合成的减水剂综合性能良好。当其掺量为0.45%(质量分数)时,水泥净浆初始流动度达308 mm。GPC分析显示,减水剂平均分子量Mn=7 752,分散系数Mw/Mn=2.091;SEM分析结果显示,聚羧酸减水剂使水泥石大孔率降低,结构更密实。     

一种高性能醚型聚羧酸系减水剂的合成研究

设计四元单体共聚体系,以聚乙二醇异戊烯丙基醚2400(TPEG)、丙烯酸(AA)、甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)在过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂存在下共聚,一步法合成高性能的聚羧酸减水剂。经正交实验优选出最佳合成工艺条件如下:AA/TPEG摩尔比为3∶1;AMPS/TPEG摩尔比为0.3∶1,SAS/TPEG摩尔比为0.8∶1,引发剂APS的用量为共聚单体总质量的4%,反应温度为70℃、反应时间为8 h。所合成的聚羧酸减水剂具有优异的减水性能和良好的保坍性能,并能大幅提高所得混凝土拌合物的强度。     

新型水泥助磨剂的合成及性能研究

采用马来酸酐(MA)与三乙醇胺(TEA)开环制备了功能单体MA-TEA,并与丙烯酸(AA)、异戊烯基聚氧乙烯醚(TPEG)共聚,合成了新型水泥助磨剂。研究了单体比例、TPEG分子量、引发剂用量和反应温度对助磨剂转化率和助磨性能的影响。最佳制备工艺为n(AA)∶n(TPEG)∶n(MA-TEA)=1.5∶0.5∶1,TPEG分子量为1200,引发剂用量为单体总摩尔量的2%,聚合温度60℃。该助磨剂与三乙醇胺相比,3 d和28 d的水泥砂浆的抗压强度分别提高8.0%和4.1%,抗折强度分别提高8.3%和9.2%。     

新型高保坍降粘型聚羧酸减水剂制备及性能评价

以聚醚类大单体(TPEG2400)和不同比例的甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为主要原料,在水溶液聚合条件下,加入低温合成小料DW-1,采用过硫酸铵(APS)和亚硫酸氢钠(NaHSO3)氧化还原体系提供自由基做引发机制,常温下合成一种新型高性能保坍降粘型聚羧酸减水剂BT-N.研究了酸醚比、酸酯比例以及链转移剂用量对其性能的影响.结果表明,酸醚比为5:1,MAA:HEMA:BA=5:1.5:3.5,链转移剂用量为大单体质量的0.4％时,保坍剂的保坍效果最佳,并且具有较好的降粘性能,能有效降低高标号混凝土的粘度,同时对不同种类水泥适应性良好.     

AE-MAA-AM型聚羧酸类减水剂的合成及性能研究

以自制的甲基丙烯酸混合酯、甲基丙烯酸及丙烯酰胺为单体合成新型聚羧酸类减水剂-AE-MAA-AM聚合物.通过单因素、正交实验确定最佳的实验条件:n(酯化大单体)∶n(甲基丙烯酸)∶n(丙烯酰胺)=5∶2∶2,引发剂用量为1％(以各单体的总质量计),聚合温度为85℃,聚合时间为3.5h,n(聚乙二醇)∶n(葡萄糖)=7∶3.根据相关测定标准对AE-MAA-AM减水剂进行性能测试,得到:水泥净浆流动度达到275 mm,减水率达到20.21％;并利用IR和核磁表征产物官能团结构及分子结构,证明了聚合物中羧基、酰胺基、羟基等官能团的存在,即合成减水剂所含官能团与目标产物一致;由于在分子中引入了价格低廉的葡萄糖,其生产成本得到了降低,性价比较高.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。