THE WALL EFFECT ON VENTILATED CAVITATING FLOWS IN CLOSED CAVITATION TUNNELS

For ventilated cavitating flows in a closed water tunnel, the wall effect may exert an important influence on cavity shape and hydrodynamics, An isotropic mixture multiphase model was established to study the wall effect based on the RANS equations, coupled with a natural cavitation model and the RNG k-ε turbulent model. The governing equations were discretized using the finite volume method and solved by the Gauss-Seidel linear equation solver on the basis of a segregation algorithm. The algebraic multigrid approach was carried through to accelerate the convergence of solution. The steady ventilated cavitating flows in water tunnels of different diameter were simulated for a conceptual underwater vehicle model which had a disk cavitator. It is found that the choked cavitation number derived is close to the approximate solution of natural cavitating flow for a 3-D disk. The critical ventilation rate falls with decreasing diameter of the water tunnel. However, the cavity size and drag coeflicient are rising with the decrease in tunnel diameter for the same ventilation rate, and the cavity size will be much different in water tunnels of different diameter even for the same ventilated cavitation number.     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE VENTILATED CAVITATING FLOW AROUND AN UNDER-WATER VEHICLE BASED ON A THREE-COMPONENT CAVITATION MODEL

Based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and mass transfer model,an approach,where a three-component cavitation model is proposed,is presented to simulate ventilated cavitating flow as well as natural cavitation.In the proposed cavitation model,the initial content of nucleus in the local flow field is updated instantaneously,and is coupled with the Rayleigh-Plesset equation to capture the cavity development.The proposed model is applied to simulate the cavitating flow around an under-water veh...     

溢洪道底板空蚀发生位置及抗空蚀措施分析

以肯斯瓦特水利枢纽工程为例,通过水工模型试验,测试其设计水位工况下和泄洪消能标准水位工况下溢洪道泄洪时底板的流速及压力分布,并根据空化理论模型对其底板沿程空化数进行了计算。结果表明:可以通过溢洪道流速特性和底板压力分布来分析过流面的空化空蚀特点;在实际工程中,可采用优化过流面的体形、设置掺气减蚀设施、控制溢流面的不平整度以及使用抗空蚀材料等方法来防止空化和空蚀的发生。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ARTIFICIAL VENTILATED CAVITY

1. INTRODUCTION The cavitation phenomenon[1,2] has already been paid high attention as a primary characteristic in the process of underwater body’s manufacture and exploitation. For a long time, the purpose of cavitation research is to prevent the occurr…     

水轮机转轮空蚀量预估的一种近似算法

水轮机空蚀一般在原型机上采用直接测量的方法进行.目前还没有一个很好的方法对空蚀情况进行定量预估,本文根据国外水泵空蚀的经验公式,提出一种通过观测水轮机模型试验中各工况下转轮空化区域长度,采用经验公式预估原型水轮机转轮空蚀程度的方法.作者详细介绍了公式各参数意义并结合国内某电站模型试验空化观测情况进行实例计算,预测空蚀最大深度、面积及金属失重,计算结果表明采用该方法具有一定精度.论文最后对公式的适用范围进行了探讨.     

初生空化数公式的优化研究

初生空化数是衡量过流体型是否发生空化的判别标准。传统的托马公式认为液流负压值达到液体饱和蒸汽压时即发生空化。近来研究表明,气核和液体抗拉强度等对初生空化有重要影响。有学者认为把托马公式中的液体饱和蒸汽压替换为临界压强更为合理。本文在已有研究的基础上,对空化初生机理和影响空化初生的因素进行分析。认为空化仅是气核克服表面张力和液体饱和蒸汽压膨胀而形成的,并没有克服液体抗拉强度,且在空化源附近的液体几乎不具有抗拉强度,并基于此提出新的初生空化数公式。     

A Homogenous-Equilibrium-Model Based Numerical Code for Cavitation Flows and Evaluation By Computation Cases

A computer code, ELANEX, including several Homogenous-Equilibrium-Model （HEM） type cavitation models, were developed, to numerically simulate natural cavitation phenomena. The effectiveness of the code was checked by cavitation flows around the disk and cylinder body for a wide range of different cavitation numbers. Cavity profiles were compared with the analytic solution of disk and empirical formulae fitted from the experiment data, and contrast between different cavitation models were fulfilled as well. The cavity length and maximal cavity diameter were found to agree well with the analytic solutions, and detailed cavity profiles were in accordance with the experimental formula. Comparison with the hemisphere headed cylinder body presented a good agreement of the pressure coefficient with the experiment data. Reasonable drag-force coefficient variation and drag-force reduction effect were obtained.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CAVITATION IN A SUDDEN EXPANSION PIPE

For sudden expansion pipes,experiments were carried out to study the cavitation inception for various enlargement ratios in high speed flows.The flow velocity of the prototype reaches 50 m/s in laboratory.The relationship between the expansion ratio and the incipient cavitation number is obtained.The scale and velocity effects are revealed.It is shown that Keller’s revised formula should be modified to calculate the incipient cavitation number when the forecasted velocity of the flows in the prototype exceeds the experimental velocity.     

高海拔地区气压环境对高速水流空化特性的影响

为定量评价高海拔地区的低气压环境对水流空化特性的影响程度,通过理论计算单气核临界压强在不同气压条件下的变化,分析单气核临界压强变化对初生空化数的影响程度,并进行不同海拔高程下水流空化数的敏感性分析。研究成果表明:低气压环境下,气核初生空化数和水流空化数均减小,但水流空化数减小的程度远远大于初生空化数减小的程度,其他条件相同的前提下,高海拔地区的高速水流空化空蚀风险增大。研究结论可为高海拔地区高速水流的空化空蚀设计和评价提供参考。     

Orifice plate cavitation mechanism and its influencing factors

The orifice plate energy dissipater is an economic and highly efficient dissipater.However,there is a risk of cavitaion around the orifice plate flow.In order to provide references for engineering practice,we examined the cavitation mechanism around the orifice plate and its influencing factors by utilizing mathematical analysis methods to analyze the flow conditions around the orifice plate in view of gas bubble dynamics.Through the research presented in this paper,the following can be observed:The critical radius and the critical pressure of the gas nucleus in orifice plate flow increase with its initial state parameter τ0;the development speed of bubbles stabilizes at a certain value after experiencing a peak value and a small valley value;and the orifice plate cavitation is closely related to the distribution of the gas nucleus in flow.For computing the orifice plate cavitation number,we ought to take into account the effects of pressure fluctuation.The development time of the gas nucleus from the initial radius to the critical radius is about10-7-10-5 s;therefore,the gas nucleus has sufficient time to develop into bubbles in the negative half-cycle of flow fluctuation.The orifice critical cavitation number is closely related to the orifice plate size,and especially closely related with the ratio of the orifice plate radius to the tunnel radius.The approximate formula for the critical cavitation number of the square orifice plate that only considers the main influencing factor was obtained by model experiments.     

反弧形输水阀门底缘空化减免措施研究

从提高空化数的角度出发，研究了减免反弧形输水阀门底缘空化的措施，并通过理论分析，推导了对底缘空化最不利的阀门开启速率。     

通气空泡流的多相流模型与数值模拟

本文基于Reynolds平均Navier-Stokes方程和Mixture多相流模型．并耦合自然空泡模型,提出一种用于求解通气空化与自然空化共同作用下的通气空泡流的方法。模拟了定常状态下绕三维轴对称体的通气空泡流动,验证了模型的有效性;并着重研究了通气量对通气气幕及水动力特性的影响。计算结果表明,适当的通气世对产生稳定有效的超空泡是十分重要的。     

泄水建筑物若干体型初生空化数的合理取值

 在泄水建筑物高速水流防空蚀水力设计中，通常用水流空化数与初生空化数对比，判别该部位(或体型)是否发生空化。关于体型的初生空化数，一般应通过减压试验确定，而在初步设计优选体型过程中，通常就需知其初生空化数。在前人研究成果基础上，通过综合分析，提出若干体型初生空化数，可供当工程不具备进 行减压试验情况下，设计和科研人员参考。     

验证用于初生空化数检测的比较法

该文作者在若干年前提出了用于初生空化试验的"比较法"的概念.方法的原理是:当初生空化数和消失空化数之差达到最小时,试验液体的抗拉强度就非常接近于零.由此;可以在不用专业仪器的情况下,检测不受液体抗拉强度影响的初生空化数.近年来的的研究成果证实了该"比较法"与使用检测仪器得到的成果具有相同的效果,进一步地验证和讨论了它的合理性.     

Numerical analyses of ventilated cavitation over a 2-D NACA0015 hydrofoil using two turbulence modeling methods

The present paper studies the ventilated cavitation over a NACA0015 hydrofoil by numerical methods. The corresponding cavity evolutions are obtained at three ventilation rates by using the level set method. To depict the complicated turbulent flow structure, the filter-based density corrected model(FBDCM) and the modified partially-averaged Navier-Stokes(MPANS) model are applied in the present numerical analyses. It is indicated that the predicted results of the cavitation shedding dynamics by both turbulence models agree fairly well with the experimental data. It is also noted that the shedding frequency and the super cavity length predicted by the MPANS method are closer to the experiment data as compared to that predicted by the FBDCM model. The simulation results show that in the ventilated cavitation, the vapor cavity and the air cavity have the same shedding frequency. As the ventilated rate increases, the vapor cavity is depressed rapidly. The cavitation-vortex interaction in the ventilated cavitation is studied based on the vorticity transport equation(VTE) and the Lagrangian coherent structure(LCS). Those results demonstrate that the vortex dilatation and baroclinic torque terms are highly dependent on the evolution of the cavitation. In addition, from the LCSs and the tracer particles in the flow field, one may see the process from the attached cavity to the cloud cavity.     

LES NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CAVITATION BUBBLE SHEDDING ON ALE 25 AND ALE 15 HYDROFOILS

A cavitation calculation scheme is developed and applied to ALE 15 and ALE 25 hydrofoils, based on the Bubble Two-phase Flow (BTF) cavity model with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methodology. The Navier-Stokes equations including cavitation bubble clusters are solved through the finite-volume approach with a time-marching scheme. Simulations are carried out in a 3-D field with a hydrofoil ALE 15 or ALE 25 at an angle of attack of 8° and cavitation number σ = 2.3 with a 2 × 10⁶, meshing system. With the time-marching, the cavitation bubble gradually grows to a steady lump shape and then produces an irregular small bubble behind the main cavitation bubble, finally shedding from the leading edge of the cloud cavitation structure. The calculated results including velocity field and pressure field are consistent with experiment data at the same Reynolds number and cavitation number. The vortex and reverse flow are observed on the hydrofoil surface.     

通气空泡重力效应研究

该文基于VOF方法和有限体积法,求解气水多相流动的RANS方程及标准湍流模式,研究了通气空泡的重力效应.结果表明模拟得到的绕圆盘通气空泡的重力效应与Buyvol的分类准则吻合,通过数值模拟复演了通气空泡的双涡管泄气模式;证实由于与尾空泡的相互作用,重力作用下绕航行体通气空泡在尾部附近出现下沉,航行体上的空泡截面呈现出"月牙"形;阻力随空化数而减小,并在空泡完全包裹住航行体前部锥段时出现突降.     

万家寨水电站水中含沙对空化压力的影响

对万家寨水电站含沙量对水力机械内空化压力的影响进行了研究，并利用自行研制的测量装置实测了黄河万家寨水电站含沙水样的初生空化与，临界空化压力．实测结果表明，随着含沙量的增大，初生空化与临界空化压力值均有所提高，且接近线性关系．这一成果可用于所有含沙河流上的水电站水轮机与水泵站水泵合理确定安装高程时的参考．这样做可以减少空蚀与泥沙磨损给运行带来的经济损失．     

RESEARCH ON HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES OF CAVITATING GRID FINS

Hydrodynamic forces and flow pattern of four kinds of cavitating grid fins with cavitation number from 2.5 to 0.25 were simulated numerically with a bubble two phase flow model embodied in the commercial CFD code Fluent 6. 0.Comparison with experimental datum showed that rules of hy drodynamic forces changing with cavitation number were coordinated with experiment, and cavitation made the ratio of lift to resistance decrease. Calculated axial force and chordal pressure center in all wetted condition or those at cavitation number less than 0. 75 agreed well with experiments. Normal force in all wetted condition was less by 20 per cent. The differences between computation and experiment in the total range of cavitation number were mainly because that the inciplent cavitation number in computation was less than that at experiment.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VENTILATED SUPERCAVITIES WITH A DYNAMIC PITCHING MODEL

An investigation of the ventilated supercavitation for a supercavitating vehicle pitching up and down in the supercavity was carded out in a high-speed water tunnel. The emphasis is laid on the understanding of the interaction of the vehicle aft body with the cavity boundary. The flow characteristics were measured and the stability of supercaviting flow with different pitching frequencies and amplitudes was analyzed. In particular, the objectives of this study are to understand the effect of the impact upon the cavity distortion, and to quantify the impact process by investigating the evolution of the pressure inside the cavity and then the loads on the vehicle during the pitching motion. It is also shown that the evolution of the pressure detected in different,as inside the supercavity, is coherent and uniform during the periods of the pitching motion. This study is of direct relevance to reliable and accurate prediction of hydrodynamic loads associated with the slamming and impact on supercavitating vehicles.