浅析城市滨水景观环境设计

针对城市滨水景观意义和我国城市滨水景观的现状和问题,本文从城市滨水景观功能设计、依水景观设计、水体设计、游憩绿地设计、空间植物配置设计等方面进行了探讨。     

浅析滨水地区的景观设计

城市滨水景观是城市最具生命力的景观形态.本文从滨水空间的整合、实体景观的整治及滨水岸线的设计入手,阐明了滨水景观设计的特点及方法.     

浅析我国城市广场水景观设计

本文从我国广场水景观的历史背景谈起,通过对比传统与现代水景的设计理念和设计元素使我国城市广场中水景观的设计方向更加明晰。我国受到地域、经济、科技、城市发展等要素的制约,要求广场水景观的设计必须要按照一定的原则进行,准确的设计思路有利于更好的发展我国城市广场水景观。分析我国城市广场水景观设计中存在的问题,展望我国城市广场水景观的未来,希望可以找寻一条设计城市广场水景观的科学之路。     

论滨水湿地景观营造

滨水湿地景观的营造越来越受到城市人们的重视,经过多年的探索和实践,传统的滨水湿地景观的营造方式已经被淘汰出去了,滨水湿地景观的营造方式和施工工艺不断被完善,将景观营造过程中对滨水湿地造成的不良影响控制在最小,以实现城市的可持续发展.本文先是对湿地进行了概述,又详细阐述了我国城市滨水湿地景观的设计,最后分析说明了滨水湿地景观营造存在的问题.     

适应性滨水景观规划初探——以增江两岸环境景观设计为例

城市内河构成了城市重要的滨水景观空间,对城市滨水景观改造,是营造城市景观环境的重点。增城市增江借助亚运龙舟赛场建设启动两岸滨水景观建设,但因该河段存在生态、历史等多种影响因素,景观的规划设计引入适应性城市设计理念,探讨适应滨水地带特性的景观规划设计,从而建构生态、多样化、可持续的滨水景观空间。     

滨水空间的景观立体化设计

指出滨水景观是城市景观的重要组成部分,随着城市空间立体化概念的形成与发展,滨水景观的立体化设计也越来越受到重视,分析了滨水景观中立体设计的组成要素,并初步探讨了滨水景观立体设计的方法与思路,以期营造舒适宜人的城市生活空间。     

浅析现代城市滨水景观设计

从水对于人类和生态环境的意义出发,结合现实状况和发展的需要,论述了城市滨水景观的重要性,分析了城市滨水景观设计的内涵、特点以及设计中应整体把握的生态、安全和景观要素,并进一步探究了城市滨水景观的具体设计方法,以期创造优美舒适的人居环境。     

基于"海绵城市"理念的城市滨水空间设计研究——以昆明福文化主题公园为例

城市滨水空间作为城市重要景观界面之一,同时也是城市公共形象的重要展示窗口.在城市滨水空间的设计过程中融入"海绵城市"的核心理念和技术措施尤为重要,通过水系统规划、雨洪管理景观设施、水体景观及植物种植三大体系设计可实现滨水空间的低影响开发,能够促进城市水文空间的动态平衡、功能恢复及保护,促进城市水环境弹性的提高,对城市滨...     

低碳生态视角下的城市滨水景观设计方法分析

随着社会经济的发展,城市滨水景观被当作人们生活闲余的最佳选择正在蓬勃的发展着。作为一个城市的滨水公共空间,应当在满足视觉景观需求的前提下,考虑如何做到低碳与生态。该文结合低碳生态的理念,在对国内滨水景观现状的分析基础上,分析并提出了相应低碳生态化景观设计的设计要素和实现方法途径,具体为：滨水景观的延续性、滨水空间的功能复合化、滨水景观的亲水性、滨水景观的自然生态化以及滨水区域的交通便捷性。并且结合国内外的优秀案例和科技手段,从中寻求低碳生态和滨水景观的结合点。     

乡村滨水景观设计初探

本文针对城市化进程中的乡村聚居环境建设,提出乡村景观设计存在的问题,阐述了乡村滨水景观与城市滨水景观的区别和联系,并以四川省雅安市芦山县双石镇滨水景观作为为研究对象,总结和探讨了乡村滨水景观的设计原则.     

Relationships between sand and water quality at recreational beaches

Enterococci are used to assess the risk of negative human health impacts from recreational waters. Studies have shown sustained populations of enterococci within sediments of beaches but comprehensive surveys of multiple tidal zones on beaches in a regional area and their relationship to beach management decisions are limited. We sampled three tidal zones on eight South Florida beaches in Miami-Dade and Broward counties and found that enterococci were ubiquitous within South Florida beach sands although their levels varied greatly both among the beaches and between the supratidal, intertidal and subtidal zones. The supratidal sands consistently had significantly higher (p < 0.003) levels of enterococci (average 40 CFU/g dry sand) than the other two zones. Levels of enterococci within the subtidal sand correlated with the average level of enterococci in the water (CFU/100mL) for the season during which samples were collected (r_s = 0.73). The average sand enterococci content over all the zones on each beach correlated with the average water enterococci levels of the year prior to sand samplings (r_s = 0.64) as well as the average water enterococci levels for the month after sand samplings (r_s = 0.54). Results indicate a connection between levels of enterococci in beach water and sands throughout South Florida’s beaches and suggest that the sands are one of the predominant reservoirs of enterococci impacting beach water quality. As a result, beaches with lower levels of enterococci in the sand had fewer exceedences relative to beaches with higher levels of sand enterococci. More research should focus on evaluating beach sand quality as a means to predict and regulate marine recreational water quality.     

Persistence of fecal indicator bacteria in Santa Monica Bay beach sediments

Monitoring the water quality of recreational beaches is only one step toward understanding microbial contamination -- the primary cause of beach closings. The surf zone sediment reservoir is typically overlooked and may also be important. This study involved monitoring the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) levels in water and sediment at three ocean beaches (two exposed and one enclosed) during a storm event, conducting laboratory microcosm experiments with sediment from these beaches, and surveying sediment FIB levels at 13 beaches (some exposed and some enclosed). Peaks in Escherichia coli and enterococci concentrations in water and sediment coincided with storm activity at the two exposed beaches, while levels of both FIB were consistently high and irregular at the enclosed beach. Results from microcosm experiments showing similar, dramatic growth of FIB in both overlying water and sediment from all beaches, as well as results from the beach survey, support the hypothesis that the quiescent environment rather than sediment characteristics can explain the elevated sediment FIB levels observed at enclosed beaches. This work has implications for the predictive value of FIB measurements, and points to the importance of the sediment reservoir.     

Some factors affecting coastal landscape aesthetic quality assessment

Seventy beaches in Wales, UK, were investigated with regard to quality of beach scenery using video panoramas. Scenic beauty was judged by three groups: coastal managers/academics; students in environmental sciences; and technical staff with no environmental training. Cloud cover at time of filming had a significant effect on scoring so a correction was applied for further data analysis. A strong preference was observed for undeveloped beaches over those where anthropogenic structures were prominent (p = 0.00), and for beaches with high relative relief. Beach commercialization level had an independent effect only on scores from the student group (p = 0.02). Results suggested that coastal managers/academics may assess beach landscape quality according to different criteria to those applied by people with no environmental training. Extreme scores did not seem to be well predicted by analysis of quantifiable landscape components and scores from the untrained judging group were also less predictable. The findings could contribute to coastal aesthetic resource management by demonstrating the feasibility of quantitatively assessing beach scenic quality for a large number of beaches. Identification, albeit tentative, of landscape parameters important in scenic quality assessment by various stakeholder groups could also contribute to the coastal management/planning process.     

Evaluation of public health risks at recreational beaches in Lake Michigan via detection of enteric viruses and a human-specific bacteriological marker

Each year the National Resource Defense Council addresses the quality of US beaches by routine bacterial indicators. In the Great Lakes region the indicator used is Escherichia coli and for 2007 more beaches were closed and impacted than ever before. In this study, water quality was addressed at two Lake Michigan Beaches over the 2004 swimming season by monitoring infectious enteric viruses by cell culture and integrated PCR and for a human sewage marker based on the Enterococcal Surface Protein (esp). Our goals for this study were to 1) examine the occurrence and variety of human enteric viruses present during peak usage of the beaches 2) determine key variables for development of predictive models for viruses; and 3) use quantitative risk assessment to estimate the potential health impact. Our results demonstrate that for both beaches predictive models of virus pollution were best described utilizing physical parameters like wind speed, wind direction and water temperature. The esp marker was not predictive of human viruses. The daily risk of acquiring a viral infection at either of the beaches ranged from 0.2 to 2.4/1000 swimmers using a quantitative microbial risk assessment model, with three swims during a day at the beach for children and over the season, the risk was 9-15/1000 swimmers using adenovirus as the model.Conclusions: Lake Michigan recreational beaches are being adversely impacted by human fecal pollution. Monitoring for the traditional indicators of water quality does not address viral risks and models can be developed and potentially used as real-time water quality forecasting tools.     

A water quality index for lake beaches

Discriminant analysis of ten years of data from seven beaches located on three lakes in Gatineau Park (Québec) leads to a canonical vector accounting for most of the variability of the three microbial count variables recorded. This discriminant axis orders the beaches along a cline of increasing pollution. It is then transformed into a microbial water quality index calibrated for the given set of beaches, which is in turn used to study the medium-term variability and the long-term evolution of water quality of the beaches.     

Microbiological analysis of selected coastal bathing waters in the U.K., Greece,Italy and Spain

The study was undertaken to assess the performance of a selected range of holiday destinations against the microbiological determinants of the European Union (EU) bathing water Directive [Council directive of 8 December 1975 concerning the quality of bathing waters. Official Journal L,31, 1–7. 76/160/EEC.]. The destinations were situated in three Mediterranean countries —Greece, Spain and Italy— and in the U.K. itself. The Mediterranean destinations were chosen on the basis of their popularity with British visitors, the U.K. beaches on a fairly random basis. All the beaches in all countries were EU designated bathing waters, several holding the prestigious European Blue Flag award. Summary findings indicate that the five beaches sampled in Spain were all of very good microbiological quality for the ten days of sampling. Four of the beaches examined in Crete were of similar good quality. The fifth, at Malia, was of much poorer quality. The five Italian beaches all failed at least one of the Mandatory standards for either total or thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms. All these failures occurred on the same two days, coincident with heavy rainfall. The six U.K. beaches surveyed all passed Mandatory standards for total coliforms but one beach did not comply with the Mandatory standard for thermotolerant coliforms. The fact that several of the Mediterranean and U.K. beaches examined in the study were European Blue Flag beaches and that, on occasion, their water quality failed to meet the criteria for that award, suggests that such award schemes should clearly indicate that the guarantee of bather safety is far from absolute.     

Nowcast modeling of Escherichia coli concentrations at multiple urban beaches of southern Lake Michigan

Predictive modeling for Escherichia coli concentrations at effluent-dominated beaches may be a favorable alternative to current, routinely criticized monitoring standards. The ability to model numerous beaches simultaneously and provide real-time data decreases cost and effort associated with beach monitoring. In 2004, five Lake Michigan beaches and the nearby Little Calumet River outfall were monitored for E. coli 7 days a week; on nine occasions, samples were analyzed for coliphage to indicate a sewage source. Ambient lake, river, and weather conditions were measured or obtained from independent monitoring sources. Positive tests for coliphage analysis indicated sewage was present in the river and on bathing beaches following heavy rainfall. Models were developed separately for days with prevailing onshore and offshore winds due to the strong influence of wind direction in determining the river's impact on the beaches. Using regression modeling, it was determined that during onshore winds, E. coli could be adequately predicted using wave height, lake chlorophyll and turbidity, and river turbidity (R2 = 0.635, N = 94); model performance decreased for offshore winds using wave height, wave period, and precipitation (R2 = 0.320, N = 124). Variation was better explained at individual beaches. Overall, the models only failed to predict E. coli levels above the EPA closure limit (235 CFU/100 ml) on five of eleven occasions, indicating that the model is a more reliable alternative to the monitoring approach employed at most recreational beaches.     

Night and day at the beach: Relating social life to location and infrastructure in a Brazilian city

Brazilian city beaches are public spaces favoring citizens well-being. Urban studies relate built form and infrastructure with urban vitality and coastal studies underline uses as important for beach management, yet few researches relate form and infrastructure with beach uses. Understanding daily life as essential for public spaces and that spatial form relates with uses, this paper assesses time-based relationships between built and natural physical attributes and social life on the beaches of João Pessoa, a coastal city in North-east Brazil. Physical attributes are investigated at city scale - beach type, street network centrality and topography - and seafront scale - land uses, public/private interfaces, public infrastructure, beach sections and water quality. Beach social life was surveyed online, enquiring peoples' beach choice, visiting time and place, activities and evaluation. Infrastructure and street network follow topography and help configure shore and promenade for different landscapes. More central beaches have diverse land uses, well-equipped promenades and lighting and were popular night and day, while less central beaches had less infrastructure and were visited only by day. Findings highlight how physical attributes facilitate uses and, together with peoples’ evaluation, can inform urban beach design and planning.     

真空堆载联合预压加固沿海滩涂软基的效果分析

结合工程实例,对采用真空堆载联合预压法处理大面积沿海滩涂软基的加固效果进行分析和评价。通过表层沉降监测、孔隙水压力监测以及地基施工完成后的十字板剪切试验和浅层平板载荷检测等,得出处理后的软土层沉降量接近1．5m、软土地基物理力学性质变化明显、地基承载力得到大幅提高,表明采用真空堆载联合预压法处理沿海滩涂软基是可行的,具有良好的推广前景。     

Efficacy of monitoring and empirical predictive modeling at improving public health protection at Chicago beaches

Efforts to improve public health protection in recreational swimming waters have focused on obtaining real-time estimates of water quality. Current monitoring techniques rely on the time-intensive culturing of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) from water samples, but rapidly changing FIB concentrations result in management errors that lead to the public being exposed to high FIB concentrations (type II error) or beaches being closed despite acceptable water quality (type I error). Empirical predictive models may provide a rapid solution, but their effectiveness at improving health protection has not been adequately assessed. We sought to determine if emerging monitoring approaches could effectively reduce risk of illness exposure by minimizing management errors. We examined four monitoring approaches (inactive, current protocol, a single predictive model for all beaches, and individual models for each beach) with increasing refinement at 14 Chicago beaches using historical monitoring and hydrometeorological data and compared management outcomes using different standards for decision-making. Predictability (R²) of FIB concentration improved with model refinement at all beaches but one. Predictive models did not always reduce the number of management errors and therefore the overall illness burden. Use of a Chicago-specific single-sample standard—rather than the default 235 E. coli CFU/100 ml widely used—together with predictive modeling resulted in the greatest number of open beach days without any increase in public health risk. These results emphasize that emerging monitoring approaches such as empirical models are not equally applicable at all beaches, and combining monitoring approaches may expand beach access.