Source Rock Characterization and Depositional Environment of the Late Cretaceous Haymana Formation in the Salt Lake Basin of Turkey

Abstract

Late Campanian-Maestrichtian Haymana Formation of the Salt Lake Basin, Turkey was deposited in a forearch Basin. This formation has been studied by a combination of organic geochemical methods (LECO/Rock-Eval, sulphur, gas chromatography), light microscopy, and bulk combination method (elemental analysis) in order to assess the hydrocarbon source potential of the abundant and extensive shale intervals presents in the formation.

The shales have an organic carbon content (TOC) up to 1.69% and hydrogen index (HI) values up to 380. Pyrolysis yields (TOC, S ₂, and HI) and organic petrography (kerogen type, amount%) indicate that the shales are dominantly gas potential, containing Type III and II organic matter. Thermal maturity, assessed from Spore Colour Index and T _max, indicates that late Campanian-Maestrichtian Haymana Formation in the Salt Lake Basin range from diagenetic to over mature with respect to oil generation and may produce gas and oil.

The values for the V/Cr ratio of shales vary from 0.29 to 3.20, indicating dysoxic and anoxic conditions for bottom water.     

Evaluation of the performance of a ground-source heat-pump system with series GHE (ground heat exchanger) in the cold climate region

Ground-source heat-pump systems provide a new and clean way of heating buildings in the world. They make use of renewable energy stored in the ground, providing one of the most energy-efficient ways of heating buildings. Consumption costs are lowered through the use of free energy from the environment, and the dependence on fossil fuels simultaneously reduces. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of vertical ground-source heat-pump system for climatic condition of Erzurum having cold climate in Turkey. For this purpose, an experimental set-up was constructed. The experimental apparatus consisted of a series GHE (ground heat exchanger), a liquid-to-liquid vapor compression heat pump, water circulating pumps and other measurement equipments. In this study, the performance of the system was experimentally investigated. The experimental results were obtained from October to May for the months of heating season of 2008–2009. The experimental results indicate that the average heat-pump COP and overall system’s COPS values are approximately 3.0 and 2.6 in the coldest months of heating season. This study also shows that this system could be used for residential heating in the province of Erzurum being a cold climate region of Turkey.     

Mass Balance of Major and Trace Elements in a Coal-Fired Power Plant

The Soma power plant in western Turkey consists of six 165-MW units (B1–4 and B5–6), of which the first four units (B1–4) burn Early-Middle Miocene feed coals from the lower seam in central mines (southern Soma village), and later, two units (B5–6) use Early-Middle Miocene and Upper Miocene feed coals from the lower and upper seams in Denis mines (northern Soma village). A total of 48 samples, feed coals (FCs), fly ashes (FAs) and bottom ashes (BAs), which were systematically collected once a week over an eight-week period from both group boiler units, B1–4 with 660 MW and B5–6 with 330 MW capacity from Soma power plant, have been evaluated for major and trace elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ti, S, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Cs, Ga, Ge, Hf, Hg, Li, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Tl, U, V, Y, Zn, Zr, and REEs) to get information on behavior during coal combustion. This study indicates that some elements such as Hg, Bi, Cd, As, Pb, Ge, Tl, Sn, Zn, Sb, B show enrichments in FAs relative to the BAs in both group boiler units. In addition to these, Cs, Lu, Tm, and Ga in Units B1–4 and S in Units B5–6 also have enrichments in FAs. Elements showing enrichments in BAs in both group boiler units are Ta, Mn, Nb. In addition to these, Se, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe in Units B1–4 and Cu in Units B5–6 also have enrichments in BAs. The remaining elements investigated in this study have no clear segregation between FAs and BAs. Mass balance calculations with the two methods show that some elements, S, Ta, Hg, Se, Zn, Na, Ca in Units B1–4, and Hg, S, Ta, Se, P in Units B5–6, have volatile behavior during coal combustion in the Soma power plant. This study also implies that some elements, Sb and Tb in Units B1–4 and Sb in Units B5–6, have relatively high retention effects in the combustion residues from the Soma power plant.     

煤燃烧过程中痕量元素As_Cd_Cr释放特性实验研究

主要研究以As、Cd、Cr为代表的痕量重金属在煤加热过程中的释放机理,因其挥发性将直接影响其对大气的排放量。试验表明,痕量元素的释放不仅与元素的物理化学性质有关,而且与元素在煤中的浓度和赋予的形态及燃烧工况等因素有关。As主要以硫化物形态存在,而且其熔点和沸点较低,故As最易挥发;而Cr主要以无机物形态存在,熔点和沸点又高,故最难挥发;而Cd介于二者之间,故挥发性As>Cd>Cr。试验证明随着温度升高,各元素的挥发率也逐渐升高,而且As Cd>Cr。     

部分痕量元素在煤粉炉中赋存特性

定量测定了1台220t/h煤粉炉进口煤样、底渣、飞灰中Mn、Cr、Pb、As、Se、Zn、Cd、Hg8种痕量元素的含量,分析了飞灰粒径、炉膛温度、含氧量以及痕量元素自身性质对痕量元素赋存、挥发特性的影响。根据痕量元素的赋存、挥发特性,将元素分成3类：第一类元素为Hg;第二类元素为Pb、Zn和Cd;第三类元素为Mn,Se介于第一类元素和第二类元素之间;Cr同时表现出第一类和第三类元素性质。研究发现,除Mn外,其它元素在飞灰中的富集程度随飞灰粒径的减小而增加;飞灰对各痕量元素吸附机理不同;炉膛温度升高能促进部分痕量元素的挥发;除Mn和Cr外,其它元素在飞灰中相对富集系数大于底渣;含氧量低并非促进所有痕量元素挥发;痕量元素分类应视具体情况而定。     

锅炉燃煤方式对痕量元素分布的影响

综述了目前国内外锅炉燃烧方式对痕量元素分布的影响。测定了我国5台不同炉型和容量的工业锅炉底灰和飞灰中痕量元素的分布情况,结果表明：流化床燃烧时煤中痕量挥发性元素的蒸发较大;不易挥发痕量元素的分布不受炉型的影响;工业锅炉容量增大时,痕量元素在细颗粒上富集;飞灰颗粒越小,富集越多。     

劣质混煤着火燃烬特性实验研究

以某台1 000MW超超临界电站锅炉设计煤种(劣质混煤:30%原煤+60%洗中煤+10%泥煤)为研究对象,采用热重分析方法实验研究了原煤、洗中煤、泥煤、设计煤(劣质混煤)4种煤样的着火温度、着火时间、燃烧最大速率、燃烬等燃烧特性。研究表明:相同条件下,上述4种煤的着火特性由易到难依次为泥煤→混煤→原煤→洗中煤,且混煤的前期着火燃烧特性与泥煤相接近;燃烬特性由易到难依次为:原煤→混煤→洗中煤→泥煤,且混煤的燃烬特性与洗中煤的燃烬特性相接近。     

燃烧时间对煤粉生成的一次颗粒物特性的影响

实验室条件下,将取样枪与8级Andersen粒子撞击器联用,分别在沉降炉内炉管的100 cm、60cm和45 cm处(代表不同的燃烧时间)采集煤粉燃烧后的一次颗粒物并做分析,研究燃烧时间对煤粉生成的一次颗粒物特性的影响.一次颗粒物的粒度分布表明,燃烧时间越长,生成的粒径较小的颗粒物的量越多.PM,的排放量随燃烧时间增长而增大.SEM结果显示燃烧时间短,颗粒物破碎程度较小.成分分析表明,特定煤粉在不同燃烧时间后生成的总灰中,主要组分的含量变化不大,且亚微米颗粒物的成分与超微米颗粒物成分不同.ICP-AES分析结果表明,Pb和Zn的蒸发过程受燃烧时间的影响较小,而Cu和Ni的蒸发受燃烧时间的影响较大,揭示了元素熔点与富集特性的规律.     

Development and Applications of Clean Coal Fluidized Bed Technology

Power generation in Europe and elsewhere relies heavily on coal and coal-based fuels as the source of energy. The reliance will increase in the future due to the decreasing stability of price and security of oil supply. In other words, the studies on fluidized bed combustion systems, which is one of the clean coal technologies, will maintain its importance. The main objective of the present study is to introduce the development and the applications of the fluidized bed technology (FBT) and to review the fluidized bed combustion studies conducted in Turkey. The industrial applications of the fluidized bed technology in the country date back to the 1980s. Since then, the number of the fluidized bed boilers has increased. The majority of the installations are in the textile sector. In Turkey, there is also a circulating fluidized bed thermal power plant with a capacity of 2 × 160 MW under construction at Can in Canakkale. It is expected that the FBT has had, or will have, a significant and increasing role in dictating the energy strategies for Turkey.     

煤气化过程中微量元素挥发动力学

煤气化过程中,与矿物质有关的微量元素挥发时包含3个连续步骤:微量元素在熔化的矿物质内部质量扩散;微量元素在矿物质熔化表面挥发,以及逆反应凝聚过程;气态微量元素在灰尘中扩散.不同微量元素的挥发过程由上述3个不同步骤控制.数学模型计算结果表明,饱和蒸气压力较小的元素(如Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、V、Sr、Mg和Pb等)挥发速率常数主要由熔融矿物质表面微量元素挥发和熔融矿物质内微量元素质量扩散共同控制;饱和蒸气压力较大的元素(如As、Cd、Hg、Se、Zn等)挥发速率常数由熔融矿物质内微量元素质量扩散所控制;气化温度对微量元素挥发速率影响很大;所有微量元素挥发速率常数随着气化温度的增加而增加;元素的饱和蒸气压力越大,气化温度对其挥发速率影响也越明显.     

Concentrations of elements in Lias coals from the eastern Black Sea Region,NE-Turkey

The element contents and organic matter-element relation between Lias-aged coals exposed in four fields in Gümü?hane and Bayburt were investigated. In general, fixed carbon and gross calorific values of the Edire and Balkaynak coals are higher than Güvercinlik and Çerçi coals. The highest ash yields were observed in the Çerçi coals. The concentrations of Mg, P, Ca, Mo, Y, Ni, U, Zn, Ga, Ba, W, Sr, Ta, and Be of the analysed coals are positively correlated with ash yield, indicating an organic affinity. The Lias-aged coals located in Gümü?hane and Bayburt are low-rank coals.     

煤田地质勘探中煤质研究和评价的重要性分析

阐述了在煤田地质勘探中的煤质研究工作对煤炭资源开发利用的评价,对煤中微量元素、稀有元素提取的重要性,并提出煤质研究对煤中有害元素处理的相关指导意义。     

The effects of solid absorbents on the emission of trace elements,SO2, and NOx during coal combustion

The emission of toxic metals from the combustion of fossil fuels is an important global environmental issue. Solid absorbents can be used to control the emission of toxic trace elements from coal combustion. In this paper, limestone, CaSO₄, bauxite, kaolinite and CaO are employed for this purpose and experiments are carried out in an electrically heated drop‐tube furnace. The trace elements investigated are Pb, Cd, Cr and As. It is observed that the absorptive capacity is related to the qualities of the absorbents (type, amount and particle size) and the combustion temperature. The results also show that some absorbents can reduce SO₂ emission simultaneously, but no influence on NO_x emission. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤热解的孔隙结构特性

在同热解时间与相同粒度,不同热解终温的实验条件下,利用马弗炉热解龙坪煤获得煤焦试样;用N2气体吸附/脱附方法进行实验研究。实验结果表明:在此实验条件下,不同热解终温下煤焦颗粒试样大体上均是Ⅱ型等温线(或包含Ⅱ型等温线);煤焦的孔径较小,主要是微孔与小孔,且含有少量的中孔及大孔。在热解终温不断提高的实验条件下,孔的结构及种类变得复杂多样化,孔的比表面积及孔容积总体上呈现增加上升的趋势,表明提高热解终温有助于龙坪煤的热解。     

Concentration of Major and Trace Elements in the Miocene Lignite from the Çanakkale-Çan Coalfield

Abstract

This study focuses on major and trace element concentrations of three lignite samples, of which two are from the working lignite seam and one from a feed coal to Çan thermal power plant. The Çanakkale-Çan lignite deposit is currently being mined by open-cast mining methods despite its high sulfur content. The production lignites are mainly consumed by Çan fluidized-bed thermal power plant with 2 × 160 MW capacity and less domestic heating and industrial factories around Çan. Major oxide compositions of the coal ash samples imply that the more abundant oxides are SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ and less CaO and Fe₂O₃. Trace element concentrations in the samples on whole-coal basis show that three samples analyzed were enriched in V, and also concentrations of B, Sc, Sn, Th, Tl, and U in one sample that exceed the range values of most world coals.     

Major and rare earth element contents in sedimentary rocks of the Haymana formation,Ankara, Turkey

The study area is located 4 km east of Haymana, Ankara, Turkey. Major and rare earth element (REE) contents in samples collected from siltstone, carbonaceous claystone, and marl of the Haymana formation in the studied region and their distribution with respect to lithology and correlation relations yield important data on the evaluation of forming conditions of basin. Regarding the abundance of elements in various lithologies, the first and second group elements (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Na₂O, TiO₂, P₂O₅ and Fe₂O₃, K₂O, REE) are more abundant in carbonaceous claystone and siltstone than that in marl, indicating that they are of detrital origin and controlled by clays. The abundance of CaO and TOT/C is lesser in siltstone than that in carbonaceous claystone and marl, implying that they are in marine origin. This is also supported by the correlation of elements. Based on REE abundances, lithologies are ranked in the order of claystone > siltstone > marl, which indicates that clays play an important role in REE enrichment. Correlation of REEs with major elements is indicative of detrital source and association with clay minerals. All the samples are represented by slightly negative Ce anomaly and positive Eu anomaly. Negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies are mostly typically of high oxygenated environments. Since negative Ce anomaly restricts oxygen enrichment to some extent, deposition environment might reflect oxic-anoxic conditions.     

燃煤过程有害微量元素挥发与其赋存状态及燃烧温度的关系

煤在燃烧过程中，部分微量元素从燃烧炉中挥发，进入大气，污染环境，分析了有害微量元素挥发性与燃烧温度、有害微量元素赋存状态之间的关系，通过不同温度下煤的燃烧实验及其微量元素挥发性计算，得出燃烧过程中有害微量元素的挥发性受燃烧条件的制约，温度越高，则其挥发性越高；微量元素的挥发性与其在煤中的存在状态有密切的关系，以有机质存在的有害微量元素，在燃烧时，其结构分子易被破坏且易挥发，以无机态结合的微量金属元素的挥发性较弱。     

煤、灰粒子的辐射特性

本文在粒子为光滑、均质假设的基础上，利用Ｌｏｒｅｎｔｚ－Ｍｉｅ理论计算了煤粉粒子、煤灰粒子的衰减系数、散射系数和吸收系数。给出了适用于煤粉升温着火及炉内辐射传热过程数值计算使用的煤粉粒子、煤灰粒子辐射特性的计算公式。     

鸡西盆地永安区煤的物理性质及煤岩特征

通过对鸡西盆地永安区煤的物理性质及煤岩特征研究分析,阐述了鸡西盆地永安区煤的物理性质及煤岩特征规律。     

汽煤比对煤气化过程中微量元素迁移规律的影响研究

采用氢化物发生器和原子荧光光谱法联用 (HG -AFS)和电感耦合等离子发射光谱法 (ICP -AES) ,测定了常压流化床煤气化产物中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ni、Hg、Pb、V、Se、Sr、Zn 1 4种微量元素含量 ,分析了汽煤比对微量元素在气化产物中迁移规律的影响。结果表明 :随着汽煤比增加 ,在旋风高温焦中Co、Cu的相对富集系数 (REs)先减小再增加 ;Cd、Ni的REs先增加再减小 ;Pb、Zn的REs减小 ;Cr、Mn、Mg、V和Sr的REs受汽煤比的影响很小 ;易挥发性元素As、Hg、Se的REs在高汽煤比条件下略微有上扬的趋势。随着汽煤比增加 ,在布袋低温焦中Cd、Co、Cu、Ni的REs先增加后减小 ;As、Hg、Pb、Se、Zn的REs减小。底渣中易挥发性元素As、Hg、Se的REs受汽煤比的影响不及部分挥发性元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn那么明显。随着汽煤比增加 ,在煤气中As、Cr、Zn的含量减小 ,Co、Cu的含量先增加后减小。