Phase change emulsions for latent heat transportation:Preparation and characterization

采用相转化乳化法,以Tween80+Span80为复配乳化剂,通过优化复配乳化剂的比例以及优选不同的助乳化剂(稳定剂),制备了固含量高达40%的石蜡相变乳状液.分别采用NDJ-1黏度仪和DSC-Q10热流式差示扫描量热仪测试了石蜡相变乳状液的黏度和潜热.结果表明:当复配乳化剂的HLB值在10附近时,即Span80占46.8%(质量分数),Tween80占53.2%(质量分数),以正丁醇为助乳化剂,可制得分散均匀稳定,流动性好的石蜡相变乳状液,该相变乳状液的黏度随石蜡含量的增加而急剧增大,而潜热则在油相/水相共存时达到最大.当乳状液为油相时,潜热随含水量的增加而增大;当乳状液为水相时,潜热随含水量的增加而减小.     

氧化法处理荧光废水的研究

荧光废水是一种有机物浓度高,色度高,破乳难度大,量少但污染强度大的难处理污水。针对中国人民解放军某航空发动机修理工厂的荧光废水,设计采用氧化＋混凝沉淀＋气浮＋活性炭过滤韵组合处理工艺,使出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准））（GB8978—1996）中的一级标准。在运行调试的过程中,根据荧光废水的特点,处理过程中对各种加药量及控制参数不断优化调整。实践证明,采用本处理工艺,出水水质能够稳定达标。     

Treatment of oily sludge by two-stage wet air oxidation

Oily sludge produced in petrochemical industries contains a large amount of toxic and hazardous substances. High oil sludge yield and high treatment cost have become major obstacles to the development of the petrochemical industry. In this study, the treatment and disposal of oily sludge using the wet oxidation method was investigated. Firstly, the orthogonal optimization experiment was designed to discuss the influence of reaction time, reaction temperature, oxidant amount, and emulsion splitter amount on the removal efficiency of oil and sludge volume. On this basis, a two-stage wet air oxidation method was employed to treat oily sludge. The results show that the two-stage oxidation method could remove 93.1% oil from the oil sludge and reduce the volume of oil sludge by 85.4%. Furthermore, the oil sludge treated with wet oxidation could be more easily separated from water, and the waste oil could be recycled. The proposed two-stage wet oxidation method shows excellent performance in treating oily sludge, from which resources can be recycled while reducing the amount of sludge.     

大连石化污水气浮工艺存在的问题与对策

大连石化公司污水处理场一期工程溶气气浮单元,在运行过程中多次因设备故障和超标排水等原因导致运行效果不佳。实际运行经验表明:当溶气释放水中产生大气泡,在池面形成翻花时,可通过提高溶气罐液位,降低压缩空气量来解决;污水量增大时可通过降低调节池出水量,提高溶气回流水量,增加混凝剂、絮凝剂投加量来解决;压缩空气量过小时,可通过关小回流泵出口阀门,调节空压机阀门开度来解决;溶气罐液位急速下降可通过关闭空压机入口阀,打开溶气罐液位放空阀泄压来解决;溶气罐压力下降可通过关闭空压机进入溶气罐入口阀,待压力正常后再缓慢开阀来解决;出水水质超标时,可通过增加混凝剂、絮凝剂投加量,调整气浮单元的溶气量和回流量来解决。通过以上方法,溶气气浮系统可以在非正常工况条件下达到出水水质合格,保证后续处理的连贯性。     

Attachment interactions between low-rank coal particles and air/oily bubbles in a microflotation cell

The separation of particles by flotation is achieved based on the difference in their surface properties. The controlling step for successful flotation is bubble–particle attachment. The time required for attachment of a particle to an air bubble is defined as the attachment time. Given that attachment times cannot be measured in flotation cells due to the presence of a large number of bubbles and particles which are in motion, the only possibility is to calculate attachment times using the fundamental flotation model. The focus of this paper is to determine the attachment times of low-rank coal in the presence of air bubbles and oily bubbles. The flotation recovery, the rate constant and the attachment efficiency for the oily bubble–coal flotation system were found to be higher than those for the air bubble–coal flotation system. The difference between the flotation rate constants for the air bubble–coal flotation system and that for the oily bubble–coal flotation system was small. However, when considering the difference between the attachment efficiency results, the opposite was true. The relationship between the attachment efficiencies and the attachment times was found to be an exponential decay. The similar trend was also observed for the curve showing the relationship between the flotation rate constants and the attachment times. This work shows the importance of determination of attachment times in coal flotation research.     

145t/d油污泥循环流化床锅炉及其运行

原油脱水以及油田和炼油厂的污水处理系统会排出大量的含油污泥,从环境保护角度出发,必须进行无害化处理或综合利用。山东胜利油田采用流化床焚烧技术实现了危险污染物油污泥的无害化、减量化、资源化处理,解决环境污染问题。详细介绍了145 t/d油污泥流化床焚烧处理设备的技术特点和流化床焚烧锅炉的设计参数和运行特点。     

Experimental study on latent heat storage characteristics of W/O emulsion -Supercooling rate of dispersed water drops by direct contact heat exchange-

Recently, much attention has been paid to investigate the latent heat storage system. Using of ice heat storage system brings an equalization of electric power demand, because it will solved the electric -power-demand-concentration on day-time of summer by the air conditioning. The flowable latent heat storage material, Oil/Water type emulsion, microencapsulated latent heat material-water mixture or ice slurry, etc., is enable to transport the latent heat in a pipe. The flowable latent heat storage material can realize the pipe size reduction and system efficiency improvement. Supercooling phenomenon of the dispersed latent heat storage material in continuous phase brings the obstruction of latent heat storage. The latent heat storage rates of dispersed water drops in W/O (Water/Oil) emulsion are investigated experimentally in this study. The water drops in emulsion has the diameter within 3 ～ 25μm, the averaged water drop diameter is 7.3μm and the standard deviation is 2.9μm. The direct contact heat exchange method is chosen as the phase change rate evaluation of water drops in W/O emulsion. The supercooled temperature and the cooling rate are set as parameters of this study. The evaluation is performed by comparison between the results of this study and the past research. The obtained experimental result is shown that the 35K or more degree from melting point brings 100% latent heat storage rate of W/O emulsion. It was clarified that the supercooling rate of dispersed water particles in emulsion shows the larger value than that of the bulk water.     

柴油与水乳化液的流变特性

采用自行配置的复合型乳化剂,通过超声波方法制得了柴油和水乳化液,并进行了相应乳化液的黏度特性实验．乳化液在给定组分配比下近似为牛顿流体,乳化剂种类、质量分数以及乳化液组分等均对乳化液的流变特性具有显著的影响．组分相同的乳化液,黏度随着乳化剂质量分数和黏度的增加而增加;当乳化剂质量分数和黏度相同时,乳化液的黏度随着乳化液中柴油质量分数（柴油不少于50％）的减少而增加．     

Pilot scale solids/liquid separation in hot geothermal discharge waters using dissolved air flotation

Hot geothermal discharge water, flowing through a pilot plant at 6 t/h, was continuously dosed with ferric sulphate, a flocculant and a surfactant; up to 89% of the resulting iron floc could be separated by dissolved air floation (DAF) in a total treatment time of six minutes. The aim was to coprecipitate arsenic (initial content 4.5 g/t) and inhibit silica scaling (by lowering the pH from 8 to 4), and provide a possible economic alternative treatment to re-injection. A commercial treatment plant would require an additional polishing filter for optimum operation. After filtration, 98% of the arsenic present in the water was removed by dosing with 17 g/t iron, and 93% of the arsenic was removed with 10 g/t iron. Several methods for recovering arsenic from the sludge and re-using the iron were examined; the most promising involves washing the sludge with dilute sodium hydroxide and precipitating calcium arsenate. The present pilot plant was also used for separating precipitated calcium silicate from geothermal waters. In hot water DAF appears to be a more successful solid/liquid separation system than settling (sedimentation). DAF operates faster, and produces sludges with higher solid contents, than settling.     

三相乳化油的制备与物理性质研究

用两步法配制油包水包油（O／W／O）三相乳化油,首先用亲水性表面活性剂Tween60制成水包油（O／W）乳化液,然后用亲油性表面活性剂Span60将O／W乳化液制成O／W／O三相乳化油。进一步研究乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值（HLB）、掺水量对O／W／O三相乳化油的乳化稳定性（ES）,乳化活性（EA）及运动黏度等物理性质的影响。试验发现,采用表面活性剂span60和Tween60作为乳化剂,当HLB值为6到9,掺水量为10％,表面活性剂总的添加量为2％时,O／W／O三相乳化油具有合适的运动黏度和稳定性,适合作为柴油机的代用燃料。     

油田热化学脱水装置的应用与分析

原油热化学脱水工艺,是将含水原油加热到一定温度,并在原油乳状液中加入少量的表面活性剂(破乳剂),破坏其乳化状态,使油水高效分离.因其工艺简单、流程简化,工程投资少,近年来在国内外各油田得到广泛应用.为探讨热化学脱水工艺在肇州油田的适应性,以肇一联脱水站热化学三相分离器应用实例为参照,从脱水率、分离效果以及运行能耗等方面,对热化学脱水工艺的适用性进行研究,以期取得原油脱水满足净化油标准,保证伴生气和含油污水的有效分离,实现原油脱水工艺的简化,从而降低生产运行成本,节能减排的目的.试验结果显示,热化学脱水工艺技术的关键在于加入的破乳剂,应定期进行破乳剂与来液介质配伍性实验,优选高效、经济的药剂.热化学三相分离器的温度控制在60℃,加药浓度控制在45μL/L时,满足肇一联脱水站的生产需求.     

乳状液体系在油田中的应用综述

乳状液体系凭借其特殊的物理化学性能,在油田开发中得到广泛应用,形成了乳化钻井液、乳化酸、乳化压裂液、乳化稠油堵水剂、多重乳状液延缓交联、微乳液、乳化驱油等体系。其中,乳化钻井液体系具有井壁稳定性强、润滑性好和保护油层等优点。乳化酸适用于低渗透碳酸盐岩油气藏的深度酸化改造和强化增产作业,滤失量小,缓速性能好,能进入地层深部。乳化压裂液分为水包油型和油包水型两种,水包油型乳化压裂液具有比油包水型摩阻小、流变性便于调节、易返排等优点;油包水型乳化压裂液与油基冻胶压裂液相比,性价比高,适合于水敏性、低压、低渗储层的压裂改造,具有增黏能力强、黏度调节便利、高携砂、低滤失、低残渣等优点。乳化稠油堵水剂分为活性稠油堵水剂和水包稠油堵水剂,前者注入油井的堵剂为加有适量油包水乳化剂的高黏度稠油;后者是用水包油型乳化剂将稠油乳化在水中制成。乳状液可有效降低地层中的残余油含量,从而提高采收率。多重乳状液体系一般为W/O/W型,由于破乳时间较长,达到了延缓交联的目的;微乳液是指具有超低界面张力、热力学稳定的乳状液。三次采油中,在水中加入表面活性剂和部分高分子化合物,配成驱油溶液进行驱油,可显著提高原油采收率。     

Thermal analysis of cylinder head carbon deposits from single cylinder diesel engine fueled by palm oil–diesel fuel emulsions

This paper aims to evaluate the cylinder head carbon deposit from diesel engine fuelled by four samples of diesel fuel emulsions containing 0%; 5%; 10% and 15% vol. water and 20% Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME) were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC) in air medium. The deposit build up processes were performed on a single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine for period of 25 h for each set of test fuel under constant speed 2500 rpm. The TGA system was used and then correlated with elemental analysis as well as infrared spectra for microscopic observations. It has been found that, as the water increases in fuel, less aromatic and less reactive of deposits would be formed. Therefore, such method of analyses can be used as an indicator to verify the stability of carbon deposit inside the combustion chamber that could substantiate the applicability of a particular fuel to be accepted.     

三组元W／O乳化液的表面张力和雾化特性

研究了W/O型乳化液的表面张力,压力雾化喷嘴的乳化液雾化特性与乳化液的组分、乳化剂的黏度以及喷油压力的关系.实验结果表明:乳化液的表面张力接近柴油,但喷雾滴径均大于柴油,而且喷嘴的启喷压力、乳化液组分和乳化剂黏度对乳化液平均滴径均有显著影响.随着启喷压力升高,喷雾滴径明显减小;若启喷压力相同,随着乳化液中水相含量增加(不高于50%),乳化液喷雾滴径随之增加;采用高黏度、低HLB值乳化剂配制的乳化液的喷雾滴径相对较大;内相界面特性和界面上的乳化剂会对滴径分布有重要影响.     

Modelling of mass transfer from multiple emulsions

Multiple emulsions are complex systems, where the droplets of a dispersed phase themselves contain smaller dispersed droplets of the second liquid phase (containing released material). The two major types of double emulsions are W/O/W and O/W/O where: W – water phase, O – organic phase (e.g. oil). The potential applications of the system are enormous, mainly in medicine and pharmaceutics technologies, food and cosmetics, in the area of slow and controlled release of species (e.g. drugs, pesticides). The model of mass transfer was proposed which would allow evaluating the influence of the consecutive parameters on the drug release process from multiple emulsions. The obtained results implicate the effectiveness of the model. According to the preliminary anticipations, the most important parameters that allow controlling the time of substance release are diffusion coefficient of the continuous phase of emulsion and the mass transfer to the external medium. It can be reached by selecting the properties of the continuous liquid phase in emulsion.     

An experimental study of the effect of water content on combustion of coal tar/water emulsion droplets

Isolated high asphaltene droplets of coal tar/water emulsion were studied to investigate the non-steady behavior of the burning droplets. Data on size and temperature histories were obtained. Coke residues were analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Lower and upper limits for ignition time delay were established. The error, defined as the time lag between these two limits, was less than 8 ms. Ignition time delays of emulsions were longer than for ordinary coal tar (CT) droplets of the same size but the peak temperature of emulsions occurred much earlier. A steeper temperature rise observed in the emulsions during portions of their combustion history is evidence not only of soot reduction but also the extent of burnout of the cenospheres. The latter is an important aspect in the reduction of pollutant emissions. The emulsion droplets indicated swelling of considerable magnitude compared with that of CT. Coke particles formed from emulsions were more porous, with thinner and fragile shells. The CT residues were harder and more resistant to burning. Excess burnout time or the ratio of burnout time of the emulsions depended on the water concentration, indicating that longer oxidation time was required for coke particles from coal tar than from emulsions.     

含油废水重油回收系统的改造

重油作为燃气轮机燃料必须进行去除杂质和盐分的水洗处理,处理过程中产生的污水以及油罐底部排出的废水中含有一定比例的重油需要回收再利用.针对原含油废水重油回收系统中存在的油水分离不充分和排油时间难控制等问题,通过增加气浮式自动油水分离装置进行改进,使废水中重油回收率提高约30%,达到节能改造的目的.     

多孔材料在油水分离装置中的应用

介绍了一种新的含油污水的油水分离方法，采取的主要措施是使用一种特殊设计的多孔材料，该多孔材料经过表面化学处理使其表面结构具有亲油的特性。当油水混合物流经该多孔材料时，其中细小的油滴被该材料粘住，而水则从该材料的多孔结构中流过。当不断聚集的细小油滴聚合成较大的油滴时，其斯托克斯力大于表面粘力。该油滴就受斯托克斯力的驱动，脱离粘住油滴的多孔材料向上浮升。     

延迟焦化装置回炼“三泥”存在问题分析及对策

洛阳石化污水处理系统每年产生大量的"三泥",具有不易处理,污染严重等特点,并造成了资源浪费和环境问题。洛阳石化1400kt/a延迟焦化装置采用"可灵活调节循环比"工艺流程,通过对国内延迟焦装置回炼"三泥"方式进行比较,确认从焦炭塔底部进行回炼。洛阳焦化装置将"三泥"从焦炭塔给水线注入,利用焦炭塔内的余热,将"三泥"中的水分、油分蒸出,部分重油降解,油气进入放空系统回收,大部分重油分和固体杂质留在焦炭塔中,除焦时随焦炭一起进入焦池,具有良好的经济效益和环保效益,且操作工艺简单,容易控制。但焦化装置回炼"三泥"后,带来了焦炭塔甩油线、平衡管线堵塞;焦炭塔振动;石油焦灰分增大等问题。结合"三泥"组分特点、含油污泥反应机理和延迟焦化工艺特点,对延迟焦化装置回炼"三泥"进行分析,并提出优化措施:控制好反应温度,选择合适的回炼量和速度,保证"三泥"系统的流动性,定期对冷焦水、切焦水进行排焦,保证装置安全运行。     

一种掺水和新型热能素的重油乳化燃烧技术在锅炉上的应用

能源与环保是当今世界普遍关注的问题,重油掺水和热能素乳化燃烧可提高锅炉的燃烧效率并能减少燃烧产物对环境的污染。当油和水的掺和比例控制在10%~13%时,燃烧效率较高。添加新型热能素能较好解决乳化油的形态(W/O型)和稳定问题。在此基础上,提出了一种经济实用、运行可靠性高的全自动工业锅炉重油乳化燃烧技术,实践证明,该技术可起到节能降耗、改善环境及增加经济效益的作用。