委内瑞拉超重原油和加拿大油砂沥青加工现状及发展前景

委内瑞拉超重原油和加拿大油砂沥青都是高密度、高黏度、高硫、高氮、高酸、高残炭、高金属、高沥青质的劣质原油,不仅重馏分油和渣油中的金属含量高,而且轻馏分油中的金属含量也比较高,是当今世界上最难加工的原油.除了难以开采和开采成本高以外,对于炼厂还存在难以输送、难以脱盐脱水、难以正常生产运行等问题.炼厂加工高硫高酸超重原油或油砂沥青生产清洁燃料和裂解料难度很大:一是常压直馏馏分油太少;二是减压瓦斯油和减压渣油太多;三是常减压蒸馏各直馏馏分中硫含量和酸值都比较高,都需要深度精制或加工.而利用好高硫高酸超重原油和油砂沥青的减压渣油是用好非常规石油资源,提高轻油收率的关键所在.目前世界上只有委内瑞拉4座加工奥里诺科超重原油和加拿大6座加工油砂沥青的改质工厂在生产,产品为合成原油.正在建设中的加工委内瑞拉超重原油的炼油厂有4座,计划建设的油砂沥青炼油厂只有1座.加拿大油砂沥青改质工厂的技术和生产水平都比委内瑞拉超重原油改质工厂高一些.我国三大石油公司与委内瑞拉和加拿大的合作都取得了很大进展,在我国炼油厂大量加工委内瑞拉超重原油已指日可待,预计我国炼油厂加工加拿大油砂沥青也为时不远.为此,建议有关科研项目应抓紧工作,尽早提出研究成果和关键技术问题的解决方案;同时着手开展相关技术,特别是减压渣油悬浮床加氢裂化技术的开发工作;跟踪国外有关加工技术研发的工作进展,为我国的消化、吸收、再创新打好基础.     

石油及石油-煤沥青混合物制取浸渍剂沥青的研究进展

综述了国内外浸渍剂沥青制备技术的研究现状与发展方向，主要介绍了以石油沥青和石油-煤沥青为原料制备浸渍剂沥青的技术。根据产品质量要求，需要对原料作相应酊改性。介绍了对原料进行改性的工艺。认为石油沥青经过改性后制备浸渍剂沥青符合环保和经济性要求。     

Investigation of Organic Carbon and Iron Group Elements in Bituminous Rocks

In this study, geochemical and biogeochemical features of the organic-rich bituminous shales of the Bolu-Mengen area were investigated. The deposition levels of carbon and iron group metals (Mn, Ni, V, Cr, Co, Ti, Sc) within the bituminous shales and their correlation were also examined. Samples studied contain high amount of organic carbon (Corg), and they have Type I and Type II kerogenes that can generally produce oil and gas. Corg distribution in the samples was found as 0.55–0.99% for 5 samples, 1.23–1.96% for 9 samples, 2.31–3.95% for 5 samples and 4.12–19.14% for 15 samples. 75–100% of the organic material is determined to be amorphous and algal. Corg and metal contents of the bituminous shales in the area are characteristic with cyclic changes. Samples with high Corg values show high correlation with Fe group elements. The variations in cogenetic Corg and metal contents in samples are also discussed.     

燃气导热油炉在石油树脂化工生产中的应用

提出了导热油系统运行的安全防范措施以及系统安全升温曲线,解决了多套生产装置共用一套供热管网的技术难题,实现了各自装置小循环温度的精确控制,成功地在石油树脂生产装置内利用燃气导热油炉进行热源供应,解决了石油树脂生产过程中由于温度因素造成的产品质量问题。     

油砂热解特性研究及其在热法取油系统中应用探讨

油砂热解过程由三个不同的阶段组成，采用Coats—Redfern积分法，求出了每个阶段的反应级数、活化能和指前因子。     

精处理混床树脂油污染的复苏处理

由于给水泵润滑油漏入凝结水系统,造成了精处理混床系统树脂的油污染,为保证机组热力系统的安全稳定运行,在机组停机间隙对被污染树脂进行了复苏处理。就树脂污染的情况及复苏方法进行了系列试验,探讨油污染机理及影响因素,为同类事故提供借鉴作用。     

Elemental characterization of Nigerian coals and their ashes using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry for environmental pollution assessment

Nigerian coals and their ashes were investigated using PIXE spectrometry to ascertain their elemental composition, characterize and correlate them, and to determine their environmental risk assessment when combusted. Eleven and 18 elements detected in the raw coals and the ashes, respectively, were subjected to appropriate statistical analyses. Mean elemental summation (%) of the coals and ashes were 8.4 and 39.0, respectively, while average % ash content was 29.6, indicating that they were rich in potential toxic elements which could be emitted into the environment during coal combustion. This was corroborated by t-test results. It is found that pollution index (PI) values for V, Co, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the coal ash are greater than 1.0. This implies that combustion coal/coal ash may serve as a source of toxic element pollution in environmental media which could produce ill-health. Cross-plot analysis results showed moderate positive correlations, suggesting inter-element correlations among the samples, establishing relationships among the coals. This was validated by the clustering analysis results which indicated three major groups which were also fairly correlated with one another, signifying similar genetic origin. Elemental clustering indicated closest inter-element association among transition metals. This was also confirmed by their Pearson correlation matrices results, indicating chemical affinity and/or similar genetic origin.     

青山烟煤及其燃后飞灰中有机污染物分布的研究

采用色谱／质谱联用系统对青山烟煤及其燃烧产物－飞灰７Ｈ,１６Ｈ和２４Ｈ二氯甲烷索氏抽提液中脂肪烃、苯系物及多环芳烃等有机污染物的种类和含量进行了测量,得到了青山烟煤及其飞灰产物中有机污染物的分布特征。     

Components and potential utilization of oil sands semicoke

Retorting is one of the above-ground methods available for producing oil from oil sands, which also releases solid wastes such as oil sand semicoke. Although some oil sand retorting technologies have been explored and developed, such as rotary kilns and fluidized beds (FBs), there is little information on the components of their semicoke. Considering the semicoke to be a potential hazardous waste, this work first prepared the semicoke from retorting Indonesian oil sands, and then analyzed its components using different techniques, such gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The obtained results reveal that semicoke is a combustible fuel with a major proportion of toxic aromatic hydrocarbons and calcite. Based on the studies on the components of the semicoke and the characteristics of the FB retorting technology, a new oil sand utilization system with dual FBs is finally recommended for retorting oil sands in one fluidized bed and burning the semicoke in the other one.     

车用柴油机排气颗粒物中有机组分和无机组分的分析

采用等离子发射光谱-质谱联用仪、离子色谱仪和物理化学方法,对直喷式和涡流室式两种达到欧Ⅱ排放水平的轻型车用柴油机颗粒物的有机可溶成分、金属阳离子、阴离子进行定性和定量分析,并确定了柴油机颗粒物的成分谱图,试验结果表明,对于直喷式柴油机,有机酸、有机碱、脂肪烃类有机物、芳香烃类有机物、中极性有机物和高极性有机物6种组分在SOF中占有的比例分别为11．64％、15．21％、12．32％、9．97％、41．35％和9．51％．直喷柴油机微粒中,无论N系或S系阴离子的含量都明显小于涡流室式柴油机,而且直喷型柴油机的样品中没有检测出亚硝酸根离子．金属离子的分析表明,Ca的含量明显高于其他元素,在柴油机颗粒物中有机可溶成分和单质碳占主要成分,而金属阳离子和阴离子所占比例低于4％。     

有机热载体脱水工艺探讨及改进建议

对有机热载体系统及利用有机热载体炉脱除有机热载体水分的工艺方法进行了介绍,对在脱水工艺中出现的影响热有机热载体炉安全运行、有机热载体品质、工艺安全等现象进行了分析探讨并提出了改进建议。     

油水分离器及其内部构件的工艺设计计算方法的研究

重力沉降方法是应用于石油行业生产水处理的较为广泛且较为经济的方法之一,本文主要阐述了海上油田基于重力沉降原理的油水分离器的工艺设计计算方法及其内部构件设计的相关工艺计算。该设计计算方法对于工程设计人员在油水分离器等方面的设计工作具有一定的指导作用;而内部构件的工艺计算方法也会对内部构件的设计选型提供理论依据。     

Characterization and transesterification of fresh water microalgal oil

In the present investigation bulk algal biomass was collected from different natural water bodies of Himachal Pradesh, India. Maximum oil content of consortia was estimated at 3.7% and major fatty acids were oleic acid (18:1), palmitic acid (16:0), linoleic acid (18:2), and palmitoliec acid (16:1), which are the main constituents of biodiesel. Viscosity of algae oil was found to be high and transesterification was done by basic, microwave-, and ultrasonication-assisted methods. Maximum conversion from algal oil to fatty acid methyl esters was obtained by ultrasonication-assisted transesterification (71.5%), whereas microwave-assisted and basic transesterification was 58.6 and 51.3%, respectively.     

Chemical evaluation and kinetics of Siberian,north regions of Russia and Republic of Tatarstan crude oils

In this research, thermal characteristics and model free kinetics of five different °American Petroleum Institute gravity crude oil samples from different locations were studied using combustion calorimetry and thermogravimetry (TGA) techniques. Higher heating values of crude oils were determined from the combustion calorimetry experiments. It was shown that these values increase with an increase in saturate fraction and °API gravity of studied samples and decrease with an increase in viscosity, aromatics fraction, and resin fraction of crude oils. In thermogravimetry, experiments were performed at 10, 20, and 30°C/min heating rates under an air atmosphere. Thermal characteristics of the samples such as reaction intervals and corresponding peak temperatures, mass loss, and residue of the crude oil samples were also determined. Two different model free kinetic methods, known as Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), were used in order to determine the activation energy values of the crude oil samples studied.     

不同生活垃圾组分热解炭化特性与热解焦傅里叶红外光谱表征

对城市生活垃圾(MSW)中6种有机组分进行热解炭化和热解焦傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)表征。实验结果表明:MSW不同有机组分热解焦产率各不相同,热解焦产率由高到低依次为纸张 > 厨余 > 木屑 > 橡胶 > 织物 > 塑料,办公废纸慢速热解时热解焦产率高达37.50%,聚乙烯(PE)快速热解时热解焦产率仅为3.20%;慢速升温时热解焦产率普遍高于快速升温热解焦产率;MSW有机组分经热解炭化后,羟基(OH)、羰基(C=O)等官能团含量减少,烯属烃及芳香类C=C键含量增加;升温速率越慢,芳香类C=C键含量越高,芳香化程度越高。     

The production of fuel from,and the thermal stability of,sunflower oil,corn oil,and canola oil

Frying of sunflower, corn, and canola oils was carried out for seven running days at 175°C in this study. Fatty acid composition, free fatty acid, viscosity, iodine value, peroxide value, density, pH, saponification value, refractive index, average molecular weight, color, and the higher heating value of these oils have been analyzed. While the contents of free fatty acid, viscosity, saponification value, peroxide value, and colors (red and yellow) increase with the frying times, the contents of average molecular weight, iodine value, pH, and the higher heating value decreased for all oils in this work. However, reduction in the higher heating value is relatively low. This work indicated that recycling as a fuel of these oils can make a major economic contribution.     

Characterization and transesterification of Iranian bitter almond oil for biodiesel production

In the present work the production of biodiesel using bitter almond oil (BAO) in a potassium hydroxide catalyzed transesterification reaction was investigated. The BAO was obtained from resources available in Iran and its physical and chemical properties including iodine value, acid value, density, kinematic viscosity, fatty acid composition and mean molecular weight were specified. The low acid value of BAO (0.24 mg KOH/g) indicated that the pretreatment of raw oil with acid was not required. The fatty acid content analysis confirmed that the contribution of unsaturated fatty acids in the BAO is high (84.7 wt.%). Effect of different parameters including methanol to oil molar ratio (3–11 mol/mol), potassium hydroxide concentration (0.1–1.7% w/w) and reaction temperature (30–70 °C) on the production of biodiesel were investigated. The results indicated that these parameters were important factors affecting the tranesterification reaction. The fuel properties of biodiesel including iodine value, acid value, density, kinematic viscosity, saponification value, cetane number, flash point, cloud point, pour point and distillation characteristics were measured. The properties were compared with those of petroleum diesel, EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 biodiesel standards and an acceptable agreement was observed.     

在层燃炉上高效燃烧高灰份、低热值劣质烟煤的几点思考

文章分析了高灰份、低热值劣质烟煤的燃烧特点,详尽介绍了燃劣质烟煤的层燃燃烧方式的选取;锅炉整体布置;辅机选取;运行调整.     

Performance and emission analysis of compression ignition engine using biodiesels from Acid oil,Mahua oil,and Castor oil

Research on and use of biodiesels for engines is growing continuously in the present era. Compression ignition (CI) engine performance for biodiesels of blends B20 from Acid oil, Mahua oil, and Castor oil is experimentally investigated. The engine performance analysis in the form of brake‐specific fuel consumption, brake‐specific energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and air fuel ratio are compared with diesel as base fuel. Emission characteristics like CO, CO₂, NOx, and opacity are comparatively studied in detail for the considered biodiesels. The entire study is compared with the performance of engine when pure diesel is chosen as fuel. From the complete analysis it was observed that the BTE was higher for Acid oil and Mahua oil among the biodiesels used. And regarding CO emissions, Mahua oil showed lower effect than other biodiesels. Upto 6% increase in EGT of Mahua oil was obtained at no load and for other loads the percent reduced. For all the biodiesels the % enhancement in Co, CO₂, and NOx was more than 60% at highest load compared with diesel.     

对我国炼油化工产业链发展的思考

炼油化工产业链就是以原油为主要原料,经过不同工艺流程所进行的各类油品的生产及深加工,并包括以其副产品为原料进行各类化工产品的生产而构成的产业集合。一体化、园区化、大型化已成为当前完善的炼油化工产业链应具备的3个特点。2007年我国原油加工能力已达3．8×10^8t／a,成为世界第二大炼油国;我国乙烯产能为996．5×10^4t／a,居世界第二位。我国炼油业存在着产品结构不合理,生产柴汽比低于消费柴汽比;炼厂规模偏小,分布不合理;原油加工适应性差,装置结构不合理：深加工能力不足,能耗偏高等问题。我国石化工业乙烯自给率低,油化结构不合理．产业集中度低,规模不够经济,产品档次低。应借鉴发达国家炼油化工产业集中化、基地化发展的经验,加强产业结构和布局调整。注重提高资源利用率,突出核心业务。针对影响炼油化工产业链效益的内外部因素,建议应强化国家宏观政策指导,协调产业链与供应链的关系,重视科技创新,加强产品的升级换代,注重环境保护。