敦煌莫高窟热环境模拟研究

通过FLUENT软件模拟对比研究乔木的遮阴作用对莫高窟热环境的影响。结论如下:三维乔木阴影区的空气温度较低,背风区域出现高温;三维乔木的遮阴作用仅对局地热环境产生影响,而对窟区整体的热环境及热岛强度影响微弱;通过调整窟区绿化的种植密度,能够改善甚至消除窟区背风区域的高热环境。     

武汉市高密度居住区夏季室外热环境实测分析

为了研究夏热冬冷地区高密度居住小区夏季热环境的特点,通过对武汉市某高密度居住小区在夏季典型气象日的空气温度,相对湿度以及风速风向进行现场实测,定量的分析了夏热冬冷地区高密度居住小区的热环境现状以及不同的建筑,区域绿化和水体对区域热环境的影响。结果表明:高密度居住区的热环境较一般地带差,且与区域内的建筑布局有关,高密度居住区内空气温度较气象站高出3℃,平均风速低0.5 m/s。位于混凝土柏油路面上的测点上方空气温度整体相对其他测点要高,接着是花岗岩硬质铺地,位于绿化草坪内的温度最低。其次位于围合式建筑布局区域的温度较行列式布局高,当城市下垫面类型相同时,测试区域的绿化遮阳和建筑阴影对热环境的改善作用较为明显。     

莫高窟景观信息模型建立与应用研究

为获得中尺度的莫高窟景观空间数据资料,通过现场测绘与GIS技术相结合的方式首次建立中小尺度的莫高窟景观信息模型,并进行景观分析。结果显示:莫高窟为喇叭口地形,南高北低、东高西低,洞窟位于四级阶地,绿化位于一、二级阶地及窟顶位置;窟顶防沙灌木林带占42.61%,景区和生活办公区银白杨、柏树、新疆杨分别占17.77%、16.90%、15.55%;9区、2区、4区、21区、20区、19区种植密度分别为48.91、18.17、12.92、12.69、11.70、10.89;窟顶及窟前林带绿化灌溉为滴灌,景区及生活办公区为沟渠漫灌;灌溉水源来自大泉河水,6~8月缺水季节增加人工用水补给。     

济南市泉城广场热环境现状及分析

广场热环境与人们密切相关,本文对济南市泉城广场热环境进行了现场测试,并在此基础上分析了不同下垫面、各种朝向的墙面、水景等影响空气温度、热舒适性的因素。结果表明：有树荫、草坪和水的地方,温度明显低于其它地方。在太阳强辐射时间内,不同朝向的外墙外表面温度随方向的不同而变化,其中以西墙外表面温度为最高,其对建筑物的影响也最大。提出了通过增加绿化、水景等措施来改善广场的微气候,提高热舒适性。     

重庆礼嘉智慧公园旱喷广场夏季旱喷降温增湿效应研究

旱喷作为一种城市中常见的小型水体,不仅具有良好的观赏性,还能较好地调节城市局地热环境。以重庆礼嘉智慧公园旱喷广场为研究对象,根据距离、下垫面、启闭状态的不同,选取16个测点,对其周围的干球温度、相对湿度、黑球温度等气象因子进行旱喷降温增湿效应的实测分析。结果显示,夏季旱喷对周围环境12 m范围有明显的降温增湿效果,其平均干球温度最大降5.94℃,平均相对湿度最大增10.34%,黑球温度最大降9.49℃。距离旱喷越近,越靠近下风向区域,旱喷的降温增湿效果越明显。不同的下垫面和环境配置对旱喷降温增湿的效果不同,辅助旱喷降温能力由强到弱为：草坪+乔木>花岗石铺地>煤矸石+花坛;提升旱喷周围增湿能力由强到弱为：草坪+乔木>煤矸石+花坛>花岗石铺地。旱喷关闭后105 min内,对周围的温湿度仍有较大影响,降温增湿速度也会发生显著变化。探究夏季旱喷降温增湿的效果及其影响因素,旨在为后续城市中旱喷的相关设计实践提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

武汉市城市广场春季热舒适研究

目前,有关春季城市广场热环境以及热舒适性的研究并不多。在此项研究中,首先对武汉市两个典型的广场进行实地测试,分析各种类型的城市广场设计元素对城市广场热环境的影响;然后进行人体热感觉和热舒适性的问卷调查,通过统计学手段分析人们对城市广场热环境的主观反应与评价。研究结果显示春季热环境受太阳辐射的影响最大,人们感到舒适的城市广场中性温度约为21.1℃,中性标准有效温度约为23.5℃。此外根据研究结果提出了选择合适下垫面,加强种植与绿化、合理搭配布局、改善有效遮阳、加强地下空间的利用等设计策略,以营造良好的城市广场热环境。     

基于气候特点的风景区矿山边坡生态修复技术的选择与应用

文中以泉州气候特点为例,分析了降水分布与年温度波动产生的冲刷及季节性干旱对植物生长的重要影响,通过泉州清源山景区废弃采石窟裸露边坡修复项目生态模块修复技术的实际应用,提出了气候特点应作为该类工程技术选择的重要指标。     

热红外遥感获取城市下垫面温度分析与评价

热红外遥感是温度测试的方法之一,在生态城市与热环境研究领域具有重要作用。作为非侵入式测量技术,热红外遥感可以弥补侵入式与半侵入式测量技术的一些不足。然而,在城市环境研究中热红外遥感观测温度结果如何却少有报道。因此,为了对热红外遥感获取城市下垫面温度进行分析与评价,设计了其与接触法测温同步观测实验,分别从相关性、温度差异及其百分比、差异显著性等角度将两种温度进行对比分析。结果表明,对于草地、水泥地面、地砖、透水砖,两种温度均存在极强的正相关性,平均温差值波动范围为0. 46～1. 79℃,温差百分比波动范围为1. 3%～4. 5%。在运用P=0. 001的标准进行评价时,草地、地砖和透水砖的两种温度不存在显著差异。该研究表明热红外遥感获取城市下垫面温度具有较高准确性,并提供了几种下垫面两种温度的统计特征信息。     

赣州某高校典型区域下垫面温湿度监测研究

城市化的快速发展改变了城市范围内下垫面条件,进而影响城市微气候变化,城市的空气温湿度受下垫面的影响较大。为研究和分析不同下垫面的城市近地面温度与体感温度的不同变化,选择江西理工大学红旗大道校区中5种差异较大的下垫面为主要研究对象,对不同下垫面在周边有无树木遮挡条件、不同高度下温湿度变化特征进行了定量化的分析研究,得到了不同类型下垫面的温度、相对湿度变化差异及其对周边环境的差异,从而对城市不同种类下垫面的分布及其占比提供参考。     

西安高层住区夏季微气候实测与分析

本文选择西安市某高层住区为研究对象,采用定点实测的方法获得住区内的空气温度、相对湿度、风速等气象要素,通过对比各测点数据,探索西安高层住区绿地对微气候的影响。     

Using hygroscopic damping of relative humidity and vapour pressure fluctuations to measure room ventilation rates

A field study (carried out for other purposes) indicated that relatively air-tight rooms have small relative humidity fluctuations in response to fluctuating indoor temperature and outdoor vapour pressures. This effect is due to hygroscopic damping and has been quantified here to allow the derivation of a simple formula giving room ventilation rates as a function of the amplitude of sinusoidal fluctuations in external vapour pressure, and fluctuations in room vapour pressure and humidity. It is found that the room air-change rate is proportional to the room relative humidity fluctuations, and inversely proportional to the difference between the indoor and ourdoor vapour pressure fluctuations, allowing for phase differences. Calculated results agree well with field data.     

采用区域供冷的教室热湿环境测试与分析

以广州大学城某高校采用区域供冷的典型教室为研究对象,测试了教室内的空气温度和相对湿度,研究了空气状态参数受外界因素影响的变化规律,结果表明:有空调教室热湿环境与无空调教室相比有很大的优越性;部分教室的温、湿度场不均匀,送风口下方一定区域内温度较高;各教室的温、湿度值差别较大,部分顶层大教室的热舒适性不理想;开门窗不仅延长温度和相对湿度达到稳定的时间,而且对室内热湿环境造成较大影响。     

Impact of Temperature and Humidity on Chemical and Sensory Emissions from Building Materials

Abstract The chemical and sensory emissions from five building materials (carpet, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring, sealant, floor varnish and wall paint) were tested under different combinations of temperature and relative humidity in the ranges 18–28°C and 30–70% relative humidity (RH). The experiment was performed in a climate chamber where a specially designed test system was built to study emissions from the five materials. The test system could provide different temperatures and humidities of air around the materials, while the air, after being polluted by the emissions from the materials, could be reconditioned to 23°C and 50% RH for sensory assessments. The experiment was designed to separate the direct impact of temperature and humidity on perception from the impact on sensory emission. The study found little influence of temperature on the emissions from the five materials whether expressed in chemical or sensory terms. The effect of humidity was found to be significant only for the waterborne materials – floor varnish and wall paint. Compared with the direct impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of air quality, the impact of temperature and humidity on sensory emissions from the building materials has a secondary influence on perceived air quality.     

Evaluating the role of ivy (Hedera helix) in moderating wall surface microclimates and contributing to the bioprotection of historic buildings

The role of ivy (Hedera helix L.) on building walls is much debated, with arguments being put forward for it playing a biodeteriorative role (for example through ivy rootlets exploiting cracks and holes) as well as suggestions that it might provide some bioprotection (for example by the ivy canopy protecting the walls from other agents of deterioration such as frost). We have carried out a year-long study of the influence that ivy canopies play on wall surface microclimates at five sites across a range of climatic settings within England, using iButtons to monitor temperature and relative humidity fluctuations at the wall surface on ivy-covered and exposed walls. Hourly data illustrates a general mediating effect of ivy canopies on both temperature and relative humidity regimes. The ivy reduces extremes of temperature and relative humidity, with the most clearcut differences for temperature. Across all five sites the average daily maximum temperature was 36% higher and the average daily minimum temperature 15% lower on exposed vs ivy-covered surfaces. Differences in the exposure level of studied walls (i.e. whether they are shaded or not by trees or other walls) influenced the degree of microclimatic alteration provided by the ivy canopy. Other important factors influencing the strength of the ivy impact on microclimate were found to be thickness of the canopy and aspect of the wall. A detailed analysis of one site, Byland in North Yorkshire, illustrates the seasonal differences in impact of ivy on microclimates, with insulation against freezing being the dominant effect in January, and the removal of high temperature ‘spikes’ the dominant effect in July. The observed moderating role of ivy canopies on wall surface microclimates will reduce the likelihood of frost and salt deterioration to the building materials, thus contributing to their conservation. Further research needs to be done on other potentially deteriorative roles of ivy before an overall bioprotective role can be assumed, but the significant impact of ivy on wall surface microclimates across England is clear.     

河流廊道绿带宽度对温湿效益的影响

选择北京市北五环清河一侧8段不同宽度绿地作为研究对象,每2h分别对样地和对照处的温度、相对湿度进行同步测定,连续测定7d。结果显示:1)当绿地宽度小于15m时,绿地具有一定的降温增湿效应;当绿地宽度为15~35m时,绿地降温增湿效果较明显;当绿地宽度大于45m时,绿地降温增湿效果明显且趋于稳定。经SPSS方差分析[Duncan’S两两比较(P<0.05)],认为城市河流廊道中可以明显发挥温湿效益的绿带关键宽度为45m左右。2)对3d内8条河流旁侧绿地平均温湿度值进行相关性分析,作出夏季河流旁侧绿地温、湿度关系的回归方程Y(相对湿度)=184.980-3.641x(温度),温度每升高1.0℃,相对湿度降低约3.6%。     

冻融循环过程中混凝土内部温度-相对湿度关系

研究了不同配合比混凝土试件在经历不同冻融循环次数时的内部温度-相对湿度关系,并将这一关系划分为4个阶段,即降温增湿段、降温降湿段、增温增湿段和增温降湿段.在降温增湿段,混凝土内部相对湿度随温度降低而增大,当相对湿度出现转折表现为降低趋势时,表明混凝土内部开始结冰,温度-相对湿度关系进入降温降湿段;在增温增湿段,混凝土内部相对湿度随温度升高而增大,当相对湿度出现转折表现为降低趋势时,表明混凝土内部的冰晶开始融化,温度-相对湿度关系进入增温降湿段.当混凝土水灰比相同时,试件内部相对湿度随着深度增大而增大;当深度相同时,试件内部相对湿度随着水灰比的减小而降低,且结冰温度和融化温度呈现减小的趋势.低水灰比混凝土内部较低的相对湿度可能会导致更大的自收缩和较小的冻胀作用力.     

手术室温湿度控制方式探讨

在综合分析医院手术室温湿度数据的基础上,依据多年经验的总结,提出对手术室温湿度控制逻辑的新思路：在手术室温度数据采集点为送风温度,手术室湿度采集点为回风湿度,采用PID控制空调机组冷热源及加湿器的温湿度输出,实现了手术室温湿度控制的基本恒定,缩小了温湿度控制的波动范围,加快了手术室温度的调节速度     

温湿度耦合效应下早龄期混凝土的相对湿度场

早龄期混凝土温度和相对湿度的时间空间变化规律是揭示混凝土早期开裂的关键。为此,建立了早龄期混凝土温度湿度耦合作用分析模型,采用无条件稳定向后差分格式,考虑水化作用、自干燥作用、温湿度扩散作用以及温湿度耦合机制,分析早期混凝土相对湿度的时间空间变化规律,定量揭示相对湿度的空间不均匀性,分析了水灰比、环境相对湿度以及表面水分交换系数等对相对湿度及其空间变化规律的影响。与实验结果的对比验证了模型的合理性,结果表明:温湿度扩散作用对相对湿度的影响随距扩散表面距离的增加而减小,水灰比对相对湿度的影响与位置无关,而环境相对湿度和表面水分交换系数主要影响混凝土扩散表面附近的相对湿度场。     

Contribution of indoor exposed massive wood to a good indoor climate: in situ measurement campaign

An indoor climate is mainly influenced by factors including heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, building envelope and materials, occupants, furniture, and service life of the building components. These last few years, the usual porous medium provided in wall and flooring constructions have been pointed out as possible passive systems capable of buffering the indoor climate variations in terms of temperature and humidity. The objective for the ongoing project is, therefore, to evaluate the possibility of ensuring an indoor climate within an acceptable range making use of large exposed massive wood surfaces. An experimental study, being performed in four occupied apartments of a multi-storey residential building in Sweden, is described in this paper. A brief analysis of the in situ recordings is also included. The temperature and relative humidity recordings show fairly well-agreement with the ASHRAE recommended values for a good indoor climate excepted during the cold periods revealing low indoor relative humidity. The first results show evidences that a large area of exposed massive wood contributes to buffer the indoor temperature variations. Furthermore, this far it does not shows evidences that a large area of exposed massive wood is able to damp the daily fluctuations in relative humidity.     

混凝土中钢筋腐蚀过程的温湿度综合效应

环境的温度和相对湿度是影响混凝土中钢筋锈蚀速度的重要因素,这2个因素对混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀电流强度的影响并不是孤立的,而是互相交织在一起彼此产生影响的。通过试验研究了温湿度共同作用下混凝土中钢筋腐蚀速度的变化规律。研究表明,温度愈高,钢筋的腐蚀电流强度达到最大峰值时所对应的相对湿度愈大;相对湿度不同,温度升高对钢筋的腐蚀电流强度提高的幅度也不同。