The History of FORTRAN I, II and III

This article discusses attitudes about "automatic programming," the economics of programming, and existing programming systems, all in the early 1950s. It describes the formation of the FORTRAN group, its knowledge of existing systems, its plans for FORTRAN, and the development of the language in 1954. It describes the development of the optimizing compiler for FORTRAN I, of various language manuals, and of FORTRAN II and III. It concludes with remarks about later developments and the impact of FORTRAN and its successors on programming today.     

The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 5: Fortran

This paper, one of a simultaneously published set on ten years of activity in programming language standards describes the developments in standardization of the programming language Fortran which have taken place in the period 1983–1993.     

A high-level debugger for PL/I,Fortran and Basic

Dartmouth College has implemented a single debugger for several languages sharing a common runtime environment: PL/I, Basic and Fortran. The debugger is fairly powerful; users set breakpoints and traces which occur whenever the values of given variables change, or whenever certain relational expressions become true, for example. All debugging is carried on in a syntax similar to that of a high-level language. This debugger was implemented in about a month. It should be fairly easy to implement on most timesharing systems. This paper describes the debugger's user interface and gives a rough sketch of its implementation.     

Using pascal in a fortran environment

The ability to use existing libraries is essential if a programming language is to be of practical value. This paper presents the experience gained in using Pascal in a Fortran environment and details the resolution of problems encountered in file communication, parameter passing and establishing default values under the condition of mixed language programming. It is concluded that Pascal is viable as a practical programming language, provided that EXTERN and FORTRAN procedures are implemented.     

Optimizations of a GPU accelerated heat conduction equation by a programming of CUDA Fortran from an analysis of a PTX file

The Fortran language has been commonly used for many kinds of scientific computation. In this paper, we focus on the solution of an unsteady heat conduction equation, which is one of the simplest problems for thermal dynamics. Recently, a GPU (graphics processing unit) has been enhanced with a Fortran programming language capability employing CUDA (compute unified device architecture), known as CUDA Fortran. We find that the speed performance of a system using an ordinary program coding of CUDA Fortran is lower than that of systems using a program coding of CUDA C. We also find that intermediate assembly files PTX (parallel thread execution) of the two languages are not coincident. Therefore, by comparing the PTX files from the two coding programs we could detect the bottleneck that causes the speed reduction. We propose three optimization techniques that can enable the calculated speeds using CUDA Fortran and CUDA C to be coincident. The optimizations can be performed by the Fortran language when improved by an analyzed PTX file. It is thus possible to improve the performance of CUDA Fortran by adding a correction to it, which happens to be at a programming language level.     

jME元计算环境对Fortran并行程序设计的支持

介绍iME元计算环境对Fortran并行程序设计的支持。分析了Java和Fortran语言对元计算环境的支持及不足，然后论述了iME元计算环境支持Fortran并行程序设计的有关关键技术，包括保证同构性的措施、系统参数的获取、格式化输出和并行编程支持等。     

CAPS: a computer-based aid to aircraft project studies

CAPS (Computer Aided Project Study) is a computer based system which has been developed to assist engineers and designers engaged in aircraft project studies. It has a modular organization encompassing a wide range of topics including mass, aerodynamics, performance and cost estimation.The data flow and module execution is controlled by the PROTRAN system which has been specially developed for CAPS but has other potential applications. Jobs are specified in simple statements using the PROTRAN language. People without programming knowledge rapidly become proficient in its use, but Fortran programmers can use all their experience since it is an extension of that language.This paper describes the development of CAPS and is illustrated by some practical examples. The main features of the PROTRAN system are also presented.     

Fei Teng 64 Stream Processing System: Architecture, Compiler, and Programming

The stream architecture is a novel microprocessor architecture with wide application potential. It is critical to study how to use the stream architecture to accelerate scientific computing programs. However, existing stream processors and stream programming languages are not designed for scientific computing. To address this issue, we design and implement a 64-bit stream processor, Fei Teng 64 (FT64), which has a peak performance of 16 Gflops. FT64 supports two kinds of communications, message passing and stream communications, based on which, an interconnection architecture is designed for a FT64-based high-performance computer. This high-performance computer contains multiple modules, with each module containing eight FT64s. We also design a novel stream programming language, Stream Fortran 95 (SF95), together with the compiler SF95Compiler, so as to facilitate the development of scientific applications. We test nine typical scientific application kernels on our FT64 platform to evaluate this design. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of FT64 and its compiler for scientific computing.     

The advantages of Fortran 90

Fortran 77 is the most widely used language for scientific programming. Its long-awaited revision is now called Fortran 90. It was finalized (down to the last editorial detail) on 11 April 1991, published as an ISO Standard in August 1991, and the first compiler is now on the market. This seems an appropriate moment to review its history and explain its advantages.     

Automated computation and consistency checking of physical dimensions and units in scientific programs

Physical dimensions and units form an essential part of the specification of constants and variables occurring in scientific programs, yet no standard compilable programming language implements direct support for automated dimensional consistency checking and unit conversion. This paper describes a conceptual basis and prototype implementation for such support within the framework of the standard Fortran 90 language. This is accomplished via an external module supplying appropriate user data types and operator interfaces. Legacy Fortran 77 scientific software can be easily modified to compile and run as ‘dimension‐aware’ programs utilizing the proposed enhancements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PGF: A postprocessor for generated Fortran

This paper describes a postprocessor for Fortran statements generated by programming environments and software systems. PGF will locate common subexpressions, perform strength reduction on some operations, and apply simple mathematical transformations before producing a new set of Fortran statements.     

面向MPP Fortran的程序自动并行化

ＭＰＰ Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ是Ｃｒａｙ公司为分布存储、全局编址的Ｃｒａｙ Ｔ３Ｄ ＭＰＰ系统推出的一种数据并行语言。本文首先介绍了ＭＰＰ Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ的主要特点，然后以该语言为例，对面向ＭＰＰ系统程序自动并行化的基本内容以及关键技术进行了分析和探讨。     

面向Agent程序设计的研究

面向Agent程序设计(agent-oriented programming,简称AOP)基于多Agent系统的抽象和思想、借助于Agent理论和技术来支持软件系统的构造与实现,其程序设计思想、软件模型、基础理论和语言设施有别于现有主流程序设计技术,如OOP,代表了一种新颖的程序设计范型.由于多Agent系统被视为支持开放环境下复杂软件系统开发的一种新颖、有效的技术手段,因而近年来AOP受到人工智能、软件工程和分布计算等领域研究学者和工程实践人员的高度关注,并在过去20年取得了重要进展.但是,无论在应对复杂多Agent系统开发方面,还是在大规模工业化应用等方面,AOP的研究与实践都面临着严峻的挑战.作为一种程序设计范型,AOP研究需要在交叉其他学科知识(如人工智能)的基础上,充分借鉴软件工程以及已有程序设计范型的原理、原则和成功实践,从而推动技术走向成熟并为广大工程实践人员所接受.通过对AOP研究历程的系统介绍,从软件工程的视点考虑MAS程序设计的不同层次,综述AOP在程序设计抽象与模型、机制与理论、语言与设施和支撑平台这4个方面的研究成果,展示不同时期AOP研究关注点的变化以及发展趋势,分析当前AOP研究与实践存在的问题和面临的挑战,并展望进一步的研究.     

Semantic extension possibilities in the proposed new fortran

The next revision of the standard Fortran language, commonly referred to as Fortran 8x, has now been published, at least in draft form. It is therefore possible for some of its new features to be investigated and the type of programming that can be expected when implementations appear to be explored. This paper looks at the scope provided by the proposed new features for 'semantic extension' of the language. The capability is illustrated by way of example code which could provide an extended-precision numeric facility if implemented. The new linguistic constructs that permit this type of approach to software provision are described as they are used.     

LISP as a rapid prototyping environment: The Chinese tutor

LISP provides a powerful interactive environment that supports rapid prototyping of complex software. This has always been a main feature of the language, and one that has contributed to its widespread use for experimental applications. Recent years have also seen the development of LISP systems that provide performance comparable with, or better than, that of more traditional programming languages. The next logical step is to show that systems developed in LISP with a rapid-prototyping approach can also provide excellent performance. As an example of the suitability of LISP for rapid prototyping of efficient systems, this article presents a case study where a system was built in a Common Lisp environment out of a series of existing tools. Reliance on existing tools, as well as the interactive features typical of LISP, resulted in extremely rapid prototyping. The system, a computer-based tutor for beginner-level Chinese, was developed in less than three man-weeks. Very rapid development time, however, did not in any way sacrifice performance: the system's performance is quite good and comparable to that of ad hoc systems. This is true of both the interactive component of the program, i.e. the interface to the student, and the database component, which stores the system's knowledge about the Chinese language. The factors that contributed most to the short development time were the extensive reliance on existing tools, the use of an efficient knowledge representation language to implement most of the data structures, and the use of an integrated programming environment. All of these factors were in turn made possible, or at least greatly facilitated, by the choice of LISP as the programming language.     

Measuring the complexity of domain-specific languages developed using MDD

The standard ISO/IEC 25010 (SQuaRE) defines appropriateness as one of the three components of functional suitability, the other two components being completeness and correctness. As users of domain-specific language (DSL) are quite often domain experts with limited programming skills, a DSL might be considered appropriate if the resulting domain-specific programs do not contain an excessive amount of nondomain-related programming elements. This paper describes a metric for measuring the appropriateness of DSLs that are developed using model-driven development (MDD), its evaluation and use. The metric measures the depth of the deepest domain-specific command within abstract syntax trees generated by a DSL. It is aimed at being used during the development of a new DSL and for comparing different DSLs defined over the same domain. It is assumed that during MDD, the metamodel describes the domain-independent part of the DSL, while the model supplies the domain-specific part. This resembles the implementation of DSLs using existing metaprogramming tools that provide off-the-shelf implementations of programming constructs but require manual implementation of the domain-specific language elements.     

可视化解耦近场波动有限元分析系统的初步实现

解耦近场波动数值模拟技术以其能够真实反映无限域中地震动的传播特性,而逐渐成为地震工程界和岩土工程界的重要分析方法之一.但现有程序建模难度大,主程序的功能相对简单,计算结果的展示缓慢且复杂,使其在科研工作和实际工程中的应用受到了很大的限制.因此,基于VB6.0设计图形用户界面及混合编程技术,提出了一套合理利用现有软件及Fortran程序的优点来实现可视化系统开发的思路和方法,即前处理采用VB外壳函数调用Fortran程序、准备批处理文件后调用ANSYS 8.0程序等方法,实现简单及不规则复杂模型的构建;扩展Fortran主程序具有动态数组存释、多作用耦合场、左右不等高处理、自中断后重起计算等功能;后处理采用VB语言实现二维图形定制、通过ActiveX自动化协议与Surfer8.0无缝结合实现三维立体渲染图.经实例验证,该系统功能较强、界面友好,方便快捷.这为整合不同开发平台的程序以开发新的软件、为波动有限元进一步应用于工程实践提供了一条技术途径.     

桥梁动力响应有限元计算程序系统开发及疑难问题分析

移动车辆通过变截面连续箱梁桥的动力响应一般采用有限元数值计算程序进行分析,但其前后处理界面和图形功能微弱.针对这一情况,提出了混合编程方法,把Fortran语言强大的计算功能和Visual Basic语言良好的可视化界面设计功能结合起来,开发了桥梁动力响应有限元计算程序系统.系统不仅能解决复杂的工程问题,并且具有较好的人机交互界面.对系统开发过程中混合编程方面遇到的疑难问题进行阐述,给出了相应的解决方法.     

Systems Programming in the Functional Language FP

The development of systems software in functional programming language is still an open problem.This paper describes a preliminary experiment with systems programming in Backus' FP systems.Itconsists of two systems programs.One is a self-compiler of FP,the other an interpreter of the semantics ofFFP(Formal Functional Programming).Both were implemented on an FP machine——FPM2.Somediscussions are made finally.